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• When Does a 'Hacker' Become an 'Attacker?'

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  From the thesis abstract: "The ability to defend the United States cyber sovereign territory is a must for the country to continue to enjoy relative freedom. The actual defense of this is far more difficult than the traditional defense of land, sea or air space. The Internet offers an environment of exponential growth in both technology and users. Couple this with an infantile and developing governing system and the Internet is both a conduit for use and a vehicle for attack. The history of cyber attack is key in determining the ability to defend and the mode in which to do it. By tracing the capabilities of adversaries, both internal and external, we can attempt to delineate the point where the electronic intrusion becomes alarming to the nation. Combine this understanding with a thorough knowledge of current methodologies and tools used for cyber attack and one has a good jump on 'knowing one's enemy.' Constraining, yet legitimizing, the effort of governments to fight the unbounded attack of cyber warriors are laws and agreements which attempt to lay ground rules for cyber utilization. Careful construction of these rules joined with vigilant international agreements can facilitate apprehension and thwarting of would-be attackers worldwide. Laws which are drafted without thought to the defense of information systems can be equally as damaging to the government that adopts them. This monograph concludes with the current efforts underway by the United States government and the Department of Defense in particular, Presidential Decision Directives 62 and 63 posture the United States for success in combating cyber aggression. The follow through by the legislative, judiciary branches and various departments will determine the success of this country in securing its national information infrastructure."

  U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies

  Are, David C.

  1998-12-16
• Foreign Assistance: U.S. Assistance for Elementary and Preparatory Schools in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

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  GAO noted that: (1) for fiscal years 1996-1998, it estimated that U.S. assistance to United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) elementary and preparatory schools in the West Bank and Gaza Strip totalled about $69 million; (2) the U.S. share of UNRWA's education budget for the West Bank and Gaza Strip accounted for $65.2 million; (3) the remainder was an Agency for International Development grant of $3.6 million for an UNRWA program involving school construction and maintenance activities; (4) no U.S. assistance was provided for Palestinian Authority (PA) schools; (5) U.S. assistance to UNRWA elementary and preparatory schools in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria totalled about $61 million for fiscal years 1996-1998; (6) these funds represent the U.S. share of UNRWA's education budget and U.S. support for special funding projects under UNRWA's Peace Implementation Program; (7) the United States Information Agency (USIA) provided English language training for teachers in schools in the West Bank, Gaza, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, but USIA funding information was not readily available; (8) however, USIA noted that aggregate spending levels were small compared to the other funding activities; (9) an Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) official told GAO that no OPIC funds had been made available for elementary and preparatory schools in the region during fiscal years 1996-1998; (10) two private voluntary organizations operating in the region told GAO that none of their funds had been spent on activities benefiting PA elementary and preparatory schools; (11) they were also unaware of any other private voluntary organization in the region with such programs; (12) determining whether any textbooks used by UNRWA were those reviewed by the Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace was beyond the scope of GAO's review; (13) however, UNRWA documentation shows it purchased PA textbooks as early as the 1995-1996 school year; (14) according to UNRWA, less than 2 percent of its education budget for the region was spent on textbooks in the current school year; (15) the U.S. proportional share of these expenses was about $791,000; and (16) the conference report on the Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1999 directed that the Secretary of State submit a report to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees "specifying whether the content of the textbooks and curricula used by UNRWA contains anti-Semitic material" not later than 90 days after the act's enactment.

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1998-12-15
• Department of Defense Directive 5210.55: Department of Defense Presidential Support Program

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  This Directive: 1. Reissues reference (a) to update policies and assign responsibilities. 2. Is implemented by reference (b) prescribing the procedures for the nomination, screening, selection, approval and continued evaluation of DoD military and civilian personnel, and contractor employees assigned to, or retained in Presidential support duties.

  United States. Department of Defense

  1998-12-15
• Civil-Military Crisis? Tocqueville's Theory of Civil-Military Relations

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  "This paper reviews the current debate on civil-military relations, outlining the mayor lines of argument. It then examines objective research data to evaluate the actual existence of a growing gap between military and society in the United States. It subsequently evaluates this evidence in light of Tocqueville's theoretical framework, set out in broader form in the author's overview of Tocqueville's comprehensive body of thought on military forces in democratic states. It concludes with some possible approaches that take into account the root causes of civil-military tension, in an attempt to escape the essentially a historical trap of viewing this problem (or any problem) as being unique to our times, and thus limiting the options available to address the issue. Why this topic? What is its connection to the national security policy process? Quite simply, policy is formulated and Implemented in a context. This context consists of several important dimensions, among them the economic, domestic political, and international spheres. Policy makers-presumed to be rational beings-attempt to anticipate environmental constraints. Consequently, their perceptions of the policy environment will affect policy formulation. In other words, the policy environment is operative well before implementation; understanding these environmental constraints may help explain policy choices. In this paper, I consider one aspect of the domestic political and social environment on both national security policy formulation and implementation. One of the most provocative descriptions of this environment is outlined in Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America', which deals with a broad range of issues ranging from politics to sociology to economics. This paper argues that Tocqueville's analysis raises serious issues with profound implications for the ability of democratic states to formulate and implement policy relevant to the civil-military relationship. Understanding the characteristics of this environmental constraint may help avoid pitfalls that could have grave consequences for society."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Neubauer, Martin

  1998-12-14
• Quadrennial Defense Review: Improving the Process to Improve the Product

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  "While many in Congress may have held out high hopes that the QDR [Quadrennial Defense Review] and NDP [National Defense Panel] would produce meaningful recommendations for change to meet the nation's future security requirements, the results have been disappointing. This paper will seek to explain that the shortcomings in the products from the QDR and NDP were, perhaps predictably, largely a result of the bureaucratic structure of the process used to conduct these two much-publicized defense reviews. Furthermore, this paper will offer recommendations for an alternative structure for the next QDR to increase the freedom and independence of its operations. This will improve the chances that the next review will take a truly 'fresh look' at defense and yield a more relevant report."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Snodgrass, David E.

  1998-12-14
• Force Protection after Khobar Towers: A Case Study

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  "This paper recounts the bombing of the Khobar Towers complex in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, on 25 June 1996 during which 19 U.S. Air Force personnel were killed and over 500 wounded. The airmen were part of the U.S. Air Force's 4404th Wing (Provisional). The blast was heard as far as 20 miles away, but it reverberated most loudly in the American press and the halls of the Pentagon. How could it happen? Was the United States doing all it could to prevent such a tragic event? Was there a failure of individual responsibility? Was this an isolated incident or a systemic failure? Newspapers debated these questions for weeks, while the Department of Defense (DoD) searched for the same answers. One area that finds general agreement among members of the DoD is the dramatic change in the emphasis placed on the force protection program in the months after the bombing. Changes were made that dramatically affected the way all four services train and equip their forces, as well as the methods used by unified commanders when planning for and undertaking military operations. An entire paper could be devoted to the process of force protection as it has evolved since June of 1996. This paper instead examines the development of force protection policy within the DoD in the aftermath of the Khobar Towers bombing. Using the 'Practitioner's Framework' provided in the course, the bombing will serve as a case study in the national security decision making process."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Branigan, Matthew P.

  1998-12-14
• President's Decision to Attack Afghanistan and Sudan: Conflicting Decision Styles Yields Controversy and Criticism

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  From the thesis abstract: "On August 7, 1998, terrorist bombs exploded outside of the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, killing over 250 persons. Over the course of the next two weeks, decision making processes were placed into motion cased upon the analysis of intelligence data. These processes culminated in President Clinton's decision to authorize J.S. military attacks against terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan on August 21st. As could be expected, the President's decision to launch a retaliatory strike was met with both support and criticism. In this instance, however, a perceived requirement for secrecy caused confusion in, and thereby criticism from many of the national-level actors normally involved in such decisions. An examination of the process using two models for decision-making reveals several possible justifications for this criticism."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Gillies, Randolph S.

  1998-12-14
• Death on the Border: A Case Study in Process and Policy

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  "A study of the players involved in the killing of Ezequiel Hernandez Jr. near Redford, Texas and the roles they played in the process is valuable for anyone who would participate in the development of national security policy. The potential for an improved policy for military support to domestic counter drug activities is greater now that the issue is off the skyline. For that improvement to be realized, the problems exposed by the Redford shooting need to be addressed. It seems reasonable that military personnel involved in these activities should continue to be subject to the UCMJ, but should not be Subject to criminal or civil prosecution by the States. The services must understand that no other agency or organization are as Interested or have as much at stake in this aspect of the policy. Military personnel must be protected from criminal prosecution by the states while they are in the performance of their duties. If this Issue cannot be resolved, the days of military support to domestic law enforcement agencies are numbered."

  National Defense University

  Lukeman, James W.

  1998-12-14
• Memorandum: Guidelines For Children's Asylum Claims

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  "This memorandum is written to provide the Asylum Officer Corps (AOC) with background and guidance on adjudicating children's asylum claims. This guidance applies primarily to children under the age of 18 who apply for asylum independently rather than as a derivative applicant by submitting a Fonn 1-589 asylum application in their own name. Many of these issues will also be relevant to overseas Immigration Officers in processing the refugee applications of children."

  United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service

  Weiss, Jeff

  1998-12-10
• Nuclear Command and Control Command Assistance Visit (CAV) Program

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  "The Joint Staff will support National Military Command System (NMCS) staff receiving Staff Assessment Visits (SAVs) under reference with Command Assistance Visits (CAVs). This instruction documents this program. CAVs are designed to solve specific procedural issues related to NMCS staff nuclear operations or minimum core competencies."

  United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

  1998-12-07
• Proposed Settlement of Diamond v. Department of Health & Human Services: Memorandum for Harriet S. Raab, General Counsel, Department of Health & Human Services [December 4, 1998]

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  "This memorandum responds to your letter of January 2, 1998 requesting our views on the lawfulness of a provision in a proposed settlement agreement in the case of Sarah Diamond v. Department of Health & Human Services, EEOC [Equal Employment Opportunity Commission] Case No. 110-96-8155X. We conclude that on a finding of discrimination in the reclassification, a court could enjoin reclassification of the positions of specific employees if the court found some cognizable danger of recurrent violation. If the record contained abundant evidence of consistent past discrimination, a court would likely presume an injunction was appropriate unless the agency presented clear and convincing proof of no reasonable probability of future noncompliance with the law. If the court found only an isolated occurrence of discrimination, plaintiffs would have to provide additional evidence of the cognizable danger of a recurrent violation to justify such an injunction. If, in addition, the facts indicated that the affected employees were close to retirement or, for other reasons, expected to vacate the positions in a relatively proximate and definite period of time, the injunction would be less vulnerable to challenge as overbroad than if the employees were relatively new or otherwise could be expected to stay on for several years."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel

  1998-12-04
• Miscellaneous Receipts Act Exception for Veterans' Health Care Recoveries: Memorandum for the Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division [December 3, 1998]

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  "The Veterans Reconciliation Act of 1997 creates an exception to the Miscellaneous Receipts Act to the extent that a recovery or collection under the Federal Medical Car Recovery Act is based on medical care or services furnished under chapter 17 of title 38, United States Code, and thus allows the deposit of such a recovery or collection in the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Care Collections Fund."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel

  1998-12-03
• AF Policy Directive 10-22: Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Planning and Operations

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  This Policy Directive provides guidance for planning and conducting Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) operations. Air Force ISR operations contribute to the realization of Joint Vision 2010, and ensure the Air Force gains and maintains Information Superiority. Information Superiority provides for a seamless, fused flow of accurate, timely, and relevant ISR information to warfighters and decisionmakers at all levels.

  United States. Department of the Air Force

  1998-12-01
• Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting

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  "In Africa, viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) include Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Marburg and Ebola haemorrhagic fevers, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and yellow fever. Humans initially contract an infection with a haemorrhagic fever virus through exposure to rodents or insects (for Ebola and Marburg VHFs, the natural reservoir is unknown). Person-to-person transmission of Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and CCHF viruses can occur through direct contact with VHF-infected material. [...] This manual describes a system for using VHF Isolation Precautions to reduce the risk of transmission of VHF in the health care setting. The VHF Isolation Precautions described in the manual make use of common low-cost supplies, such as household bleach, water, cotton cloth, and plastic sheeting. Although the information and recommendations are intended for health facilities in rural areas in the developing world, they are appropriate for any health facility with limited resources."

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); World Health Organization; United States. Department of Health and Human Services

  Lloyd, Ethleen; Perry, Helen

  1998-12
• Proactive Strategy Toward Terrorism and Transnational Crime

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  From the thesis abstract: "Terrorist and transnational criminal organizations are evolving into enormous national security threats. Their embrace of advanced information and communications systems has significantly enhanced their organizational efficiency as well as provided them with an exceptional disruption weapons system. The US's heavy reliance upon the information infrastructure, along with the disruptive and destructive capabilities of cyberterror and cybercrime, have created a potentially very dangerous situation. In addition, the proliferation of advanced weapons systems into terrorist hands, including WMDs, requires the US to reassess its counter-terror and crime policy. The current strategy in place to combat these entities is lacking, as can be seen by the World Trade Center and Oklahoma City bombings. The employment of an aggressive, proactive strategy that focuses on information operations is necessary to constrain these growing threats. The proactive strategy is accompanied by new significant costs. However, when compared to the cost of current US strategy, proactive measures are seen to provide enormous overall savings. The proactive strategy is comprised of three elements: intelligence collection, disruption and destruction. Today's advanced technologies provide the US with the tools and weapons necessary to engage in and win the war against terror and crime."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Hoyt, John R.

  1998-12
• Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998

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  "The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was signed into law by President Clinton on October 28, 1998. The legislation implements two 1996 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) treaties: the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty. The DMCA also addresses a number of other significant copyright-related issues."

  Library of Congress. Copyright Office

  1998-12
• Special Report: Scrap and Shredded Tire Fires

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  This report examines seven case studies of tire fires typical in the United States. The case studies reveal a common pattern of challenges in tire fire prevention and extinguishment.

  United States Fire Administration

  1998-12-01?
• American Culture, Military Services' Cultures and Military Strategy

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  From the thesis abstract: "The knowledge of one's culture is critical for success in statecraft and strategy. Yet, perhaps because it is so pervasive, the influence of one's own culture on strategy, defense preparation, and the conduct of war tends to escape notice. The influence of American culture on strategy, however, does not escape the notice of America's potential enemies. This thesis explores the American approach to strategy from a cultural perspective. It examines characteristics of American culture and the cultures of the four U.S. military services, which influence the U.S. strategy-making process. It explains how these characteristics formed and how they might influence American strategy. Unlike traditional explanations of the U.S. military cultures, such as Carl Builder's The Masks of War, this analysis examines the services' cultures from a more operational perspective. This thesis emphasizes the role the services' respective operating environments play in shaping their divergent perspectives on strategy, joint command structures, and doctrine. Cultural self-knowledge allows American strategists to recognize when aspects of American culture and the cultures of the services make some strategies possible, desirable, or unimaginable. It allows American strategists to recognize when political leaders goals and the services' strategies may be poorly matched."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Haynes, Peter D.

  1998-12
• Final Exercise Report: Indian Point 2 Nuclear Power Station [June 24, 1998]

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  From the Executive Summary: "On June 24, 1998, an exercise was conducted in the plume exposure pathway emergency planning zone (EPZ) around the Indian Point2 Nuclear Power Station by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Region II. The purpose of the exercise was to assess the level of State and local preparedness in responding to a radiological emergency. This exercise was held in accordance with FEMA's policies and guidance concerning the exercise of State and local radiological emergency response plans (RERP) and procedures. The most recent exercise at this site was conducted on April 10, 1996. The qualifying emergency preparedness exercise was conducted on March 3, 1982. [...] The State and local organizations, except where noted in this report, demonstrated knowledge of their emergency response plans and procedures and adequately implemented them. There were no Deficiencies and five Areas Requiring Corrective Action (ARCAs) identified as a result of this exercise."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1998-12-01
• Systematic Observation of Public Police: Applying Field Research Methods to Policy Issues

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  From the Executive Summary: "This report describes systematic social observation (SSO), a field research method used to study police. This method has shown promise in answering many of the questions regarding how police work is conducted today. […] SSO systematizes field methods for teams of researchers who observe the object of study (in this case, the police) in its natural setting. Researchers record events as they see and hear them and do not rely upon others to describe or interpret events. The researchers follow well-specified procedures that can be duplicated. For example, researchers who wish to record whether officers are respectful to complainants must define 'respectful' and 'complainant' in such a manner that other researchers record these terms in the same way when observing the same and similar situations. […] According to Reiss, the important considerations in conducting SSO include: (1) selection of problems for investigation, (2) preliminary investigation by direct observation, (3) definition of the universe to be observed, (4) sampling for observation, (5) development of instruments to collect and record observations systematically, (6) provision for measuring error, (7) pretesting instruments, (8) organization for direct field observations, (9) processing observations, and (10) quantitative analysis. […] SSO is not without its limitations. It is costly, time-consuming, and dependent upon the cooperation of the police. Special effort must be made to address the reactivity of research subjects to observers and the reliability of observers in recording events. Training, supervision, and quality control in the field are the best ways to manage these problems, but they take planning, time, and money. Given these constraints, SSO seems less feasible as a mechanism for routinely monitoring police practice and better suited to special studies."

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  Mastrofski, Stephen D.; Parks, Roger B.; Reiss, Albert J. . . .

  1998-12
• Congressional Budget Process: An Explanation: Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, 105th Congress, 2nd Session, Revised December, 1998

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  The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, as amended, has played a central role in the formulation and implementation of Federal fiscal policy in the last quarter of this century. The purpose of that landmark legislation, to help guide and formulate macro fiscal policy, remains as important today, if not more so, than it was in 1974. This committee revised print provides an explanation of the budget process in the Senate, its history and evolution to today. It was prepared by the Committee's legal staff under the general direction of G. William Hoagland, Staff Director. Beth Felder, Committee Counsel, headed the development of this print, with the assistance of Austin Smythe, Carole McGuire, Anne Miller, Cheri Reidy, Jim Hearn, Jim Capretta, Lisa Cieplak, Maureen O'Neill and Alex Green. While this revised print does not represent the views of the Committee on the Budget or any of its members, it was prepared to be an accurate and objective explanation of the process.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1998-12
• In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1999: Environment

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  The U.S. environmental industry is a diverse collection of services and technologies struggling in a highly competitive and mature domestic market. Today, U.S. environmental practices are not simply the products of a distinct industrial sector, but rather reflect good business decisions in all sectors. The shift to prevention rather than cleanup has resulted in a flat domestic U.S. market. This has forced the environmental industry to look internationally for growth and opportunities, primarily in developing nations. These nations have huge demands for infrastructure projects, especially solid waste disposal, wastewater treatment, and the production of potable water. Because of cultural differences, limited resources, and uncertainty within the market, however, U.S. industry does not appear to have a competitive advantage.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  1999
• In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1999: Land Combat Systems

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  Existing ground combat platforms represent the most technically sophisticated, lethal, and survivable fleet of weapons systems in any military force, past or present. The land combat vehicle (LCV) industry, however, is in decline, characterized by low production rates, constrained demand, and uncertainty over new technologies. A high degree of global competition complicates market strategies. Corporate survival depends on seeking efficiencies through downsizing, expanding product lines, negotiating mergers and partnerships, and adapting current processes for low-rate, high-mix production. Despite these strategies, substantial, costly overcapacity remains, which could translate into monies for research and development (R&D). Current production contracts can sustain the industry for 5 years, but without a consensus for new vehicle manufacture or a robust modernization program, the industry may not retain a viable manufacturing capability in the future.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  1999
• In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1999: Space

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  Few industries have shown as much growth in recent years or as much potential for increased activity as has the global space industry. Space touches our daily lives through applications such as telecommunications, remote sensing, surveillance, and navigation. Despite a series of launch failures, the long-term outlook for the U.S. space industry remains strong. However, government investment in research and development (R&D) is dwindling at a time when major trends for the industry include globalization, deregulation, and privatization. The demand for low-cost launch has stimulated the creation of innovative launch services. Yet, market uncertainties highlight the continuing maturation process of the space industry. Government's role is to provide enlightened export policy, superior infrastructure, and strategic direction to stimulate continued growth.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  1999
• In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1999: Munitions

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  The munitions industry's precision guided munition (PGM) component is a key tool for bringing the military element of U.S. national power to bear. This is an industry segment whose health is variable, with limited capability to "surge" production. Surge is a capability especially pertinent in an era of "cruise missile diplomacy," where PGMs serve as force multipliers for a smaller military. Risk aversion in product development characterizes both the Department of Defense (DOD) and defense contractors. Surprisingly, risk in offshore component sourcing may be unknowingly accepted due to lack of visibility in the practice. Suppliers in the United States will be challenged by competition from many smart, proactive defense firms around the world and will not be protected by their current high market share and what are today the best products in the world.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  1999
• In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1999: Electronics

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  Electronics is a growing industry with a quarter century record of increasing sales and profitability. Each year, it becomes increasingly central to the success of advanced economies. The U.S. electronics industry is competitive, innovative, and profitable; it is in a dominating leadership position in the important semiconductor, computer, and software markets. The U.S.-based electronics industry benefits from intense competition for new markets, willingness to invest in research and development (R&D), the availability of venture capital, and willingness to adapt new business models. It enjoys the synergies of regional production networks in Silicon Valley and elsewhere, a demanding domestic customer base, and advantageous access to the world's single largest market for electronics products. Sales of personal computers, one of the best indicators of overall electronics industry performance, increased 17 percent globally in the first quarter of 1999 and 21 percent in the United States.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  Abbott, Gerald

  1999
• In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1999: Shipbuilding

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  The U.S. shipbuilding industry continues to lead the world in the design and construction of advanced military vessels. The United States is not now, nor has it historically been, a major producer of commercial passenger or cargo ships, however. There will be no significant growth in the commercial market for U.S. shipyards, and protectionist policies, such as the Jones Act, are not effective in sustaining the industry. The U.S. shipbuilding industry has capacity well in excess of the need for military ships. As shipyards merge and the U.S. Navy reaches its 300- ship standard, military vessels will become increasingly expensive. One means to expand competition and to bring to bear advanced business processes is for major systems integrators to team with shipyards to produce the military vessels required in the 21st century.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  1999
• In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1999: Education

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  Education is a key element of U.S. national power. It is perhaps the most vital component in that it imparts the knowledge, skills, critical thinking, and basic citizenship tools needed for a motivated, creative, and productive U.S. workforce. The Information Age has propelled the nation into a highly competitive and dynamic economic and political environment. If the United States is to maintain its starring role on the world stage, its education system must keep in step with the ever- changing requirements for individual and organization success. As a vital foundation of the nation, it must be constantly assessed and adequately resourced. The debate on the quality of U.S. education is an ongoing process, one that promises to continue well into the next century.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  1999
• In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1999: Transportation

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  The transportation industry serves to mobilize the U.S. economy and provides critical links to the rest of the world. Transportation has undergone a major transformation, with speed, in-transit visibility, and value-added logistics highlighted as the hallmarks of the revolution. Air carriers have globalized through code sharing, and container shippers have responded by creating their own alliances. The increasingly international nature of the industry has created challenges for the U.S. government, which relies on contractual links to the transportation industry for surge sea and airlift capacity. Transportation is a thriving sector, one in which the United States faces world-class competition. The United States has an edge in many areas, but chronic underfunding in surface infrastructure has dulled the advantage.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  1999
• In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1999: Services

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  Traditional definitions of the "services industry" no longer capture the enormous range of non-manufacturing and non-agricultural activity occurring in the global economy. Fully 75 percent of the U.S. economy is now service-based, and 7 of every 10 employees are defined as service workers. Services are not restricted to any industry, but occur in all industries. They are anything that adds value, improves responsiveness, reduces cost, allows risk taking, and increases competitiveness. Global economic and quality competition, stockholder demands for increased profits, and pressures to reduce government spending have caused the service phenomenon. As corporations and government entities concentrate on core competencies, service providers perform those necessary services that are outside of core areas. A large segment of the services industry already supports the Department of Defense (DOD), and this will continue to grow. There are still significant challenges to the DOD in defining core competencies and overcoming a culture that is grounded in ownership, and in command and control of people and assets.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  1999