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Deterrence and the Impact of Strategic Defense
"This paper examines the role of strategic defense in a deterrence strategy. Deterrence theory, strategic defense, the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, the national military strategy, and Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS) are reviewed. It is asserted that the roles of nuclear forces and strategic defense are complimentary and stabilizing. The options to counter the threat of future proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the threat of accidental or unauthorized launch of ballistic missiles are examined with the conclusion that a comprehensive defense is necessary."
Naval War College (U.S.). Joint Military Operations Department
Lunghofer, Dennis M.
1992-06-01
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Controlling Street-level Drug Trafficking: Evidence from Oakland and Birmingham
"Two large U.S. cities-Oakland, California, and Birmingham, Alabama-served as testing grounds for the effectiveness of several different policing models for controlling the problem of street-level drug trafficking. The National Institute of Justice subsequently tested and assessed the models to determine their effectiveness. The study examined the models' impact on the reduction of reported crimes as well as citizens' perceptions of their own safety and the extent of crime in their neighborhoods. Police departments in the two cities used special task forces and also 'community policing' techniques to identify and arrest drug traffickers. Generally, both methods left citizens believing that police were more effective than prior to the experiments. Furthermore, crime rates in the experimental neighborhoods decreased, particularly for violent crimes. This 'Research in Brief' highlights the study's findings with an indepth look at how two large police departments are dealing with drug trafficking and drug-related crime."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Uchida, Craig D.; Forst, Brian; Annan, Sampson O.
1992-06
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Learning from Hurricane Hugo: Implications for Public Policy
"Between September 10 and 22, 1989, the storm that became known as Hurricane Hugo made its way across the Caribbean Islands, up the southeastern coast of the United States, and came ashore along the South Carolina coast. The results of the storm included 49 deaths, widespread damages and losses estimated to exceed $9 billion, temporary displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, and disruption of the lives of about 2 million people. Its long-term impacts will be felt for years. Like other natural disasters, Hugo spawned a large number of research investigations, post-disaster evaluations, case studies, assessments, conferences, journal articles, and other documentation. This report is a collection of the findings and conclusions from that body of material that have or could have public policy implications. The goal was to provide a succinct summary of the information gleaned from the Hugo experience that would be relevant to public officials at any level who have to plan for or manage disasters."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1992-06
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Investigation into Islamic Fundamentalism and an Assessment of Its Relationship with the Concept of Jihad
"Islamic fundamentalism and Jihad are terms which have become prominent over the last two decades but are frequently misunderstood as concepts. Fundamentalism essentially means reviving Islam with its original pure principles as outlined by Mohammad and as demonstrated by his own example. Jihad means active struggle in the path of Allah both against evil and against enemies who threaten Islam. Fundamentalism is a recurring theme in Islam which is a religion of continual renewal. Frequent attempts have been made to cleanse Islam of the potential impurities of mysticism and the secular influences of nationalism and modernization. Sunni and Shia fundamentalist movements present interesting contrasts as exemplified by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Khomeini in Iran. The Sunnis have acted as a transnational 'conscience' of Islam without gaining power. The Shia appeal to emotion, through re-enactment of dramatic history, inspired fanatical martyrdom and produced a remarkable revolution."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Campbell, Alastair
1992-06
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Immigration Control: Immigration Policies Affect INS Detention Efforts, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on International Law, Immigration, and Refugees, Committee on Judiciary, House of Representatives
"When Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, the illegal flow of aliens into this country was not a major problem. Since then, however, the flow has become a torrent. Apprehensions of aliens illegally entering the country have risen from 45,000 in 1959 to 1.17 million in 1990. INS apprehends aliens it wants to deport or exclude from the country. For the purposes of this report, excludable aliens are those persons to whom INS denies admission to the country. Deportable aliens are those persons who violate their condition of entry or enter illegally and are subject to deportation. Criminal aliens are those persons who were convicted of a crime (e.g., murder) for which they can be deported."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1992-06
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DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow, Volume 3 of 3
The Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow Fundamentals Handbook was
developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors provide operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of the thermal sciences. The handbook includes information on thermodynamics and the properties of fluids; the three modes of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation; and fluid flow, and the energy relationships in fluid systems. This information will
provide personnel with a foundation for understanding the basic operation of various types of DOE nuclear facility fluid systems.
United States. Department of Energy
1992-06
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Significant Incidents of Political Violence against Americans 1991
"Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans: 1991, published by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security's Office of Intelligence and Threat Analysis (DS/DSS/ITA), is intended to provide a comprehensive picture of the range of political violence that American citizens and interests have encountered abroad during 1991. In addition to examining terrorism-related acts, this study also includes other instances of violence affecting Americans. This chronology is designed to encompass major anti-U.S. incidents that occurred in 1991. Unfortunately, to keep the publication at the unclassified level, some incidents had to be omitted due to the sensitive nature of the information associated with them. The selection of incidents used in this study was based upon the following criteria: (a) lethality; (b) major property damage; (c) unusual tactics or weapons used; and (d) perceptibility of targets as U.S. or representative of U.S.interests."
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security
1992-06
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Lessons in Restructuring Defense Industry: The French Experience
This background paper first describes the structure and management of the French defense-industrial base and then reviews a variety of strategies the French Government and industry are pursuing to rationalize the base, while preserving key technological assets and strengthening the competitive position of French defense contractors in world markets. France has faced the problem of overcapacity since the late 1980s and is already implementing some of the policy options for the United States in the 1990s discussed in the OTA report Redesigning Defense. These strategies include consolidation, diversification into the civil sector, shifting emphasis from procurement to R&D, integrating civil and military production, and international collaboration. While not all French efforts have been successful, and some actions taken by the French Government would not be appropriate to the U.S. economic or political context, the French experience provides interesting and useful lessons for the United States in planning its own restructuring efforts.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1992-06
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Building Future Security: Strategies for Restructuring the Defense Technology and Industrial Base
Building Future Security, the final report of OTA's assessment of the U.S. defense technology and industrial base (DTIB), discusses strategies for moving to a smaller and more efficient DTIB over the next decade and maintaining that base in the future. The principal finding of Building Future Security is that while powerful bureaucratic, economic, and political interests favor a proportional downsizing of the DTIB in which a maximum number of current firms or organizations would survive (albeit smaller and perhaps weaker), this approach would not best serve the Nation's defense needs. Instead, if these needs are to be met, the anticipated cuts in defense spending will require a fundamental restructuring of the DTIB to 1) reallocate resources from short-term military capabilities to long-term military potential, and 2) exploit the synergies that can result from a closer integration of the R&D, production, and maintenance elements of the base.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1992-06
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Design and Evaluation of INFOSEC Systems: The Computer Security Contribution to the Composition Discussion
"There has recently been a heightened awareness within Information Security
(INFOSEC) organizations of the absolute need to approach systems security issues from a more global perspective than had previously been the case. A major consequence has been the investigation of 'the composition problem'; that is, how to bring a set of components together to form a system and then be able to determine the security attributes of the system from the analysis of the properties of the system's components...Recent developments in the computer security community have dealt with these issues from a slightly different, but relevant, perspective. The insights gained appear in the 'Interpretations' of the Trusted Computer Systems Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC); the Network Interpretation (TNI), and the DataBase Interpretation (TDI). This paper will examine the contributions made by this set of work, and then discuss the extension of the insights provided to the more general problem of INFOSEC systems."
United States. Department of Defense
Tinto, Mario
1992-06
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DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow, Volume 1 of 3
The Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow Fundamentals Handbook was
developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors provide operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of the thermal sciences. The handbook includes information on thermodynamics and the properties of fluids; the three modes of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation; and fluid flow, and the energy relationships in fluid systems. This information will provide personnel with a foundation for understanding the basic operation of various types of DOE nuclear facility fluid systems.
United States. Department of Energy
1992-06
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Meta-Analysis of Integrity Tests: A Critical Examination of Validity Generalization and Moderator Variables
"A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether integrity test validities are generalizable and to estimate differences in validity due to potential moderating influences. The database included 665 validity coefficients across 576, 464 data points. Results indicate that integrity test validities are positive and in many cases substantial for predicting both job performance and counterproductive behaviors on the job such as theft, disciplinary problems, and absenteeism. Validities were found to be generalizable. The estimated mean operation predictive validity of integrity tests for supervisory ratings of job performance is .41. For the criterion of counterproductive behaviors, results indicate that use of concurrent validation study designs may overestimate the predictive criterion-related validity applicable in selection situation."
Defense Personnel Security Research Center (U.S.)
Ones, Denise S.; Schmidt, Frank L.
1992-06
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View of Management in Fire Investigation Units, Volume II: Issues and Trends for the 90's
Fifteen fire investigation agencies from Maryland to Washington participated in a
U.S. Fire Administration project that provided management assistance on fire and arson investigation. Earlier research funded by the U.S. Fire Administration indicated that many local and state agencies responsible for arson control wanted hands-on assistance in defining a better system for investigating and prosecuting incendiary fires. TriData Corporation of Arlington, as the contractor for the project, conducted management "audits" for each of the sites and prepared individualized reports documenting strengths and problem areas as well as what measures were recommended to improve overall investigation procedures and capabilities, and to enhance coordination among investigation agencies.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Tri-Data Corp.
1992-06
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National Security Directive 68: Nuclear test Program for FY 1993 and First Quarter FY 1994-Klaxon
In this Directive, President H.W. Bush approves "the Nuclear Test Program for FY 1993 and the first quarter of FY 1994, 'Klaxon,' proposed by the Secretary of Energy. I implementing the Klaxon program, the following guidance will apply: -- All tests associated with Klaxon will be conducted in compliance with Threshold Test Ban Treaty, the Limited Test Ban Treaty, the National Environmental Policy Act, and all other relevant environmental laws and regulations. -- The Department of Energy shall review each test with design yields near 150 kilotons to ensure reasonably that the device yield does not exceed the Threshold Test Ban Treaty limit. The Testing agency shall continue to coordinate with the National Security Council staff public affairs activities related to the implementation of the Klaxon program, as appropriate, in advance of test events."
United States. White House Office
1992-05-28
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National Defense Executive Reserve (NDER)
"This release supersedes COMSCINST 3061.1A and provides policies and procedures for the administration of the National Defense Executive Reserve (NDER) Unit of the Military Sealift Command. This brief document addresses the re-establishment of the National Defense Executive Reserve Unit program which provides a reserve of highly qualified individuals from industry and labor to serve in civilian positions in the federal government during a national emergency. Responsibilities of the MSC NDER Coordinator, Personnel, Manpower, and Management Director, Flag Secretary, Public Affairs Office, Office of Counsel, Operations Director, Engineering Director, Comptroller, and Plans, Policy, and Program Director are clarified."
United States. Department of the Navy
1992-05-26
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Assessing Controlled Access Protection
Assessing Controlled Access Protection provides guidance to the Department of Defense components charged with ensuring that the automated information systems (AISs) used for processing sensitive or classified information provide at least controlled access protection.
United States. Department of Defense
1992-05-25
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Executive Order 12807: Interdiction of Illegal Aliens
"The Secretary of State shall undertake to enter into, on behalf of the United States, cooperative agreements with appropriate foreign governments for the purpose of preventing illegal migration to the United States by sea."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1992-05-24
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Interagency Cooperation in the War on Drugs: Can Campaign Planning Be the Unifying Factor?
From the thesis abstract: "This monograph analyzes the potential of the military campaign planning process to unify the national interagency counternarcotics effort. Currently, DoD's antinarcotics mission includes the detection and monitoring of the aerial and maritime transit of illegal drugs into the United States, and the integration of command, control, communications, and intelligence, (C3I) into an effective communications network. DoD also provides manpower and equipment resources to support the interdiction efforts of law enforcement agencies both in the United States and overseas. The military campaign planning has been posited as a method to foster interagency unity and to bridge the gap between the national counternarcotics strategy and the tactical level of the drug war. The potential of the campaign planning process to unify interagency counternarcotics efforts is the focus for the monograph. The paper also weighs the merits of DoD assuming a more active role in coordinating interagency campaign planning. The study establishes the context of United States military participation in the drug war by describing examples of previous and evolving military involvement. Current initiatives to improve interagency cooperation and to broaden the scope of military participation are also examined. Two campaign planning models are analyzed to show the adaptability of the campaign planning process to the drug war."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Mason, Bradley J.
1992-05-22
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Congressional Pay Amendment: Memorandum Opinion for the Counsel to the President [May 13, 1992]
"The Congressional Pay Amendment, which was originally proposed by Congress to the States for ratification in 1789, and having been ratified by three-fourths of the States, has been ratified pursuant to Article V and is accordingly now part of the Constitution. Under 1 U.S.C. § 106b, the Archivist was, upon receipt of formal instruments of ratification from the requisite number of States, required to publish the Congressional Pay Amendment along with his certificate specifying that the Amendment has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of the Constitution. You have asked for a summary of our views, on an expedited basis, on whether the Congressional Pay Amendment has been duly adopted in accordance with the formal requirements of Article V of the Constitution. The General Counsel of the National Archives and Records Administration has informed us that the Archivist of the United States has received word that a total of thirty-nine States have adopted the Amendment, one more than the three-fourths required under Article V. The Archivist expects to have received formal instruments of ratification from all the necessary States shortly and informs us that no state has purported to rescind its ratification."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1992-05-13
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Submarine's Role in Future Naval Warfare
"The three basic elements where we traditionally commence strategic planning have changed dramatically in the past two years. A new national security strategy recasts the roles and missions of the armed forces in new terms. The submarine force needs to be justified under the new grammar for warfare as a part of the four new mission areas under the new national military strategy. The submarine force alone can perform the strategic deterrence and defense missions. The submarine's role in presence involves a high/low mix choice. There should be increased emphasis on the submarine force for crisis response: (1) rapid response (2) shore bombardment and strike (3) as the initial leading maritime component for second major regional contingencies, and (4) initial and limited sea control. A European regional war evolving out of a major regional contingency is not the same thing as the old European-centered global war with the USSR. Decreased emphasis should be placed on strategic anti- submarine warfare. Reconstitution goals could be met with at-sea nuclear weapons."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Department of National Security Affairs
Tritten, James John
1992-05-12
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Funding for the Critical Technologies Institute: Memorandum Opinion for the Acting General Counsel, Office of Management and Budget [May 12, 1992]
"The Department of Defense may make funds available to the National Science Foundation out of monies appropriated in the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1991, to support the activities of the Critical Technologies Institute during the 1992 fiscal year. This responds to your request for our opinion whether the Department of Defense ('DoD') may make $5 million available to the Director of the National Science Foundation ('NSF') out of monies appropriated in the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1991, Pub. L. No. 101-511, tit. IV, 104 Stat. 1856, 1870 (1990) ('FY 91 Appropriations Act'). The funds would be used to support the activities of the Critical Technologies Institute ('the Institute') during the current fiscal year. Although you have concluded that DoD may make those monies available for this purpose, (1) DoD disagrees. (2) We conclude that DoD may take those monies available for funding the activities of the Institute."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1992-05-12
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Progress Report of the Presidential Task Force on Los Angeles Recovery
"On Monday, May 4th [1992], the President established a task force of Cabinet Deputies and other--key Federal officials to assist in the recovery of Los Angeles. The purpose of the task force was limited and straightforward: to knock down barriers to the speedy delivery of services to the citizens of greater Los Angeles who suffered as a result of the disturbances there, and to bring quickly to the area those Federal resources and programs which could help address the immediate problems facing the affected area. The Federal role represented by the task force was not to supplant state and local efforts to rebuild Los Angeles, but rather to ensure a coordinated response and to make the Federal government a helpful partner -- assisting in every way possible the state, county, and city governments, and the private sector, in rebuilding their community."
United States. White House Office
1992-05-12
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Century Twenty-One: An Age of Terror and Violence
This study presents the view that violence both within and between societies, as demonstrated by events over 5000 years of human history, will continue well into the twenty-first century. It argues that terrorism (which it defines) is efficacious, inexpensive, and appealing enough to various alienated, estranged groups to make it an even more widespread phenomenon than it has been since 1945. It may even assume more ghastly forms, and the U.S. (and other nations) should prepare to cope with it.
U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
Vought, Donald B.
1992-05-03
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Memorandum for the Record Regarding Board of Directors Overt/Covert Guidance
"In contrast to previous recommendations that the NRO's existence be declassified, the Fuhrman panel's recommendations helped set in motion a process that would result in declassification of that information. This May 1 memo provides guidance from the NRO board of directors on the process of moving the NRO from a covert to an overt organization. It focuses on a number of topics - the unclassified description of the NRO's mission, the identification of NRO officials, staffing of the office, its location, the National Reconnaissance Program, and the Freedom of Information Act." See "DCI Task Force on the National Reconnaissance Office, Report to the Director of Central Intelligence" for more information.
United States. National Reconnaissance Office
1992-05-01
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Guide to Understanding Information System Security Officer Responsibilities for Automated Information Systems
"This guideline identifies system security responsibilities for Information System Security Officers (ISSOs). It applies to computer security aspects of automated information systems (AISs) within the Department of Defense (DOD) and its contractor facilities that process classified and sensitive unclassified information. Computer security (COMPUSEC) includes controls that protect an AIS against denial of service and protects the AISs and data from unauthorized (inadvertent or intentional) disclosure, modification, and destruction. COMPUSEC includes the totality of security safeguards needed to provide an acceptable protection level for an AIS and for data handled by an AIS. 1 DOD Directive (DODD) 5200.28 defines an AIS as 'an assembly of computer hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to collect, create, communicate, compute, disseminate, process, store, and/or control data or information.' 2 This guideline is consistent with established DOD regulations and standards, as discussed in the following sections. Although this guideline emphasizes computer security, it is important to ensure that the other aspects of information systems security, as described below, are in place and operational: Physical security includes controlling access to facilities that contain classified and sensitive unclassified information. Physical security also addresses the protection of the structures that contain the computer equipment. Personnel security includes the procedures to ensure that access to classified and sensitive unclassified information is granted only after a determination has been made about a person's trustworthiness and only if a valid need-to-know exists."
National Computer Security Center (U.S.)
Lee, Annabelle; Flahavin, Ellen E.; Lane, Carol L.
1992-05-01
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CBO Paper: Costs of Alternative Approaches to SDI
"In 1991, Congress passed the Missile Defense Act of 1991. The act calls for the deployment of defenses, as soon as possible, to protect the United States from attacks by a limited number of long range ballistic missiles, and to protect U.S. troops and allies from attacks by missiles of less than intercontinental range. The act does not, however, specify the size and nature of the defenses that should be deployed. Nor does it specify when a full system of defenses should be in place. The Administration has modified its plans for strategic defenses to respond to the act. But critics have other ideas about what types of defenses are appropriate, when they should be deployed, and how much should be spent on the Strategic Defense Initiative. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) paper analyzes the costs of the Administration's plan for strategic defenses and the costs of alternative approaches. All of the alternatives would provide for eventual deployment of defenses but, at least through 1997, would cost less than the Administration's approach."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
1992-05-01
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Health Evaluation Report 90-084-2219; Kansas City Kansas Police Department Kansas City, Kansas
"On December 1, 1989, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) from a management representative of the Kansas City, Kansas, Police Department Headquarters. The Police Department requested NIOSH to evaluate lead exposures incurred by the range master, his assistant, and fellow police officers while working and firing weapons at their outdoor firing range"
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Rinehart, Richard D.; Almaguer, Daniel
1992-05
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Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents
"Public officials are charged with the responsibility to protect the health of the public during hazardous incidents. The purpose of this manual is to assist these officials in establishing emergency response plans and in making decisions during a nuclear incident. It provides radiological protection guidance that may be used for responding to any type of nuclear incident or radiological emergency, except nuclear war. [...] The manual begins with a general discussion of Protective Action Guides (PAGs) and their use in planning for protective actions to safeguard public health. It then presents PAGs for specific exposure pathways and associated time periods. These PAGs apply to all types of nuclear incidents. This is followed by guidance for the implementation of PAGs. Finally, appendices provide definitions, background information on health risks, and other information supporting the choice of the numerical values of the PAGs. PAGs for protection from an airborne plume during the early phase of an incident at a nuclear power plant were published in the 1980 edition of this manual. These have now been revised to apply to a much broader range of situations and replace the PAGs formerly published in Chapters 2 and 5. Recommendations and background information for protection from ingestion of contaminated food were published by the Food and Drug Administration in 1982. These are reprinted here as Chapter 3 and Appendix D. Recommendations for PAGs for relocation are presented in Chapters 4 and 7."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Radiation Programs
1992-05
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Floodplain Management in the United States: An Assessment Report, Volume I Summary
"This is a summary of a publication pertaining to an evaluation of floodplain management activities conducted by the Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force to report to the public and Congress on progress toward implementation of 'A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management.'"
United States. Department of Homeland Security
1992-05
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Floodplain Management in the United States: An Assessment Report, Volume 2: Full Report
"This publication is the full report of an evaluation of floodplain management activities conducted by the Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force to report to the public and Congress on progress toward implementation of 'A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management.'"
United States. Department of Homeland Security
1992-05
