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Prevention and Control of Plague: Technical Guide 103
"Plague is a dynamic disease with many variables including a wide variety of animal hosts/reservoirs: numerous flea species with varying abilities to transmit the plague organism: geographic differences and relationships between rodents, fleas, and habitats: and different infection rates/resistance to plague in rodents. For these reasons there is no on strategy for the prevention and control of plague that will work at all locations. However, the following principles, modified to fit each installation, should be adhered to: Surveillance of plague susceptible rodent populations and rodent's predators, control of plague susceptible rodents and their fleas, reduction of human and pet exposure to susceptible rodents and their fleas in plague endemic areas, and public education and awareness concerning plague."
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
1995-09
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Security Issues in the Telecommunications Plan for CALS Implementation in Korea
"Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle Support (CALS) is an evolving strategy designed to take defense information from its current paper-intensive form to a totally electronic mode of operation by means of information integration and automation. To take full advantage of CALS, it is essential to accommodate distributed CALS computer networks, and to enable the interconnection of selected heterogeneous components in the networks. However, as CALS telecommunications deals with multi-level security data, it is critical to incorporate adequate security plans into the telecommunication plan. This thesis analyzes the requirements for a secure telecommunications plan that includes telecommunications standards and protocols, data exchange protocols, transmission media, and methods of network security necessary to implement CALS in the Korea defense environment. Literature reviews and expert interviews are used to support findings and conclusions. To accomplish a fully digitized CALS environment, the author concludes that proper data protection standards and methods must be provided and tested as part of the overall CALS telecommunications architecture. Enabling technology and a responsive management infrastructure must be in place to ensure successful implementation of CALS. The decision to select mechanisms should be made based on the comparison between security and integrity, in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and availability."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Bae, Kichan
1995-09
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New Technologies Demonstrated for Law Enforcement
"Police officers and other members of the criminal justice community recently gathered at the Montgomery County Police Department Training Center in Rockville, Maryland, to see demonstrations of and hear presentations on new less-than-lethal (LTL) technologies that may help them perform their jobs in a safer and more efficient manner. Sponsored by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the LTL program presentation and demonstration was held to provide the law enforcement community with an opportunity to critique and evaluate results of the research and development (R&D) efforts funded by NIJ, as well as other technologies under development independently by industry and Federal laboratories. The role that technology can play in enhancing officer and public safety is continuously evolving. The technologies presented herein are in various stages of development - some are relatively mature and need only refinement and commercialization, while others are still at the proof-of-principle stage. The technologies listed below are discussed under two broad categories: vehicle pursuit/interdiction and law enforcement-related confrontational scenarios."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1995-09
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Computer Reservation System Coverage for U.S. Domestic Airlines: Implication for Passenger Profiling
"This report details Computer Reservations System (CRS) coverage of U.S. domestic airlines. Specifically, this report assesses the number of U.S. Domestic airline passengers whose travel is not covered in a CRS. This number will be used to decide if a manual domestic passive profiling system, tailored for passengers not covered by a CRS, is required to augment an automated system that is currently being developed. This report concludes that the number of passengers not covered by a CRS is small, and that development of a manual instrument is not warranted. This report also provides recommendations for the direction of future aviation passenger profiling research."
United States. Federal Aviation Administration
Fobes, J. L.
1995-09
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Improving the Prospects for Future International Peace Operations: Workshop Proceedings
In June 1995, OTA convened a workshop that brought together some of the world's leading practitioners, academic experts, experienced diplomats, and leading technologists in order to examine the role that technology could play in improving the prospects for international peace operations. The chief conclusions are that the main problems with past peace operations have been political in nature. The participants suggested a number of means to deal with these issues, which are reported here, with the understanding that they reflect not OTA conclusions, but a consensus among these individuals. Further, most participants agreed that, although political and policy issues play a primary role in determining the performance of peace operations, the proper application of technologies, both new and old, can add significantly to the prospects of success for an operation, should one be initiated. Technological contributions can be made in the areas of sensors (especially for monitoring in the more traditional types of peacekeeping operations), intelligence gathering, communications, data fusion, countersniping technologies, mine clearance, and crowd control. Some technologies are well in hand, and others are being rapidly developed and may be available in a very few years. The use of several options among the less-than-lethal weapon categories may be quite effective, but will require some consideration of policy issues to determine a) compatibility with current or future international treaties and b) the vulnerability of U.S. forces to such weapons, if used against them.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1995-09
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Distributed Interactive Simulation of Combat
Distributed interactive simulation (DIS) is the linking of aircraft, tank, and other military simulators in diverse locations so that the crew of one simulator can "see," operate with, "shoot" at, or be "destroyed" by the other vehicles being simulated. Command structures can also be simulated. This allows forces to practice and train in situations too costly or risky to practice with real weapons. This background paper is the third publication of the Office of Technology Assessment's (OTA's) evaluation of combat modeling and simulation technologies.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1995-09
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Estimating Costs of Personnel Security Investigations Conducted by the Defense Investigative Service
"The costs to the Department of Defense (DoD) to conduct a personnel security investigation (PSI) by the Defense Investigative Service (DIS) is of critical concern in this era of diminishing budgets. In its February 1994 report, the DoD Director of Central Intelligence Joint Security Commission stressed the importance of developing accurate security costs, including the costs of various types of personnel security background investigations. DIS has developed a methodology that they have used for many years to estimate their costs to conduct different types of investigations. However, the methodology and the cost estimates resulting from its use have not been studied in a scientific manner to determine their reliability and validity. In March 1995 PERSEREC was tasked by the DASD (I&S) to conduct an empirical review of how much it costs to conduct the various security investigations by DIS. Further, PERSEREC was asked to share the information with the personnel security community. This report documents the results of the study conducted in response to the tasking."
Defense Personnel Security Research Center (U.S.)
Wiskoff, Martin F.; Crawford, Kent S.
1995-09
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New Security Relations in the Americas
"Radically new international and domestic conditions require Western Hemisphere security establishments to consider serious adjustments in planning, doctrine, and resource allocation. The interplay between the neo-liberal political-economic model and traditional security needs confronts Latin American defense planners with uncomfortable, major challenges: Today's political and economic climate has created uncertainty within and among the region's tradition-bound military establishments. In an increasingly interdependent world, a state's own territory is no longer the sole reference point for its own security arrangements. Hemispheric security partners, like dancing partners confronting unexpected music with a different rhythm, must confirm shared perceptions and review their complementary roles and agreements before trying out new dance steps."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Downes, Richard, 1947-
1995-09
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Technical Guidelines for Hurricane Evacuation Studies
"This document was prepared using previous hurricane evacuation study procedures and is intended to be a flexible framework with which the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers can effectively develop important information and translate it to local officials. A broad use of these guidelines should provide uniformity of terminology and content to a complex study process."
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
1995-09
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Analysis Report on Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 1994
"The objective of this study was to identify all of the on-duty firefighter fatalities, occurring in the U.S. in 1994, and analyze the circumstances surrounding firefighter fatalities. The study is intended to help identify potential approaches that could reduce the number of deaths that occur each year. In addition to the 1994 findings, this study includes a special analysis of wildland firefighting fatalities, which claimed an unusually high number of lives this year, and an analysis of risk management and recognition in the fatal incidents. This report continues a series of annual studies by the U.S. Fire Administration of firefighter fatalities in the United States."
United States Fire Administration
1995-09
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Cuba: U.S. Response to the 1994 Cuban Migration Crisis, Report to Congressional Requesters
"In response to your request, we reviewed the U.S. government's actions to address the mass exodus of people from Cuba in the summer of 1994. Our objectives were to describe how U.S. policy toward those seeking to leave Cuba has changed since that time, identify the agencies and costs to the U.S. government associated with the exodus of Cubans, assess the capabilities of the U.S. Interests Section in Havana to process applicants seeking legal entry into the United States, and evaluate the adequacy of living conditions at the Cuban safe haven camps at the U.S. Naval Station, Guantanamo Bay. […] For over 30 years, fleeing Cubans had been welcomed to the United States. However, the U.S. government reversed this policy on August 19, 1994, when President Clinton announced that Cuban rafters interdicted at sea would no longer be brought to the United States. Instead, they would be taken to safe haven camps at the U.S. Naval Station, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, with no opportunity for eventual entry into the United States other than by returning to Havana to apply for entry through legal channels at the U.S. Interests Section. On September 9, 1994, the U.S. and Cuban governments agreed that the United States would allow at least 20,000 Cubans to enter annually in exchange for Cuba's pledge to prevent further unlawful departures by rafters. On May 2, 1995, a White House announcement was released stating that Cubans interdicted at sea would not be taken to a safe haven but would be returned to Cuba where they could apply for entry into the United States at the Interests Section in Havana."
United States. General Accounting Office
1995-09
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Government Operations in the Event of a Lapse in Appropriations: Memorandum Opinion for the Director, Office of Management and Budget [August 16, 1995]
"This memorandum responds to your request to the Attorney General for advice regarding the permissible scope of government operations during a lapse in appropriations. The Constitution provides that 'no money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law.' […] The treasury is further protected through the Antideficiency Act, which among other things prohibits all officers and employees of the federal government from entering into obligations in advance of appropriations and prohibits employing federal personnel except in emergencies, unless otherwise authorized by law. […] With respect to the effects of this amendment, we continue to adhere to the view expressed to General Counsel Robert Damus of the Office of Management and Budget that 'the 1990 amendment to 31 U.S.C. § 1342 does not detract from the Attorney General's earlier analyses; if anything, the amendment clarified that the Antideficiency Act's exception for emergencies is narrow and must be applied only when a threat to life or property is imminent.'"
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1995-08-16
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Biological Diversity: The Economy of Investing in Ecology for National Security
Terrorism, drug trafficking, human rights, refugee flows, and the control of weapons of mass destruction have been the focus of United States Government efforts to protect our national interests and preserve our national security. Certainly these are urgent concerns, but a comprehensive national security strategy must also address food and water resource needs, especially control and access to a diversity of biological resources. In the paper, I review the value of "biodiversity" and its importance to our national security, discuss the factors that make biodiversity issues difficult to resolve, and offer recommendations to strengthen our position what is likely to become a world ecological conflict.
National War College (U.S.)
Singer, Andrew
1995-08-09
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Executive Order 12969: Federal Acquisition and Community Right-To-Know
Executive Order 12969 was enacted in order "to promote economy and efficiency in government procurement of supplies and services. Information concerning chemical release and transfer can assist the government to purchase efficiently produced, lower cost, and higher quality supplies and services that also have a minimum adverse impact on community health and the environment."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1995-08-08
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Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1987-1994 [August 4, 1995]
"Developing nations continue to be the primary focus of foreign arms sales activity by weapons suppliers. During the years 1987-1994, the value of arms transfer agreements with developing nations comprised, on average, 72% of all such agreements worldwide. In 1994, the value of arms transfer agreements with developing nations constituted 71% of all arms transfer agreements worldwide. The value of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations in 1994 was $25.4 billion. This was the lowest yearly total, in real terms, for any of the years during the 1987-1994 period. It is, however, only a slight reduction (-0.2%) from 1993. The general decline in the value of new arms transfer agreements with the developing nations seen in recent years was dramatically reversed in 1990 as the result of major new arms agreements related to the Gulf War. However, in 1991 the pattern of overall decline in the value of arms transfer agreements with developing nations resumed. This pattern of decline continued in 1994. Notably, in 1994 the value of all arms deliveries to developing nations ($14.4 billion) was the lowest total for any year during the 1987-1994 period. This is the seventh consecutive year since 1987 that the value of all arms deliveries to developing nations declined from the previous year's total. The United States has been the predominant arms supplier to developing nations since the Cold War's end. During the 1991-1994 period, the United States accounted for 47.7% of the value of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Grimmett, Richard F.
1995-08-04
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Executive Order 12968: Access to Classified Information
"The national interest requires that certain information be maintained in confidence through a system of classification in order to protect our citizens, our democratic institutions, and our participation within the community of nations. The unauthorized disclosure of information classified in the national interest can cause irreparable damage to the national security and loss of human life. Security policies designed to protect classified information must ensure consistent, cost effective, and efficient protection of our Nation's classified information, while providing fair and equitable treatment to those Americans upon whom we rely to guard our national security. This order establishes a uniform Federal personnel security program for employees who will be considered for initial or continued access to classified information."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1995-08-02
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Providence Fire Department Staffing Study Revisited
"The Providence Fire Department conducted a staffing study in 1990-1991 to determine the effect of increased staffing on injury-related costs. Staffing on the six busiest companies was increased from three members to four. An actuary concluded that a substantial savings was achieved, resulting in permanent staffing increases. The results of the staffing study were subject to criticism on the basis of participant bias and the Hawthorne Effect, because participating firefighters knew of the study, and of the possibility for permanent staffing increases. The problem prompting this research was that increased staffing remained highly controversial due to budgetary problems facing Providence. Politicians and the media regularly referred to the department as 'bloated.' The purpose of this research was to determine if injury reductions observed during the original staffing study continued during subsequent years. The historical method was used."
National Fire Academy
Varone, J. Curtis
1995-08
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report 95-0024-2518; U.S. Marshals Service Miami, Florida
"In December 1994 the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a health hazard evaluation (HHE) at the United States Marshals Service (USMS) facility in Miami, Florida. NIOSH was asked to evaluate the potential for tuberculosis (TB) transmission among USMS personnel who have contact with prisoners."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Seitz, Teresa A.; Boudreau, Yvonne
1995-08
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Drug War: Observations on U.S. International Drug Control Efforts, Statement of Joseph E. Kelley, Director-in-Charge, International Affairs Issues, National Security and International Affairs Division, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives
"In November 1993, the U.S. Policy on International Counternarcotics in the Western Hemisphere established a strategy for combatting the production and trafficking of cocaine. Among other things, the policy called for a gradual shift of resources from the transit zone of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean to the source countries of cocaine--primarily Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. According to the Department of Defense, the amount of resources applied to the transit zone has been significantly reduced. However, to date, we have not seen a shift in resources to the source countries. For example, the Drug Enforcement Administration is reducing its presence in Colombia, the U.S. Southern Command is now flying fewer sorties per month in support of source-country interdiction than it did in 1993, and counternarcotics assistance to each of the three primary source countries is expected to be less in 1995 than in 1991 or 1992. Some agencies' programs and assets are better suited to interdiction in the transit zone than to the current source country strategy. However, shifting resources between and within agencies has been problematic."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1995-08-01
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Human Radiation Studies: Remembering the Early Years, Oral History of Oncologist Helen Vodopick, M.D.
From the Office of Scientific and Technical Information abstract: "This report is a transcript of an interview with Dr. Helen Vodopick by representatives of the US DOE [Department of Energy] Office of Human Radiation Experiments. Dr. Vodopick was chosen for this interview because of her involvement with the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies (ORINS) and Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) experimental cancer-therapy program involving total-body irradiation. After a short biographical sketch Dr. Vodopick relates her remembrances of the Medium-Exposure-Rate Total Body Irradiator (METBI), ORINS radioisotope tracer studies, treatment of cancer patients with the METBI, radiation treatment for leukemia patients, bone marrow treatment of leukemia, the Low-Exposure-Rate Total Body Irradiation (LETBI), treatment of radiation accident victims at ORAU, research with radioactive phosphorus and sulfur, and public opinion issues."
United States. Department of Energy
1995-08
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Foreign-born Population: 1994, Current Population Reports
"In 1994, 8.7 percent of the population of the United States was foreign-born- nearly double the percent foreign-born in 1970 (4.8 percent). While the percent foreign-born is at its highest level since before World War II, much greater proportions of the U.S. population were foreign-born during the early part of this century. From a high of 14.7 percent in 1910, the percent foreign-born declined to a low of 4.8 percent in 1970. Since that time, the percent has steadily increased. The foreign-born population is not distributed evenly throughout the country. California is home to 7.7 million foreign-born persons- more than one-third of all immigrants to the U.S. and nearly one-quarter of all California residents. New York ranks second with 2.9 million and Florida ranks third with 2.1 million foreign-born. Three other States have over 1 million foreign-born residents- Texas, Illinois, and New Jersey."
U.S. Census Bureau
Hansen, Kristin A.; Bachu, Amara
1995-08
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Evacuation and Rescue of Elderly and Disabled Passengers from Paratransit Vans and Buses
This document identifies effective methods and equipment for evacuating and rescuing elderly and disabled passengers from vehicles such as standard and modified vans, body-on-chassis small buses, and heavy-duty transit buses as necessary to ensure their safety in an emergency. It also offers suggestions for familiarity and simulation training, the development of standard operation procedures, the debriefing of actual accident experiences and the sharing of this technology. A bibliography of 190 items is included.
United States. Federal Transit Administration
Balgo, John N.; Ketola, H. N.; Varker, Frank A. . . .
1995-08
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Nuclear Proliferation and Deterrence in a Changing Political World
This collection of selected documents from the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) addresses the formidable issue of protecting the United States and its people from potential nuclear destruction. With the dissolution of the former Soviet Union and, concomitantly, the end of the Cold War, new strategies for nonproliferation and deterrence must be devised and implemented. Potential threats from countries not previously seen as a danger, the escalation of regional conflicts and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are but a few of the considerations to be addressed. The authors of the following papers propose various plans and tactics to ensure United States national security and maintain world peace.
Defense Technical Information Center (U.S.)
Cupp, Christian M.; Levine, Phyllis; Lee, Catheryn . . .
1995-08
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U.S.-GCC Security Relations, I: Differing Threat Perceptions
"Support for Washington's tough containment policy toward Iraq and Iran remains strong at top leadership levels in the Gulf. However, among educated elites and the man in the street, it is softer. The distance in views between the government and the populace on security concerns may be widening. In Saudi Arabia, there is a widespread view that Saudi Arabia (as distinct from Kuwait) was not threatened by Iraq in October 1994. In this view, Saddam's mobilization on the border was designed to call attention to Iraq's sanctions plight, and the United States over-reacted. Among the educated elite in the GCC states, sympathy for the Iraqi people is strong. So too are fears that continued sanctions, while failing to remove Saddam, could turn the Iraqi populace against the Gulf states that support sanctions. Conspiracy theories accuse the United States of keeping Saddam in power, or at least doing little to remove him, while using the Iraqi threat to strip the Arab Gulf states of their wealth through purchases of unnecessary military hardware. The idea that the United States has used the Iraqi threat to acquire a monopoly of military sales to the Gulf is widespread. More disturbing is growing anti-American sentiment, especially in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, where the the oil industry and the U.S. military are concentrated. Educated Arabs are beginning to blame the United States, with its strong military presence in the Gulf, for bolstering governments open to charges of corruption and maldistribution of wealth and perceived as suppressing even modest dissent."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Marr, Phebe
1995-08
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What is Information Warfare?
This essay indicates several fundamental flaws with IW, while arguing the following points: Information warfare, as a separate technique of waging war, does not exist. There are, instead, several distinct forms of information warfare, each laying claim to the larger concept. Seven forms of information warfare; conflicts that involve the protection, manipulation, degradation, and denial of information, can be distinguished: command-and-control warfare (which strikes against the enemy's head and neck); intelligence-based warfare (which consists of the design, protection, and denial of systems that seek sufficient knowledge to dominate the battle space); electronic warfare (radio- electronic or cryptographic techniques); psychological warfare (in which information is used to change the minds of friends, neutrals, and foes); "hacker" warfare (in which computer systems are attacked); economic information warfare (blocking information or channeling it to pursue economic dominance), and; cyber warfare (a grab bag of futuristic scenarios). All these forms are weakly related. The concept of information warfare has as much analytic coherence as the concept, for instance, of an information worker. Although information systems are becoming important, it does not follow that attacks on information systems are therefore more worthwhile. On the contrary, as monolithic computer, communications, and media architectures give way to distributed systems, the returns from many forms of information warfare diminish. Information is not in and of itself a medium of warfare, except in certain narrow aspects (such as electronic jamming). Information superiority may make sense, but information supremacy (where one side can keep the other from entering the battlefield) makes little more sense than logistics supremacy.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Libicki, Martin C.
1995-08
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Department of Energy: Poor Management of Nuclear Materials Tracking System Makes Success Unlikely, Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate
"DOE has not implemented any of the recommendations contained in our prior report and has no plans to do so. In December 1994, we reported that DOE had not adequately planned the replacement NMMSS and recommended that the Department determine users requirements, investigate alternatives, and conduct cost-benefit analyses before proceeding further with the replacement system. However, DOE continued with the system development without performing these steps because it believed that its planning was sufficient and that it would not be cost-effective to delay the replacement system. Due to its lack of sound planning, DOE does not know if the system will fulfill the needs of its major users or be cost-effective. These planning risks are magnified by additional system development risks that DOE is not adequately addressing. For example, the subcontractor building the replacement NMMSS has not documented its system development process. Because little system documentation exists, and the contract does not require any interim deliverables describing development progress before complete system delivery, DOE cannot determine the status of the development effort."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1995-08
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Mesh and the Net: Speculations on Armed Conflict in a Time of Free Silicon
"As long as the power of information technology doubles every two to three years, it will continue to have a disproportionate effect on the evolution of national security. The first reaction of any organization to such crisis-using the classic Chinese definition meaning threat and opportunity-is to absorb new technologies into old ways. Computers cannot help most firms very much until they reengineer their work processes to accord with the silicon logic. Conflict both conventional and unconventional will perforce follow the same path-accommodating change first by incorporation, and next by reinvention. No change so large can breathe without metaphors, in this case: Mesh, Net, and Silicon. Mesh-the term applied to military applications-points to the holes; as information technology places a finer mesh atop the battlefield, more objects are caught in it. Net-the term applied to civilian applications-points to the substance of the system; the connectivity of people and their machines suggests new patterns of social relationships and new venues for conflict. Silicon, that which is to become free, stands for both semiconductor chips (for computation) and optical fibers (for communications)."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Libicki, Martin C.
1995-08
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Technical Rescue Program Development Manual
"Fire departments across the United States have assumed a major role as primary responders to rescue incidents that involve, among other things, structural collapse, trench cave-in, confined spaces, industrial and agricultural machinery water emergencies, and people trapped above or below grade level. These emergencies are grouped into a category of rescue called technical rescue. Technical rescue incidents are often complex, requiring specially trained personnel and special equipment to complete the mission. Natural forces such as earth tremors, precipitation, temperature extremes, and swift water currents often complicate technical rescue incidents. The presence of flammable vapors and toxic chemicals can also increase the level of risk. The safety of crews conducting technical rescue operations is of special concern." This document presents a comprehensive manual on technical rescue, including information about standards, training requirements and equipment needed for a team.
United States Fire Administration
1995-08
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Maritime Security Report [August 1995]
The Maritime Security Report is an unclassified quarterly publication prepared to inform the commercial maritime industry, senior Maritime Administration officials, the Secretary of Transportation's Office of Intelligence and Security, and the Federal Ad Hoc Working Group On Maritime Security Awareness.
The report focuses on international criminal activity and security issues which could pose a threat to U.S. commercial maritime interests and the movement of U.S. civilian cargoes in foreign trade. The global nature of U.S. trade means that U.S.-flag ocean carriers call ports in nearly every country, and cargoes owned by U.S. interests may be embarked on ocean vessels of any flag or in
any port worldwide. U.S. commercial maritime interests, therefore, can be jeopardized worldwide by a broad range of criminal activities, adversely affecting their competitiveness. The Maritime Security Report is intended to increase awareness of the scope and severity of economic crime affecting U.S. maritime commerce. Contents in this report include the following titles: August 1995: TERRORISM--"Middle Eastern Terrorist Group May be Targeting American Assets or Interests in Latin America"; GLOBAL--"Data Transmissions from Seacontainers/Trailers via Satellite Offer Potential for Combating Cargo Theft"; June 1995: UNITED STATES--"Hijackers of Southern Pacific Trains Jeopardizing West Coast Seacontainers"; BRAZIL--"Piracy Problem Moves Brazilian President to Form a Federal/State Multi-Agency Task Force"; PANAMA--"Cocaine Seizures Double at Panama's Colon Free Zone and Associated Ports during 1994"; May 1995: PIRACY--"Regional Increases in Piracy Attacks may Forecast a Worldwide Upsurge in Incidents for 1995"; GUATEMALA--"Truck Hijackings Drive Intermodal Ocean Carriers to Cast Off Inland Transport Job to Shippers"; MARITIME FRUAD--"False Registration of Ships Used by Asian Crime Gangs in Theft of Entire Cargoes"; April 1995: UNITED STATES--"Cargo Theft Loss Leaders: The Ports of Miami Los Angeles, NY/NJ, and Long Beach"; SOUTHEAST ASIA--"Ethnic Chinese Crime Syndicates Prefer Port Cities and Containerized Heroin Exports"; PANAMA--"Weapons Smuggled to Colombian Guerillas in Commercial Containers via Panamanian Ports"; BRAZIL--"Harbor Piracy Incidents Elevate Port Security to the Agenda of the Brazilian President"; March 1995: COLOMBIA--"Port Privatization Boosts Profits, Productivity, and Port Concerns"; ECUADOR--"More Stowaways? Conflict Creates 7,500 Refugees and 50,000 Unemployed"; NIGERIA--"Maritime Fraud Funds Nigerian Insurers"; and CHILE--"Counternarcotics Policy with the United States".
United States. Department of Transportation
1995-08
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Ocean Law: Senate Approval of the UN Convention
"The United States is a maritime nation with long standing interests in the oceans. From the founding of the country, the oceans have been an integral part of the nation's security and defense and economic strength. This is as true today as in the past. The United States continues to rely on the freedom of the seas to maintain naval and air access and mobility to defend its global interests. U.S. marine resource and commercial interests are equally critical. The country has the largest exclusive economic zone and the most abundant offshore fishery. As the largest single economy, the United States is the major importer and exporter of marine-related goods and services, including the placement of submarine cables and pipelines. The U.S. interest in protection and preservation of the marine environment is matched by its preeminence in marine scientific capabilities."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Hollick, Ann L.
1995-08
