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• Foreign Investment in the United States: Major Federal Statutory Restrictions [January 26, 2009]

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  "Foreign investment in the United States is a matter of congressional concern. It is believed by some that the United States has an unusually liberal policy which allows foreigners to invest in virtually all American businesses and real estate and that these foreign investments undermine the American economy by making it vulnerable to foreign influence and domination. [...]. This report takes a look at some of the major federal statutes which presently restrict investment by foreigners. The report first gives a brief history of foreign investment in the United States. It then reviews constitutional justifications and constitutional limitations which exist concerning federal statutory restrictions on foreign ownership of property. After that follows a discussion of some of the major federal statutes which limit foreign investment in the United States. Some of these statutes will be looked at in detail, but a detailed treatment of such other laws as the tax laws, the antitrust laws, and the immigration laws is beyond the scope of this report. The report will be updated as needed."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Seitzinger, Michael V.

  2009-01-26
• Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress [January 27, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "Alternative fuels and advanced technology vehicles are seen by proponents as integral to improving urban air quality, decreasing dependence on foreign oil, and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. However, major barriers--especially economics--currently prevent the widespread use of these fuels and technologies. Because of these barriers, and the potential benefits, there is continued congressional interest in providing incentives and other support for their development and commercialization. [...] The 111th Congress is likely to discuss alternative fuels and advanced technology vehicles as it addresses several topics. These include: 1) the potential for supporting their development and deployment through economic stimulus legislation; 2) their role in any federal policy to address climate change; and 3) their role in federal energy policy. The 111th Congress may also play an oversight role in the development of regulations including: the Environmental Protection Agency's implementation of the renewable fuel standard enacted in 2005, and expanded in 2007; the Department of Transportation's implementation of new fuel economy standards enacted in 2007; and the Department of Agriculture's implementation of a new Farm Bill enacted in 2008.] [...] This report supersedes CRS Report RL33564, Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress, by Brent D. Yacobucci."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Yacobucci, Brent D.

  2009-01-27
• U.S. Financial Crisis: Lessons From Chile [September 29, 2008]

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  This CRS report examines the Chilean banking crisis which occurred during the mid-1980's and compares it to the current U.S. financial crisis. More specifically, according to the report, "Chile's response to its 1981-84 systemic banking crisis has been held up as one example. The cost was comparable relative to the size of its economy to that facing the U.S. Government today. In 1985, Central Bank losses to rescue financially distressed financial institutions were estimated to be 7.8% of GDP (equivalent to approximately $1 trillion in the United States today). The policy options Chile chose had similarities as well as differences from those contemplated in the United States today. Their relevance is debatable, but they do highlight an approach that succeeded in eventually stabilizing and returning the Chilean banking sector to health, while keeping the credit markets functioning throughout the crisis."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Hornbeck, J. F. (John F.)

  2008-09-29
• China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities-Background and Issues for Congress [Updated August 11, 2008]

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  This CRS report provides an updated analysis of the modernization taking place in the Chinese Navy and the implications for U.S. Navy capabilities. More specifically, "concern has grown in Congress and elsewhere since the 1990s about China's military modernization. Several of the U.S. Navy's most expensive acquisition programs, as well as Navy initiatives for homeporting ships and for training sailors, are for developing or maintaining capabilities that could be useful or critical in countering improved Chinese maritime military capabilities in coming years. The issue for Congress addressed in this report is: How should China's military modernization be factored into decisions about U.S. Navy programs? [...] China's naval modernization raises potential issues for Congress concerning the role of China in Department of Defense and Navy planning; the size of the Navy; the Pacific Fleet's share of the Navy; forward homeporting in the Western Pacific; the number of aircraft carriers, submarines, and ASW platforms; Navy missile defense, air-warfare, AAW, ASW, and mine warfare programs; Navy computer network security; and EMP hardening. This report will be updated as events warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2008-08-11
• Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security [Updated August 12, 2008]

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  This updated CRS report discusses the progress being made in the in the areas of governance and security in post-Saddam Iraq. More specifically, in this report "the Administration is claiming success in significantly reducing violence in Iraq to the point where additional U.S. troop reductions can be considered, attributing the gains to a 'troop surge' announced by President Bush on January 10, 2007 ('New Way Forward'). With almost all of the 28,500 'surge' forces withdrawn as of July 2008, Defense Department reports assess that overall violence is down as much as 80% since early 2007, to levels not seen since 2004, but that progress can be 'fragile and tenuous' if not accompanied by national reconciliation and economic development. The Administration believes that additional 'conditions-based' reductions in U.S. forces, continued building of Iraq's security forces, and likely further political progress in Iraq -- is now likely to produce a unified, democratic Iraq that can govern and defend itself and is an ally in the war on terror. The Administration argues that Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki is increasingly recognized as capable, and that Iraqi legislative action in Iraq since the beginning of 2008 represents a substantial measure of the progress on political reconciliation that was envisioned would be facilitated by the surge. However, Maliki's growing confidence and insistence on a timeline for a U.S. withdrawal is complicating negotiations on a U.S.-Iraq agreement that would govern the presence of U.S. forces in Iraq."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Katzman, Kenneth

  2008-08-12
• Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress [Updated August 8, 2008]

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  This CRS report provides an update on legislative action by the U.S. Congress in regards to the communist nation of Cuba. "Since the early 1960s, U.S. policy toward Cuba has consisted largely of isolating the communist nation through economic sanctions, which the Bush Administration has tightened significantly. A second policy component has consisted of support measures for the Cuban people, including private humanitarian donations and U.S.-sponsored radio and television broadcasting to Cuba. As in past years, the main issue for U.S. policy toward Cuba in the 110th Congress has been how to best support political and economic change in one of the world's remaining communist nations. Unlike past years, however, Congress is examining policy toward Cuba in the context of Fidel Castro's departure from heading the government because of poor health. Raúl Castro, who had served as provision head of government since July 2006, was selected on February 24, 2008 by Cuba's legislature to continue in that role officially."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Sullivan, Mark P.

  2008-08-08
• Central Asia: Regional Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests [Updated August 6, 2008]

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  This CRS report provides updated information about the regional developments occurring in Central Asia and the implications for U.S. policy in this region. "After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States recognized the independence of all the former Central Asian republics, supported their admission into Western organizations, and elicited Turkish support to counter Iranian influence in the region. Congress was at the forefront in urging the formation of coherent U.S. policies for aiding these and other Eurasian states of the former Soviet Union." Recent U.S. policy "has emphasized bolstering the security of the Central Asian 'front-line' states to help them combat terrorism, proliferation, and arms trafficking. Other U.S. objectives have included promoting free markets, democratization, human rights, energy development, and the forging of east-west and Central Asia-South Asia trade and transport linkages. Such policies aim to help the states become what the Administration considers to be responsible members of the international community rather than to degenerate into xenophobic, extremist, and anti-Western regimes that threaten international peace and stability. [...] The second session of the 110th Congress is likely to continue to be at the forefront in advocating increased U.S. ties with Central Asia, and in providing backing for use of the region as a staging area for supporting U.S.-led stabilization efforts in Afghanistan. Congress is likely to pursue these goals through hearings and legislation on humanitarian assistance, economic development, security issues, human rights, and democratization."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Nichol, James P.

  2008-08-06
• Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated August 12, 2008]

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  This updated CRS report provides "an overview of Egyptian politics and current issues in U.S.- Egyptian relations. It briefly provides a political history of modern Egypt, an overview of its political institutions, and a discussion of the prospects for democratization in Egypt. This report will be updated regularly. U.S. policy toward Egypt is aimed at maintaining regional stability, improving bilateral relations, continuing military cooperation, and sustaining the March 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. Successive Administrations have long viewed Egypt's leaders as a moderating influence in the Middle East, though in recent years, there have been increasing U.S. calls for Egypt to democratize. Congressional views of U.S.-Egyptian relations vary. Many lawmakers view Egypt as a stabilizing force in the region, but some Members would like the United States to pressure Egypt to implement political reforms, improve its human rights record, and take a more active role in reducing Arab-Israeli tensions. [...] There are several pieces of pending legislation on Egypt before the 110th Congress. Among them, H.Res. 1303, referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on June 24, 2008, encourages the Egyptian government, among other things, to honor its commitment to repeal the state of emergency in order to allow for the full consolidation of the rule of law in Egypt and take the steps necessary to fully implement and protect the rights of religious minorities as full citizens."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell

  2008-08-12
• Midwest Flooding Disaster: Rethinking Federal Flood Insurance? [August 11, 2008]

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  This CRS report provides analysis of Federal Flood Insurance in the wake of the 2008 Midwest floods. As the report states, "A key lesson learned from the 1993 and 2008 Midwest floods is that many people believe that the government will provide them with economic assistance despite their lack of insurance. What then is the appropriate role of the federal government in dealing with ambiguous risks, where the insurance industry is reluctant to offer coverage and homeowners and businesses demonstrated a reluctance to purchase coverage, even when is it mandatory? This question is important for the long-term solvency of the NFIP and overall future costs to federal taxpayers. This report examines the impact of the 2008 Midwest floods on the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in the context of congressional efforts to reauthorize and modify the program before its authorization expires on September 30, 2008. The report begins with an assessment of the risk of flooding in the United States and why Congress might move to rethink the current multifaceted approach to federal flood insurance. Members might, for example, opt to assess possible insurance requirements for individuals living behind levees, eliminate premium subsidization of certain 'grandfathered' properties, expand the NFIP to offer coverage against both flood and wind damages, and consider undertaking a nationwide flood insurance study (FIS) and remapping of the nation's floodplains, including areas behind levees and other flood control structures. The report concludes with lessons learned from the 1993 and 2008 Midwest floods, and an analysis of the NFIP's current financial conditions and major policy issues[.]"

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  King, Rawle O.

  2008-08-11
• China's Economic Conditions [Updated August 7, 2008]

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  This CRS report "provides an overview of China's economic development, challenges China faces to maintain growth, and the implications of China's rise as a major economic power for the United States. This report will be updated as events warrant." Furthermore, the report talks about "how China's economy continues to be a concern to many U.S. policymakers. On the one hand, U.S. consumers, exporters, and investors have greatly benefitted from China's rapid economic and trade growth. On the other hand, the surge in Chinese exports to the United States has put competitive pressures on various U.S. industries. Many U.S. policymakers have argued that China often does not play by the rules when it comes to trade and they have called for greater efforts to pressure China to fully implement its World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments and to change various economic policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as its currency policy, its use of subsidies to support state-owned firms, trade and investment barriers to U.S. goods and services, and failure to ensure the safety of its exports to the United States. Concerns have also been raised over China's rising demand for energy and raw materials, its impact on world prices for such commodities, increased pollution levels, and efforts China has made to invest in energy and raw materials around the world, including countries (such as Iran and Sudan) where the United States has political and human rights concerns."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrison, Wayne M.

  2008-08-07
• Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant Funding [Updated August 6, 2008]

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  This CRS report provides information about the Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG) program and also discusses legislative action taking place in the current Congressional session. More specifically, "the Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG) Program, also known as fire grants or the FIRE Act grant program, was established by Title XVII of the FY2001 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 106-398). Currently administered by the Grant Programs Directorate of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the program provides federal grants directly to local fire departments and unaffiliated Emergency Medical Services (EMS) organizations to help address a variety of equipment, training, and other firefighter-related and EMS needs. A related program is the Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response Firefighters (SAFER) program, which provides grants for hiring, recruiting, and retaining firefighters. The fire grant program is now in its eighth year. Over $4.25 billion has been appropriated to the fire grant program since FY2001. [...]Ongoing issues in the 110th Congress include how appropriations for fire grants should compare with authorized levels, and to what extent the focus of the program should be shifted towards terrorism preparedness and away from the traditional mission of enhancing basic firefighting needs."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kruger, Lennard G.

  2008-08-06
• Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC): An Overview [July 21, 2008]

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  This CRS report provides an overview of the Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC). More specifically, "EMAC is an agreement among member states to provide assistance after disasters overwhelm a state's capacity to manage consequences. The compact, initiated by the states and coordinated by the National Emergency Management Association, provides a structure for requesting emergency assistance from party states. In 1996 Congress approved EMAC as an interstate compact (P.L. 104-321). EMAC also resolves some, but not all, potential legal and administrative obstacles that may hinder such assistance at the state level. EMAC also enhances state preparedness for terrorist attacks by ensuring the availability of resources for fast response and facilitating multi-state cooperation in training activities and preparedness exercises. In June of 2008, a bill to reform mutual aid agreements for the National Capital Region (P.L. 110-250) was enacted to expand the types of organizations and agencies in the region that are authorized to enter into agreements and ease the requirements for agents and volunteers to respond to an incident. Legislation in the 110th Congress (S. 1452) would require EMAC to ensure that licensed mental health professionals with expertise in treating vulnerable populations are included in the leadership of the National Disaster Medical System and are available for deployment with Disaster Medical Assistance Teams."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Lindsay, Bruce R.

  2008-07-21
• China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities-Background and Issues for Congress [Updated September 12, 2008]

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  This CRS report provides an updated analysis of the modernization taking place in the Chinese Navy and the implications for U.S. Navy capabilities. More specifically, "concern has grown in Congress and elsewhere since the 1990s about China's military modernization. Several of the U.S. Navy's most expensive acquisition programs, as well as Navy initiatives for home-porting ships and for training sailors, are for developing or maintaining capabilities that could be useful or critical in countering improved Chinese maritime military capabilities in coming years. The issue for Congress addressed in this report is: How should China's military modernization be factored into decisions about U.S. Navy programs? [...] China's naval modernization raises potential issues for Congress concerning the role of China in Department of Defense and Navy planning; the size of the Navy; the Pacific Fleet's share of the Navy; forward homeporting in the Western Pacific; the number of aircraft carriers, submarines, and ASW platforms; Navy missile defense, air-warfare, AAW, ASW, and mine warfare programs; Navy computer network security; and EMP hardening. This report will be updated as events warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2008-09-12
• North Korean Economy: Leverage and Policy Analysis [Updated August 26, 2008]

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  This CRS report covers the North Korean economy and provides a policy analysis. "North Korea's dire economic straits provides one of the few levers to move the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) or North Korea to cooperate in attempts by the United States, China, South Korea, Japan, and Russia to halt and dismantle its nuclear program. These five countries plus North Korea comprise the 'six parties' who are engaged in talks, currently restarted, to resolve issues raised by the DPRK's development of a nuclear weapon. This report provides an overview of the North Korean economy, its external economic relations, reforms, and U.S. policy options. The economy of North Korea also is of interest to Congress because it provides the financial and industrial resources for the Kim Jong-il regime to develop its military and to remain in power, constitutes an important 'push factor' for potential refugees seeking to flee the country, creates pressures for the country to trade in arms or engage in illicit economic activity, is a rationale for humanitarian assistance, and creates instability that affects South Korea and China in particular. The North Korean threat to sell nuclear weapons material could be driven in part by Pyongyang's need to generate export earnings. The dismal economic conditions also foster forces of discontent that potentially could turn against the Kim regime -- especially if knowledge of the luxurious lifestyle of communist party leaders becomes better known or as poor economic performance hurts even the elite."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Nanto, Dick Kazuyuki; Chanlett-Avery, Emma

  2008-08-26
• Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy [Updated September 8, 2008]

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  "Congress is interested in issues related to Middle East peace because of its oversight role in the conduct of U.S. foreign policy, its support for Israel, and keen constituent interest. It is especially concerned about U.S. financial and other commitments to the parties, and the 110th Congress is engaged in these matters. Congress also has endorsed Jerusalem as the undivided capital of Israel, although U.S. Administrations have consistently maintained that the fate of the city is the subject of final status negotiations." "On April 30, 2003, the United States, the U.N., European Union, and Russia (known as the 'Quartet') presented a 'Road Map' to Palestinian statehood. It has not been implemented. Israel unilaterally disengaged (withdrew) from the Gaza Strip and four small settlements in the West Bank in August 2005. On January 9, 2005, Mahmud Abbas became President of the PA. The victory of Hamas, which Israel and the United States consider a terrorist group, in the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections complicated prospects for peace as the United States, Israel, and the Quartet would not deal with a Hamas-led government until it disavowed violence, recognized Israel, and accepted prior Israeli-Palestinian accords. President Abbas's dissolution of the Hamas-led government in response to the June 2007 Hamas military takeover of the Gaza Strip led to resumed international contacts with the PA. […]. On May 21, 2008, Israel, Syria, and Turkey announced that Syria and Israel had begun indirect peace talks in Istanbul with Turkish mediators."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Migdalovitz, Carol

  2008-09-08
• Iraqi Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: A Deepening Humanitarian Crisis? [Updated August 15, 2008]

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  "This report provides an analysis of the current crisis, including the conditions for those displaced in Iraq and the refugee situations in Syria, Jordan, and elsewhere. It also provides information on the U.S. and international response and examines refugee resettlement options in the United States. Aspects of this crisis that may be of particular interest to the 110th Congress include a focus on an immediate response (providing humanitarian relief funding), examining resettlement policies, and developing a strategy to manage the displaced, particularly within Iraq." "During 2004-2007, the violence and insecurity resulting from the ongoing sectarian strife, terrorism, and insurgency in Iraq produced substantial civilian displacement in different parts of the country. Many of Iraq's neighbors fear that they are being overwhelmed by refugees who have fled over Iraq's borders. There are heightened concerns about the absorptive capacity of neighboring countries, whether they can provide adequately for the populations that have moved across borders, and the impact of refugee flows on stability in general. While there is clear evidence of limited improvement in Iraq -- decreasing violence, reduced levels of displacement, and a handful of returns in a few governorates -- the situation in general remains precarious and requires sustained attention. UNHCR estimates that the number of Iraqis displaced within Iraq who need food and shelter exceeds 1 million people."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell; Margesson, Rhoda; Bruno, Andorra

  2008-08-15
• Emergency Communications Safety Net: Integrating 911 and Other Services [Updated August 25, 2008]

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  This CRS report talks about the "present capability and future effectiveness of America's network of emergency telecommunications services," which "are among the issues under review by Congress and other entities." Specifically, "this report deals primarily with 911 and its recent history." It discusses "the existing situation of 911's capacity to respond in emergencies, some proposals to improve the system, and recent legislative activity. Proposals include better connections between 911 call centers and emergency responders, building a more robust capacity, incorporating Internet protocols, developing the capacity for back-up call centers after disasters have occurred, and coordinating 911 with other types of call centers, such as the 211 centers that provide municipal services […]There is a growing realization among public safety officials, policy makers and others that 911 services could be part of a larger solution for emergency communications that links citizens with first responders and with emergency services such as hospitals through an interconnected system of communications networks and call centers. 911 networks might be part of a nationwide capacity that provides communications interoperability; they might be linked to other networks that also receive citizen-activated calls for help or assistance; they could also be incorporated into emergency alert broadcasts. Proposals for how to provide a fully integrated emergency response system have not crystallized into a consensus." The report also discusses specific actions taken by the Congress in order "to expand 911 capabilities and make it more accessible and effective."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Moore, L. K. S. (Linda K. S.)

  2008-08-25
• Emergency Alert System (EAS) and All-Hazard Warnings [Updated August 25, 2008]

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  This CRS report discusses the Emergency Alert System (EAS) and All-Hazard Warnings. "The Emergency Alert System (EAS) is built on a structure conceived in the 1950's when over-the-air broadcasting was the best-available technology for widely disseminating emergency alerts. It is one of several federally managed warning systems. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) jointly administers EAS with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), in cooperation with the National Weather Service (NWS), an organization within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The NOAA/NWS weather radio system has been upgraded to an all-hazard warning capability. Measures to improve the NOAA network and the new Digital Emergency Alert System (DEAS) are ongoing. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), working with the Association of Public Television Stations, is implementing a program that will disseminate national alert messages over digital broadcast airwaves, using satellite and public TV broadcast towers. This program, referred to as the Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS), is part of the Department's response to an Executive Order requiring the Secretary of Homeland Security to meet specific requirements for an alert system as part of U.S. policy."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Moore, L. K. S. (Linda K. S.)

  2008-08-25
• Turkey: Update on Crisis of Identity and Power [September 2, 2008]

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  "The United States is concerned for stability in Turkey because it is a strategic partner and NATO ally. The Bush Administration has closely monitored recent developments in Turkey, which it continues to view as a secular democracy that could serve as an inspiration for other Muslim majority countries. The recent domestic turmoil may either strengthen Turkey's democracy or cast a shadow on it." "Secularism has been one of the 'fundamental and unchanging principles' guiding the Turkish Republic since its founding in 1923. It also has been the principle that has produced considerable domestic political tension. Over the years, political parties have emerged that appeared to challenge that principle and to strive to restore religion to a central place in the state. Each time, the party has eventually been banned from the political stage. The Justice and Development Party (AKP), formed in 2001, has Islamist roots and claims to be conservative and democratic. The AKP won the 2002 and 2007 national elections by wide margins, yet its victories have not ended the secular-religious tensions in the country."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Migdalovitz, Carol

  2008-09-02
• Flood Insurance Requirements for Stafford Act Assistance [September 5, 2008]

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  This CRS report discusses flood insurance requirements. "The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act) imposes flood insurance requirements upon eligibility for disaster assistance in two general cases: (1) if the entity seeking disaster assistance has received disaster assistance in the past, or (2) if the entity seeking disaster assistance is a state or local government or private nonprofit located in a federally designated special flood hazard area (SFHA) as determined under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. The requirements imposed by the Stafford Act operate independently of each other, and a potential applicant for disaster assistance may fall into both categories. This report will discuss the specific requirements imposed in each situation after briefly discussing the history of flood insurance and the relevant types of disaster assistance."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Reese, Shawn

  2008-09-05
• China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities - Background and Issues for Congress [Updated November 19, 2008]

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  This Congressional Research Service (CRS) report is an update to previous versions. "This report focuses on the implications that certain elements of China's military modernization may have for future required U.S. Navy capabilities. Other CRS reports address separate issues relating to China and China's military. This report is based on unclassified open-source information. For convenience, this report uses the term China's naval modernization, even though some Chinese military modernization efforts that could affect required U.S. Navy capabilities are occurring in other parts of China's military, such as the air force or the missile force. China's military is formally called the People's Liberation Army, or PLA. Its navy is called the PLA Navy, or PLAN, and its air force is called the PLA Air Force, or PLAAF. The PLA Navy includes an air component that is called the PLA Naval Air Force, or PLANAF. China refers to its ballistic missile force as the Second Artillery Force. Further, China's naval modernization has potential implications for required U.S. Navy capabilities in terms of preparing for a conflict in the Taiwan Strait area, maintaining U.S. Navy presence and military influence in the Western Pacific, and countering Chinese ballistic missile submarines. Preparing for a conflict in the Taiwan Strait area could place a premium on the following: on-station or early-arriving Navy forces, capabilities for defeating China's maritime anti-access forces, and capabilities for operating in an environment that could be characterized by information warfare and possibly electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and the use of nuclear weapons."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2008-11-19
• India-U.S. Relations [Updated August 12, 2008]

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  This CRS Report discusses India-U.S. relations. "India is in the midst of major and rapid economic expansion. Many U.S. business interests view India as a lucrative market and candidate for foreign investment. The United States supports India's efforts to transform its once quasi-socialist economy through fiscal reform and market opening. Since 1991, India has taken major steps in this direction and coalition governments have kept the country on a general path of reform, yet there is U.S. concern that such movement is slow and inconsistent. India is the world's fourth-largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Congress also continues to have concerns about abuses of human rights, including caste- and gender-based discrimination, and religious freedoms in India. Moreover, the spread of HIV/AIDS in India has been identified as a serious development. See also CRS Report RL34161, India-U.S. Economic and Trade Relations. This report will be updated regularly."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kronstadt, K. Alan

  2008-08-12
• Data Mining and Homeland Security: An Overview [Updated August 27, 2008]

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  This CRS report discusses data mining and Homeland Security. "Data mining has become one of the key features of many homeland security initiatives. Often used as a means for detecting fraud, assessing risk, and product retailing, data mining involves the use of data analysis tools to discover previously unknown, valid patterns and relationships in large data sets. In the context of homeland security, data mining can be a potential means to identify terrorist activities, such as money transfers and communications, and to identify and track individual terrorists themselves, such as through travel and immigration records [...] As with other aspects of data mining, while technological capabilities are important, there are other implementation and oversight issues that can influence the success of a project's outcome. One issue is data quality, which refers to the accuracy and completeness of the data being analyzed. A second issue is the interoperability of the data mining software and databases being used by different agencies. A third issue is mission creep, or the use of data for purposes other than for which the data were originally collected. A fourth issue is privacy. Questions that may be considered include the degree to which government agencies should use and mix commercial data with government data, whether data sources are being used for purposes other than those for which they were originally designed, and possible application of the Privacy Act to these initiatives."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Seifert, Jeffrey W.

  2008-08-27
• Iraq: Reconstruction Assistance [Updated August 20, 2008]

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  This CRS report covers reconstruction assistance in Iraq. "A large-scale assistance program has been undertaken by the United States in Iraq since mid-2003. To date, nearly $45 billion has been appropriated for Iraq reconstruction. […]. A significant number of reconstruction activities on the ground are completed or ongoing, but security concerns have slowed progress and added considerable expense to these efforts. Reconstruction programs have included the training and equipping of Iraqi security forces; construction of road, sanitation, electric power, oil production, and other infrastructure; and a range of programs to offer expert advice to the Iraqi government, establish business centers, provide school books and vaccinations, finance village development projects, and promote civil society, etc. Reconstruction priorities have changed over time. Allocations within the Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund (IRRF), the main U.S. assistance account in the first few years, mirrored shifting events on the ground. However, funds shifted to security and democratization in the period from 2004 to 2006 meant fewer funds available for electric power and water projects. At this time, most infrastructure programs are no longer funded. The key emphases of the aid program are the training of Iraqi forces and programs assisting the development of Iraqi governing capacities and supporting the work of the Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs). The report will be updated as events warrant. For discussion of the Iraq political situation, see CRS Report RL31339, Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security, by Kenneth Katzman."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tarnoff, Curt

  2008-08-20
• Federal Stafford Act Disaster Assistance: Presidential Declarations, Eligible Activities, and Funding [Updated August 15, 2008]

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  "The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act) authorizes the President to issue major disaster or emergency declarations in response to catastrophes that overwhelm state and local governments. Such declarations result in the distribution of a wide range of federal aid to individuals and families, certain nonprofit organizations, and public agencies. Congress appropriates money to the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) for disaster assistance authorized by the Stafford Act, which is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). […] At the conclusion of the 109th Congress the Senate inserted Stafford Act amendments into the FY2007 DHS appropriations legislation (H.R. 5441, enacted as P.L. 109-295). These amendments, Subtitle E of Title VI (120 Stat. 1444 - 1457), expand FEMA's authority to expedite emergency assistance to stricken areas, impose new planning and preparedness requirements on federal administrators, and increase federal assistance to victims and communities. […] On July 31, 2008, the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee ordered to be reported H.R. 6658, which would make significant changes in the Stafford Act regarding various issues, including, but not limited to, temporary employees, warning systems, pre-disaster hazard mitigation; the bill also would establish new authorities for existing programs and the funding mechanism. Also, H.R. 2775, reported from the same committee on September 10, 2007, would amend the statute by authorizing the Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG) program. Third, the full House approved a bill reauthorizing the Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) program (H.R. 6109). In addition, legislation specific to the administration of Stafford Act provisions in the Gulf Coast (cost-share waivers in H.R. 1591 and cancellation of loan repayment requirements in S. 965) were folded into P.L. 110-28, the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Act, 2007."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Bea, Keith

  2008-08-15
• Defense Contracting in Iraq: Issues and Options for Congress [Updated August 15, 2008]

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  "This report examines logistical support contracts for troop support services in Iraq primarily administered through the U.S. Army's Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP). LOGCAP is an initiative designed to manage the use of civilian contractors that perform services during times of war and other military mobilizations. […] Congress is concerned about the Federal oversight and management of DOD contracting in Iraq, particularly under LOGCAP. Recent assessments from the Government Accountability Office (GAO), DOD Office of the Inspector General (DOD-IG), and the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (SIGIR) reveal a lack of accountability for large sums of money spent for Iraq contracts. Congress is also concerned about contractor insurance premiums through the Defense Base Act (DBA); such premiums comprise significant costs under LOGCAP. […] In 2007, the U.S. Army audited DBA costs under LOGCAP and uncovered rising program costs and wide fluctuations in insurance rates. Another potential issue of congressional interest is a July 2008 GAO report focused on the performance of the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA). GAO auditors uncovered many improper management practices. As a result, DOD has asked the Defense Business Board to examine these issues and report its findings within 60 days. The Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 110-181) contains provisions that are intended to reduce instances of DOD contract waste, fraud, abuse, and mismanagement. Other provisions require the Secretary of Defense to provide a plan for addressing skill shortfalls in the DOD acquisition workforce; provide for a periodic and independent management review of DOD contracts; prohibit the awarding of sole source contracts and non-competitive grants; and establish a commission on wartime contracting to investigate contracts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The House and Senate versions of their proposed FY2009 Defense Authorization bills contain new provisions that would extend these provisions for all Federal contracting."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Grasso, Valerie Bailey

  2008-08-15
• Berry Amendment: Requiring Defense Procurement to Come from Domestic Sources [Updated August 26, 2008]

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  This CRS report discusses the Berry Amendment"The Berry Amendment requires the Department of Defense (DOD) to give preference in procurement to domestically produced, manufactured, or home grown products, notably food, clothing, fabrics, and specialty metals [...] Some policymakers believe that policies like the Berry Amendment contradict free trade policies, and that the presence and degree of such competition is the most effective tool for promoting efficiencies and improving quality. On the other hand, others believe that key U.S. sectors need the protections afforded by the Berry Amendment. The debate over the Berry Amendment raises several questions regarding the viability of the Berry Amendment, among them: (1) If the U.S. does not produce a solely domestic item, or if U.S. manufacturers are at maximum production capability, should DOD restrict procurement from foreign sources, and (2) to what extent do U.S. national security interests and industrial base concerns justify waiver of the specialty metal restriction? The Gansler Commission has studied the state of defense acquisition and made a number of recommendations, among them loosening some provisions like the Berry Amendment. This report examines the original intent and purpose of the Berry Amendment, legislative proposals to amend the application of domestic source restrictions, as well as options for Congress. The report will be updated as events warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Grasso, Valerie Bailey

  2008-08-26
• Emergency Communications Legislation: Implications for the 110th Congress [Updated August 5, 2008]

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  This CRS report provides an overview of Congressional legislation which relates to emergency communications. More specifically, "since September 11, 2001, successive Congresses have passed legislation regarding technology, funding, spectrum access and other areas critical to emergency communications. These new laws have tended to address specific issues, dealing separately, for example, with interoperability for first responders, improvements in emergency alerts, and 911 call centers. When reviewing emergency communications legislation, whether for oversight or new initiatives, Congress may review the pace of technological convergence and its impact on policies for emergency communications. What once were discrete areas of emergency response are increasingly sharing common technologies. First responders and other emergency workers not only have access to better tools, but also -- by adopting new technologies -- find themselves confronted with the need to rethink their internal organizational structure and the ways that they communicate with external groups."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Moore, L. K. S. (Linda K. S.)

  2008-08-05
• Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Legislation for Disaster Assistance: Summary Data [Updated August 14, 2008]

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  "This report provides summary information on emergency supplemental appropriations enacted after major disasters since 19891. During the 20-year span from FY1989 through the present, Congress appropriated almost $250 billion in constant 2008 dollars. Most of the appropriations were preceded by a presidential request for supplemental funding. The most recent and costly disasters occurred in the summer of 2005 when Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma made landfall in Gulf Coast states. Since Hurricane Katrina struck in August of 2005, more than $130 billion has been appropriated for supplemental disaster funding, most of it needed for the recovery from the 2005 hurricanes. Portions of the appropriations were offset by rescinding more than $34 billion in previously appropriated funds, explained in the section titled 'Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma.' Prior to FY2005 and the hurricanes, only the terrorist attacks of 2001 led to supplemental appropriations legislation that exceeded $20 billion. Congress appropriated a total of more than $26 billion for disaster assistance in response to the attacks. […] On other occasions, however, disaster funding has been part of larger pieces of legislation that appropriated funds for purposes other than disaster assistance. The most recent supplemental disaster assistance appropriation occurred on June 30, 2008 when the President signed into law H.R. 2642, the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008. The statute, P.L.110-252, provides $7 billion in disaster related funding, most of which has been appropriated for disaster relief associated with the 2005 hurricane season."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Murray, Justin; Lindsay, Bruce R.

  2008-08-14
• General Services Administration Prospectus Thresholds for Owned and Leased Federal Facilities [August 20, 2008]

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  This CRS report deals with General Services Administration owned and leased federal buildings and courthouses. "The General Services Administration (GSA) oversees GSA owned and leased federal buildings and courthouses. As part of the authorization process for new construction or leasing proposals, GSA is required to submit for approval a prospectus containing project and cost specifications to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and to House and Senate committees. Funding for authorized real property projects is normally provided through annual appropriations acts. Relatively small projects, however, do not require prospectus approval. Prospectus approval is required for new construction or leases in FY2009 only if the proposals are valued at more than $2.66 million; for projects involving the alteration of leased space, the threshold value is $1.33 million. Thresholds change annually to reflect changing construction costs and market circumstances. Under emergency circumstances, GSA does not need prospectus approval for emergency leases whose terms are not to exceed 180 days. Following recent large-scale disasters, however, GSA has had difficulty leasing space for displaced federal tenants because lessors were not willing to enter into 180-day leases when prospective non-federal tenants were willing to sign longer-term leases. Accordingly, committees in both chambers reported bills in the 109th Congress to extend the terms of emergency leases to five years, but neither house took final action. During the 110th Congress, GSA again proposed increasing the term of emergency leases to five years, but no bills addressing this matter were introduced. GSA may resubmit its proposal during the 111th Congress. This report will be updated as circumstances warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Wellborn, Clay H.

  2008-08-20