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Interagency Cooperation in the War on Drugs: Can Campaign Planning Be the Unifying Factor?
From the thesis abstract: "This monograph analyzes the potential of the military campaign planning process to unify the national interagency counternarcotics effort. Currently, DoD's antinarcotics mission includes the detection and monitoring of the aerial and maritime transit of illegal drugs into the United States, and the integration of command, control, communications, and intelligence, (C3I) into an effective communications network. DoD also provides manpower and equipment resources to support the interdiction efforts of law enforcement agencies both in the United States and overseas. The military campaign planning has been posited as a method to foster interagency unity and to bridge the gap between the national counternarcotics strategy and the tactical level of the drug war. The potential of the campaign planning process to unify interagency counternarcotics efforts is the focus for the monograph. The paper also weighs the merits of DoD assuming a more active role in coordinating interagency campaign planning. The study establishes the context of United States military participation in the drug war by describing examples of previous and evolving military involvement. Current initiatives to improve interagency cooperation and to broaden the scope of military participation are also examined. Two campaign planning models are analyzed to show the adaptability of the campaign planning process to the drug war."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Mason, Bradley J.
1992-05-22
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Congressional Pay Amendment: Memorandum Opinion for the Counsel to the President [May 13, 1992]
"The Congressional Pay Amendment, which was originally proposed by Congress to the States for ratification in 1789, and having been ratified by three-fourths of the States, has been ratified pursuant to Article V and is accordingly now part of the Constitution. Under 1 U.S.C. § 106b, the Archivist was, upon receipt of formal instruments of ratification from the requisite number of States, required to publish the Congressional Pay Amendment along with his certificate specifying that the Amendment has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of the Constitution. You have asked for a summary of our views, on an expedited basis, on whether the Congressional Pay Amendment has been duly adopted in accordance with the formal requirements of Article V of the Constitution. The General Counsel of the National Archives and Records Administration has informed us that the Archivist of the United States has received word that a total of thirty-nine States have adopted the Amendment, one more than the three-fourths required under Article V. The Archivist expects to have received formal instruments of ratification from all the necessary States shortly and informs us that no state has purported to rescind its ratification."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1992-05-13
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Submarine's Role in Future Naval Warfare
"The three basic elements where we traditionally commence strategic planning have changed dramatically in the past two years. A new national security strategy recasts the roles and missions of the armed forces in new terms. The submarine force needs to be justified under the new grammar for warfare as a part of the four new mission areas under the new national military strategy. The submarine force alone can perform the strategic deterrence and defense missions. The submarine's role in presence involves a high/low mix choice. There should be increased emphasis on the submarine force for crisis response: (1) rapid response (2) shore bombardment and strike (3) as the initial leading maritime component for second major regional contingencies, and (4) initial and limited sea control. A European regional war evolving out of a major regional contingency is not the same thing as the old European-centered global war with the USSR. Decreased emphasis should be placed on strategic anti- submarine warfare. Reconstitution goals could be met with at-sea nuclear weapons."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Department of National Security Affairs
Tritten, James John
1992-05-12
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Funding for the Critical Technologies Institute: Memorandum Opinion for the Acting General Counsel, Office of Management and Budget [May 12, 1992]
"The Department of Defense may make funds available to the National Science Foundation out of monies appropriated in the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1991, to support the activities of the Critical Technologies Institute during the 1992 fiscal year. This responds to your request for our opinion whether the Department of Defense ('DoD') may make $5 million available to the Director of the National Science Foundation ('NSF') out of monies appropriated in the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1991, Pub. L. No. 101-511, tit. IV, 104 Stat. 1856, 1870 (1990) ('FY 91 Appropriations Act'). The funds would be used to support the activities of the Critical Technologies Institute ('the Institute') during the current fiscal year. Although you have concluded that DoD may make those monies available for this purpose, (1) DoD disagrees. (2) We conclude that DoD may take those monies available for funding the activities of the Institute."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1992-05-12
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Progress Report of the Presidential Task Force on Los Angeles Recovery
"On Monday, May 4th [1992], the President established a task force of Cabinet Deputies and other--key Federal officials to assist in the recovery of Los Angeles. The purpose of the task force was limited and straightforward: to knock down barriers to the speedy delivery of services to the citizens of greater Los Angeles who suffered as a result of the disturbances there, and to bring quickly to the area those Federal resources and programs which could help address the immediate problems facing the affected area. The Federal role represented by the task force was not to supplant state and local efforts to rebuild Los Angeles, but rather to ensure a coordinated response and to make the Federal government a helpful partner -- assisting in every way possible the state, county, and city governments, and the private sector, in rebuilding their community."
United States. White House Office
1992-05-12
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Century Twenty-One: An Age of Terror and Violence
This study presents the view that violence both within and between societies, as demonstrated by events over 5000 years of human history, will continue well into the twenty-first century. It argues that terrorism (which it defines) is efficacious, inexpensive, and appealing enough to various alienated, estranged groups to make it an even more widespread phenomenon than it has been since 1945. It may even assume more ghastly forms, and the U.S. (and other nations) should prepare to cope with it.
U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
Vought, Donald B.
1992-05-03
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Memorandum for the Record Regarding Board of Directors Overt/Covert Guidance
"In contrast to previous recommendations that the NRO's existence be declassified, the Fuhrman panel's recommendations helped set in motion a process that would result in declassification of that information. This May 1 memo provides guidance from the NRO board of directors on the process of moving the NRO from a covert to an overt organization. It focuses on a number of topics - the unclassified description of the NRO's mission, the identification of NRO officials, staffing of the office, its location, the National Reconnaissance Program, and the Freedom of Information Act." See "DCI Task Force on the National Reconnaissance Office, Report to the Director of Central Intelligence" for more information.
United States. National Reconnaissance Office
1992-05-01
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Guide to Understanding Information System Security Officer Responsibilities for Automated Information Systems
"This guideline identifies system security responsibilities for Information System Security Officers (ISSOs). It applies to computer security aspects of automated information systems (AISs) within the Department of Defense (DOD) and its contractor facilities that process classified and sensitive unclassified information. Computer security (COMPUSEC) includes controls that protect an AIS against denial of service and protects the AISs and data from unauthorized (inadvertent or intentional) disclosure, modification, and destruction. COMPUSEC includes the totality of security safeguards needed to provide an acceptable protection level for an AIS and for data handled by an AIS. 1 DOD Directive (DODD) 5200.28 defines an AIS as 'an assembly of computer hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to collect, create, communicate, compute, disseminate, process, store, and/or control data or information.' 2 This guideline is consistent with established DOD regulations and standards, as discussed in the following sections. Although this guideline emphasizes computer security, it is important to ensure that the other aspects of information systems security, as described below, are in place and operational: Physical security includes controlling access to facilities that contain classified and sensitive unclassified information. Physical security also addresses the protection of the structures that contain the computer equipment. Personnel security includes the procedures to ensure that access to classified and sensitive unclassified information is granted only after a determination has been made about a person's trustworthiness and only if a valid need-to-know exists."
National Computer Security Center (U.S.)
Lee, Annabelle; Flahavin, Ellen E.; Lane, Carol L.
1992-05-01
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CBO Paper: Costs of Alternative Approaches to SDI
"In 1991, Congress passed the Missile Defense Act of 1991. The act calls for the deployment of defenses, as soon as possible, to protect the United States from attacks by a limited number of long range ballistic missiles, and to protect U.S. troops and allies from attacks by missiles of less than intercontinental range. The act does not, however, specify the size and nature of the defenses that should be deployed. Nor does it specify when a full system of defenses should be in place. The Administration has modified its plans for strategic defenses to respond to the act. But critics have other ideas about what types of defenses are appropriate, when they should be deployed, and how much should be spent on the Strategic Defense Initiative. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) paper analyzes the costs of the Administration's plan for strategic defenses and the costs of alternative approaches. All of the alternatives would provide for eventual deployment of defenses but, at least through 1997, would cost less than the Administration's approach."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
1992-05-01
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Health Evaluation Report 90-084-2219; Kansas City Kansas Police Department Kansas City, Kansas
"On December 1, 1989, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) from a management representative of the Kansas City, Kansas, Police Department Headquarters. The Police Department requested NIOSH to evaluate lead exposures incurred by the range master, his assistant, and fellow police officers while working and firing weapons at their outdoor firing range"
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Rinehart, Richard D.; Almaguer, Daniel
1992-05
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Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents
"Public officials are charged with the responsibility to protect the health of the public during hazardous incidents. The purpose of this manual is to assist these officials in establishing emergency response plans and in making decisions during a nuclear incident. It provides radiological protection guidance that may be used for responding to any type of nuclear incident or radiological emergency, except nuclear war. [...] The manual begins with a general discussion of Protective Action Guides (PAGs) and their use in planning for protective actions to safeguard public health. It then presents PAGs for specific exposure pathways and associated time periods. These PAGs apply to all types of nuclear incidents. This is followed by guidance for the implementation of PAGs. Finally, appendices provide definitions, background information on health risks, and other information supporting the choice of the numerical values of the PAGs. PAGs for protection from an airborne plume during the early phase of an incident at a nuclear power plant were published in the 1980 edition of this manual. These have now been revised to apply to a much broader range of situations and replace the PAGs formerly published in Chapters 2 and 5. Recommendations and background information for protection from ingestion of contaminated food were published by the Food and Drug Administration in 1982. These are reprinted here as Chapter 3 and Appendix D. Recommendations for PAGs for relocation are presented in Chapters 4 and 7."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Radiation Programs
1992-05
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Floodplain Management in the United States: An Assessment Report, Volume I Summary
"This is a summary of a publication pertaining to an evaluation of floodplain management activities conducted by the Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force to report to the public and Congress on progress toward implementation of 'A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management.'"
United States. Department of Homeland Security
1992-05
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Floodplain Management in the United States: An Assessment Report, Volume 2: Full Report
"This publication is the full report of an evaluation of floodplain management activities conducted by the Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force to report to the public and Congress on progress toward implementation of 'A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management.'"
United States. Department of Homeland Security
1992-05
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Effects of Pyridostigmine Bromide on A-10 Pilots during Execution of a Simulated Mission: Performance
"This report documents the performance results of a study that was conducted to determine the effects of pyridostigmine bromide (PYB) (30 mg 3x/day) on pilot performance. Data was collected in an A-10 flight simulator with an Advanced Visual Technology System (AVTS). The subjects were 24 A-10 pilots who were trained on the following simulated tasks over three 55-min sessions: takeoff, patterns, emergency procedure and landing; air-to-air refueling; conventional low-angle strafing; and low-level ingress to a simulated target and threat area (RED FLAG). Next, during two test sessions, 48 h apart, the pilots were tested using a double-blind procedure on the same tasks in a PY8 condition and in a placebo condition. In the two test sessions, 12 of the pilots wore chemical defense ensembles (CDE) and the other 12 wore standard flight gear (SFG). The results indicate that there are no operationally significant effects of pyridostigmine bromide that would preclude an A-10 pilot from accomplishing a tactical mission, including air-to-ground attack, under a chemical warfare threat."
Armstrong Laboratory (U.S.)
Brooks, Rebecca B.; Hubbard, David C.; Schiflett, Samuel G.
1992-05
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National Incident-Based Reporting System, Volume 2: Data Submission Specifications
"This document is for the use of local, state, and federal systems personnel (i.e., computer programmers, analysts, etc.) who are responsible for preparing magnetic media for submission to the FBI. It contains the data submission instructions for magnetic media, record layouts, and error-handling procedures that must be followed in submitting magnetic media to the FBI for NIBRS reporting purposes."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Criminal Justice Information Services Division
1992-05
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National Defense Stockpile: Views on DOD's 1992 Report to the Congress and Proposed Legislation, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Seapower and Strategic and Critical Materials, Statement of Donna M. Heivilin, Director, Logistics Issues, National Security and International Affairs Division, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives
From the Government Accountability Office (GAO) website: "GAO discussed: (1) its views on the Department of Defense's (DOD) 1992 report to Congress on national defense stockpile requirements; (2) recommended DOD acquisition and disposal plans; (3) DOD response to previous GAO recommendations regarding national defense stockpile goals; and (4) federal agencies' participation in the DOD requirements determination process. GAO noted that: (1) the material consumption ratios (MCR) that DOD used in its 1992 study to convert the estimates of an industry's output into the requirements for a critical material were based on data that were more than 10 years old and could not be verified from surviving data sources; (2) the 1992 study does not present sensitivity analyses to represent other sources of uncertainty that can arise from such factors as inventory level changes, materials price speculation, or the likelihood that wartime MCR are not comparable to peacetime MCR; (3) changes in the world situation and reductions in force indicate that cautious disposal of cobalt and some other materials is probably prudent; (4) DOD has made limited progress in addressing previous GAO recommendations; and (5) civilian federal agencies generally participate in stockpile management on an informal and ad hoc basis."
United States. General Accounting Office
1992-04-29
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Oil Pollution Research and Technology Plan [April 24, 1992]
"Section 1 provides basic background information on OPA [Oil Pollution Act] 90 and its R&D strategy. Case studies on the EXXON VALDEZ and subsequent serious spills are provided, since they were catalysts for the passage of OPA 90. OPA 90 is then presented briefly, and a special discussion is made of the Interagency Committee, indicating who the members are and what role each agency plays in environmental protection. Section 2 covers the development of the Plan itself, and Section 3 goes on to emphasize the priority areas identified by the Interagency Committee. These are: prevention, spill response planning and management, spill response, fate and effects and restoration. (Actual project descriptions, collated according to the above categories, are contained in an Annex to this document.) Section 4 deals with the administration of regional grants authorized under OPA 90. The Interagency Committee is currently developing grant criteria and establishing procedures for proposal evaluation and awards. Once these are completed, they will be published in the Federal Register. Section 5 presents X strategies for coordinating R&D with the private sector, and Section 6 details funding recommendations from the interagency Committee."
Interagency Coordinating Committee on Oil Pollution Research (U.S.)
1992-04-24
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Daily Dispersion Model Calculations of the Kuwait Oil Fire Smoke Plume
"The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) provided daily forecasts of the position and spatial character of the Kuwait oil fire smoke plume to the NSF-coordinated research aircraft missions in the Persian Gulf. ARAC also provided daily plume dispersion products to various nations in the Persian Gulf region under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization for a period of nearly 5 months. Forecasted three dimensional winds were provided to ARAC from the U.S. Air Force Global Weather Central's Relocatable Wind Model (RWM). The R W M winds were spaced approximately 90 km in the horizontal and were located at the surface, l000 ft, 2000 ft, 5000 ft and every 5000 ft up to 30,000 ft elevation. The forecast periods were 0,6,24, and 36 hours from both 0000 and 1200 UTC. A wind field model (MATHEW) corrected for terrain influences on the wind. The smoke plume was dispersed using a three dimensional particle-in-cell code (ADPIC) with buoyant plume rise capability. Multiple source locations were used to represent the burning oil fields. Improved estimates of the source term and emission factors for the smoke were incorporated into the ADPIC calculations as the field measurement data were made available."
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Ellis, James S.; Foster, Kevin T.; Foster Connee, S.
1992-04-23
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Physiological and Subjective Responses to Wearing the A/P22P-9(V) Helicopter Aircrewman Chemical, Biological Protection Ensemble
"Naval Air Warfare Center evaluated the physiological and subjective responses of 28 aircrew wearing the A/P22P-9(V) USMC Helicopter Aircrewman Chemical, Biological (CB) Protection Ensemble during warm/hot weather ground and flight testing in four USMC helicopter types. Ground testing evaluated fit, donning and doffing, flight equipment compatibility, mobility, dexterity, ingress, egress, emergency egress, water survivability, crewstation compatibility, and repeated preflight inspections in CH-53, CH-46, UH-1N, and AH-1 helicopters. CH-53 and UH-1N flight testing compared three clothing configurations (the A/P22P-9(V), A/P22P-9(V) above-the-neck respirator assembly only, and standard flight clothing) and two test conditions (4-hr flight profile without D/T and preflight inspections). During three summers of A/P22P-9(V) testing (1988-1990), aircrew completed 44 test trials and 142 hr wear time. Ambient temperatures ranged from 22 deg (72 deg F) in the ready room to 40 deg C (104 deg F) in flight."
Naval Air Warfare Center (U.S.). Aircraft Division
Bjorn, Valerie S.; Huang, Ding
1992-04-21
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Narcoterrorism - A Threat to the United States?
From the thesis abstract: "Today, we see the demise of communism, the hope for a 'new world order,' and the realization of peace in the world. A dark cloud pervades this state of euphoria. It is the result of the War On Drugs. The purpose of this paper is to show that narcoterrorism is a threat to the United States. Colombia is used as a focal point for the study due the significant role it plays in the American drug war. The paper considers the supply and demand side of the drug problem. It looks at the relationship between terrorism and insurgency. The paper defines narcoterrorism to be the use of terror by narcotraffickers to coerce or intimidate a sovereign government to obtain an objective or end result. It examines the interests of the U.S. at stake in the drug war as well as those Colombian interests that the drug war threatens. A part of this examination is to determine which are a vital interest to us and which are threatened."
Army War College (U.S.)
Webb, Patrick F.
1992-04-21
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Drug War: Can We Stop Cocaine?
"The United States has been threatened for years by organized, illegal drug cartels who provide cheap and available drugs to satisfy an expanding demand. In the past seven years, cocaine has developed into a powerful, addictive, and initially inexpensive drug that appeals to America's poor. Experts have identified it as the drug which most threatens national security. Easy and large profits from readily available cocaine have generated significant problems for lawmen, medical personnel and facilities, judicial services and incarceration sites, and rehabilitation and social programs across the nation. U.S. Presidents have consistently vowed to win the 'War on Drugs'. Are America's National Drug Control Strategy and the agreements made during the Cartegena Summit of 1990 leading to the elimination of drugs, more specifically of cocaine, from our society? Can U.S. drug law enforcement agencies' (DLEA's) efforts prevent cocaine from crossing U.S. borders? What impact is cocaine having on our allies overseas? 'The Drug War: Can We Stop Cocaine?' addresses these questions and related issues."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Payne, Robert
1992-04-15
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Environmental Terrorism
The willful and wanton destruction of the environment by Saddam Hussein in the Gulf War raised deep concerns over deliberate, conflict-induced ecosystem damage. A corollary to that destruction is the concept of environmental terrorism: the employment of violence or threats of violence against the environment for political purposes. This study examines the lack of a definition of international terrorism and its subset, environmental terrorism. The susceptibility of the environment to terrorist attacks is reviewed to determine whether the target audience of terrorism, the world's population, is sufficiently concerned about the ecosystem to care about a terrorist attack. The vulnerability of the environment to damage is evaluated and found to be vulnerable at the local, regional and global levels. The roles of various international, federal, state and Army agencies in combating environmental terrorism are reviewed to see if changes are in order. Finally, several recommendations are offered to thwart the threat of environmental terrorism.
Army War College (U.S.)
Walter, James A.
1992-04-15
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Deterrence for World Peace: A New World Order Option?
"The recent collapse of the former Soviet Union has brought an end to the Cold War and a beginning to change and uncertainty. The shift from a bi-polar to a multi-polar world has uncovered trends that make the future of the new world order complex and dangerous. The rise in regional conflicts, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, accelerated worldwide technology transfer, and the disposition of some 30,000 nuclear warheads in the Commonwealth of Independent States are but a few of the major trends that can have a profound effect on world peace if not controlled. To solve this problem of control will bring a new emphasis to the word 'deterrence.' For 45 years the word 'deterrence' has been most commonly used to describe the justification for a nuclear arms race between the United States and the former Soviet Union. Now, the global community of nations can 'deter' further proliferation of weapons of mass destruction by using the recommended three-part solution of a global nuclear test ban, worldwide acceptance of the Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS) system, and arms control enforcement using embargoes and economic sanctions."
Army War College (U.S.)
Rosso, Michael J.
1992-04-15
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Modeling of Air Currerts in the Gulf Region
"The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability modeled the wind flow in the Gulf Region in order to make projections of the Kuwait oil fires pollution dispersion. Extensive meteorological models incorporating explicit terrain influences to the flow fields were routinely employed through a six month international assessment support effort organized by the World Meteorological Organization and U.S. scientific research agencies. Results show generally close agreement with visible imagery of the smoke plumes as detected by meteorological satellites. However, there are some examples of significant disagreement or failure of the meteorological models. These failures are most likely directly linked to missing or unavailable weather observations."
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Ellis, James S.; Sullivan, Thomas J.; Foster Connee, S.
1992-04-14
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United States Military and the War on Drugs
From the thesis abstract: "The end of the Cold War has brought wrenching changes to the U.S. Armed Forces. At a time when declining budgets and building down are the order of the day, there is one area where the military's role is actually growing: the war on drugs. This paper examines how the military is coping with this new mission, including issues such as organization and operations, and it assesses some of the numerous constraints and pitfalls facing the military as it moves into this unconventional field."
National War College (U.S.); National Defense University
Randolph, David E.
1992-04-13
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Planning for Proliferation: Rethinking U.S. Military Strategy
"The demise of the Soviet Union, democratization of Eastern Europe, and revitalization of the United Nations as a coalition-building forum have created a new world environment and a unique opportunity for the re-examination and reformulation of U.S. military strategy. No longer confronted by a formidable Soviet Union armed with nuclear and other advanced weapons systems and possessed with an adventurous ideology aimed at gradual world domination, the United States now faces greater uncertainty, an increasingly dangerous world, and no clear enemy. Although total global war is now less likely, the possibilities for regional conflict have greatly increased. The fear of a U.S.-USSR nuclear conflict arising as a result of a lesser regional conflict no longer hangs as a shadow over other countries. But without this shadow and attendant pressures from the United States or the former USSR to suppress regional conflicts, other forces are influencing regional relationships and harmony. Of primary concern is this: the world is experiencing a proliferation of arms, armies, and weapons of mass destruction. A country may seek to develop such weapons for reasons of prestige, to deter a neighboring state, or to create a source of terror in the world community. At the same time, domestic economic problems in the United States and other western states are forcing a curtailment in the resources committed to defense and maintenance of the Armed Forces. If force reductions occur in the United States, it could lose its ability to be an effective unilateral military force and could have a much diminished role in an international coalition. These realities raise the question: what should U.S. military strategy be in a world of weapons proliferation? According to the author, arms control should be identified as a legitimate military goal, and combating weapons proliferation, both conventional and unconventional proliferation, should be added to the national military strategy."
National War College (U.S.)
Peters, Joyce E.
1992-04-13
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DoD Directive 1404.10: Emergency-Essential (E-E) DoD U.S. Citizen Civilian Employees
This Directive reissues reference DoD Directive 1404.10, "Retention of Emergency-Essential (E-E) DoD Civilian Employee Overseas, " April 6, 1990. Updates policy to ensure the continued performance of employees in civilian positions that: (a.) Have been designated as "E-E" before crisis situations. (b.) Have not been designated previously as "E-E" but for which continued performance is deemed essential to support combat-essential systems.
United States. Department of Defense
1992-04-10
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U.S. Customs Service: Concerns About Coordination and Inspection Staffing on the Southwest Border, Statement of Allan I. Mendelowitz, Director, International Trade and Finance Issues, General Government Division, Testimony before the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate
"Efficient border operations require coordination among a number of entities, including various U.S. agencies, state and local governments, and Mexico. Inadequate coordination has led to (1) staffing imbalances between Customs and the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and (2) insufficient inspector staff for existing and planned facilities. The shortage of inspectors has been the main cause of long waits to cross the border into the United States. Although Customs and INS share equal responsibility for primary inspections at the border, these agencies have not received comparable increases in inspection staff in recent years. Therefore, increasing the number of Customs inspectors will not necessarily reduce the waiting times for primary vehicle inspections unless INS receives corresponding staff increases. GAO also found that neither Customs nor INS had an adequate method for determining staffing needs. Customs used two models to assist it in determining border staffing needs. However, neither was adequate to accurately measure how many inspectors were currently needed nor to reliably project how many would be needed in relation to trade increases. GAO used these models because there were no better alternatives at the time it did its study."
United States. General Accounting Office
1992-04-08
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Is There a Future Role for Tactical Nuclear Weapon Systems in the National Military Strategy?
"The disintegration of the Former Soviet Union and the demise of the Warsaw Pact as significant threats to national security allowed President Bush to promulgate new defense policy initiatives impacting nuclear force capabilities and roles. Because of this threat reduction and domestic challenges, the United States' armed services will undergo significant downsizing in the next several years. This will affect the force structure needed in the National Military Strategy (NMS) to insure attainment of national security policy objectives while minimizing risk. Planning the size and capabilities of the future force structure is complicated because of uncertainties in discerning new emerging nuclear-capable threats. This paper reviews die purpose and role that tactical nuclear weapon systems can provide in supporting the NMS, and recommends requirements be determined using a strategy based upon political, economic and military national interests versus the current target-based strategy. To draw implication for the NMS, the analysis reviews current strategic policy guidance, summarizes the current definition of deterrence theory, and provides rationales for maintaining tactical nuclear weapon systems for deterrence and warfighting in regional contingency operations again nuclear-capable forces. Based upon this analysis, recommendations are provided for joint planning, doctrine, and training initiatives needed to enhance the efficacy of the armed services in achieving national security policy objectives."
Army War College (U.S.)
Stobbs, Emmett E. Jr.
1992-04-03
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Unleashing 'High-Tech' Weaponry in the Drug War: Posse Comitatus, the Fourth Amendment and Enhanced Sensing
Thesis, 40th Judge Advocate Officer Graduate Course
From the abstract:
"Congress created a sketchy exception to the Posse Comitatus Act's prohibition on military law enforcement for drug interdiction. The resulting legislative patchwork broadly authorizes use of military equipment and personnel for law enforcement, but unnecessarily restricts the most beneficial uses of sophisticated remote sensing hardware by forbidding direct participation in a search. The war on drugs will not succeed unless Congress, the Department of Defense, and the courts replace the statute, its regulations and the Fourth Amendment law it incorporates."
Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School (United States. Army)
Rishel, Eric C.
1992-04-01
