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• Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [August 1, 2018]

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  "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, which is carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy, and gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition strategies and proposed funding levels for the Aegis BMD program. Congress's decisions on the Aegis BMD program could significantly affect U.S. BMD capabilities and funding requirements, and the BMD-related industrial base."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2018-08-01
• Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2021 Appropriations [Updated November 20, 2020]

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  From the Summary: "The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the U.S. Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and--in even-numbered fiscal years--the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Agriculture appropriations include both mandatory and discretionary spending. Discretionary amounts, though, are the primary focus during the bill's development. The largest discretionary spending items are the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); agricultural research; rural development; FDA; foreign food assistance and trade; farm assistance loans and salaries; food safety inspection; animal and plant health programs; and technical assistance for conservation programs. FY2021 began on October 1, 2020, under a continuing resolution (P.L. [public law] 116-159) that lasts until December 11, 2020. In the regular appropriations cycle, the House passed a four-bill FY2021 minibus appropriation on July 24, 2020, which contained the Agriculture appropriations bill. The Senate has not marked up or reported any appropriations bills for FY2021. However, the Senate Appropriations Committee released a draft measure and explanatory statement on November 10, 2020."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Monke, Jim

  2020-11-20
• USDA Nutrition Assistance Programs: Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic [February 12, 2021]

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  From the Summary: "U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) programs are often part of emergency response efforts, providing foods for distribution, additional benefits for redemption, and program flexibilities. During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, access to food--particularly in light of increased unemployment and closures of institutions that households rely on for food, such as schools--has been a concern for many people. Some observers also view the programs, particularly the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), as a means of economic stimulus. This report discusses related provisions of four laws enacted in the 116th Congress that supplement FNS's prior response to the COVID-19 pandemic with new funds and authorities: [1] Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA; P.L. [public law] 116-127, enacted March 18, 2020); [2] Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (P.L. 116-136, enacted March 27, 2020); [3] Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021 and Other Extensions Act (P.L. 116-159, enacted October 1, 2020) ('FY2021 Continuing Appropriations Act'); and [4] Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Division N, Title VII (P.L. 116-260, enacted December 27, 2020) ('FY2021 Consolidated Appropriations Act'). This report also includes the Biden Administration announcement that, under an executive order, USDA will change the implementation of some of these laws' provisions."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Aussenberg, Randy Alison; Billings, Kara Clifford

  2021-02-12
• MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries, March 5, 2021

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  The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Surveillance Summaries issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Surveillance for West Nile Virus Disease -- United States, 2009-2018." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

  2021-03-05
• COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #40: COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes Among Healthcare Workers

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  From the Executive Summary: "'In this report, we examine the demographic correlates of vaccination, vaccine hesitancy, and vaccine resistance among the subset of 1,797 respondents in the COVID [coronavirus disease] states survey who indicated that they are healthcare workers. We find that education, income, gender, race/ethnicity, and partisanship are strong predictors of vaccination rates recorded thus far, as well as of vaccine hesitancy and resistance.' Healthcare workers represent a microcosm of US society, and a consequential one. They are polarized in terms of income and education, ranging from physicians with extensive postgraduate education, to cleaning staff with less than a high school education. Healthcare workers also have taken a disproportionate brunt of the national response to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], in terms of the physical and emotional labor to care for millions of sick people; to bid goodbye to hundreds of thousands; and to confront, by the nature of their work, the increased risks of exposure to the virus. They have also been among the first wave of recipients of COVID-19 vaccinations; and as such, they are doubly important. First, they may be predictive of what is to come in the rest of the US's vaccination campaign. Healthcare workers represent the first diverse population that has the opportunity to get vaccinated. As such, their responses regarding vaccine willingness are more proximate and less hypothetical than they are with our other survey respondents. Second, they may directly affect the willingness [hyperlink] of other Americans to be vaccinated, by dint of their high perceived credibility regarding issues of health."

  Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Rutgers University; Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) . . .

  Lazer, David; Perlis, Roy H.; Ognyanova, Katherine . . .

  2021-02
• Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers' Management Letter for DHS' FY 2015 Financial Statements Audit

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  From the Highlights: "The 'Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990' (Public Law 101- 576) and the 'Department Of Homeland Security Financial Accountability Act' (Public Law 108-330) require us to conduct an annual audit of the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting. KPMG LLP [Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler, limited liability partnership], under contract with the DHS Office of Inspector General, audited the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers' financial statements and internal control over financial reporting for fiscal year (FY) 2015. The resulting management letter contains four observations related to internal controls and other operational matters for management's consideration."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General

  2016-04-27
• Cyber Incident Severity Schema

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  From the Document: "The United States Federal Cybersecurity Centers, in coordination with departments and agencies with a cybersecurity or cyber operations mission, adopted a common schema for describing the severity of cyber incidents affecting the homeland, U.S. capabilities, or U.S. interests. The schema establishes a common framework for evaluating and assessing cyber incidents to ensure that all departments and agencies have a common view of the: [1] The severity of a given incident; [2] The urgency required for responding to a given incident; [3] The seniority level necessary for coordinating response efforts; and [4] The level of investment required of response efforts."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency

  2016?
• Overview of the Implementation of COVID-19 Vaccination Strategies and Vaccine Deployment Plans in the EU/EEA

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  From the Key Findings: "On 19 January 2021 the European Commission set out actions to step up the response against the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic and accelerate the rollout of vaccination campaigns across the EU, with the aim to vaccinate a minimum of 70% of the adult population by the summer of 2021. This report provides an updated overview of national COVID-19 vaccination rollout across the EU/EEA [European Economic Area], including new insights into some of the critical aspects and challenges Member States are experiencing with the implementation of national deployment plans in the EU/EEA."

  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2021-02-01
• Behavioural Insights Research to Support the Response to COVID-19: A Survey of Implementation in the EU/EEA

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  From the Scope: "This Technical Report presents evidence about the current status of Behavioural Insights (BI) research being conducted in the ten EU/EEA [European Economic Area] Member States that responded to an ECDC [European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control] survey, within the context of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The focus is on identifying experiences, challenges, and key lessons learned in translating the findings from BI research into effective strategies for pandemic response, and for optimising risk communication activities. The work has been undertaken in the context of concern about sub-optimal compliance in some Member States to the non-pharmaceutical measures that are in place to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], and also with regards to the need to support the implementation of national COVID-19 vaccination programmes."

  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2021-02-17
• Stress Test on Logistical Aspects of COVID-19 Vaccination Deployment Plans: Final Report

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  From the Summary: "ECDC [European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control], together with the European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, organised a stress test of the logistical aspects of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccination deployment plans. Twelve EU/EEA [European Economic Area] Member States participated in this stress test, a focused simulation exercise conducted in two rounds, one in mid-December 2020 and the second in early January 2021. Member States were asked to describe the deployment plans in place for delivering a vaccine with strict cold chain requirements to their target priority groups. All participating Member States were able to describe the process, albeit in varying levels of detail, reflecting that they were at different points in their planning. Most described bespoke cross-government governance arrangements where a task force had been convened to oversee the deployment. Electronic systems for logistics management and vaccination registries were described, some newly developed and others that had been used in previous vaccination programmes. Plans were also in place, or in development, to promote the vaccination campaign including using and monitoring social media to support the roll-out."

  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2021-02-03
• Open to the Public: Rethinking Security & Access in Public Space, Proceedings Report

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  From the introduction: "As the National Capital Region continues to grow, public spaces are used to help local economies and revitalize urban centers. These outdoor spaces, which increasingly include cultural resources, are relied upon to accommodate more people and host a greater variety of uses and programs. These programs include regularly hosted events at urban parks, intermittent fairs that may need streets to be blocked off, or activities that require larger areas that can accommodate a national celebration over one or two days. Alongside these placemaking efforts, it is also important to assess vulnerabilities that could impact these public uses and understand key threats and security-related risks these spaces and events face. [...] [H]ow do we keep people safe in these public spaces while ensuring they remain active social spaces that foster civic engagement and openness? This question was the central discussion point for a two-part colloquium--an expert panel public session and symposium--hosted by the National Capital Planning Commission in partnership with the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) on September 24-25, 2019."

  United States. National Capital Planning Commission

  2019-12
• ECDC Rapid Assessment of Laboratory Practices and Needs Related to COVID-19

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  From the Background and Methods: "ECDC [European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control] has mapped current laboratory practices and needs of Member States in terms of diagnostic testing and laboratory shortages across the EU/EEA [European Economic Area] and the UK. This is the fourth such survey since the beginning of the pandemic in December 2019. A concise questionnaire was sent out on 25 November 2020 to 29 Member States and the UK using the EU Survey Tool. [...] [The recipients] were asked to answer the questions where appropriate and estimate numbers for the whole of their country. We have summarised the answers in this report. The assessment of the sequencing capacity in Member States was not part of the current laboratory capacity survey. It is, however, being investigated in the most recent survey on 'Detection and characterisation capability and capacity for SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] variants', of which the report is expected to be published in February 2021."

  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2021-01-18
• Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [September 01, 2017]

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  "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, which is carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy, and gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition strategies and proposed funding levels for the Aegis BMD program. Congress's decisions on the Aegis BMD program could significantly affect U.S. BMD capabilities and funding requirements, and the BMD-related industrial base."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2017-09-01
• Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated December 23, 2020]

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  From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, a program carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy that gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition strategies and proposed funding levels for the Aegis BMD program. Congress's decisions on the Aegis BMD program could significantly affect U.S. BMD capabilities and funding requirements, and the BMD-related industrial base."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2020-12-23
• Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated November 18, 2020]

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  From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, a program carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy that gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition strategies and proposed funding levels for the Aegis BMD program. Congress's decisions on the Aegis BMD program could significantly affect U.S. BMD capabilities and funding requirements, and the BMD-related industrial base."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2020-11-18
• Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated October 13, 2020]

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  From the Summary: "The Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, which is carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy, gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. BMD-capable Aegis ships operate in European waters to defend Europe from potential ballistic missile attacks from countries such as Iran, and in in the Western Pacific and the Persian Gulf to provide regional defense against potential ballistic missile attacks from countries such as North Korea and Iran. Under the FY2021 budget submission, the number of BMD-capable Navy Aegis ships is projected to increase from 48 at the end of FY2021 to 65 at the end of FY2025. The Aegis BMD program is funded mostly through MDA's budget. The Navy's budget provides additional funding for BMD-related efforts. MDA's proposed FY2021 budget requests a total of $1,805.1 million (i.e., about $1.8 billion) in procurement and research and development funding for Aegis BMD efforts, including funding for two Aegis Ashore sites in Poland and Romania. MDA's budget also includes operations and maintenance (O&M) and military construction (MilCon) funding for the Aegis BMD program."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2020-10-13
• Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated September 18, 2020]

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  From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, a program carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy that gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition strategies and proposed funding levels for the Aegis BMD program. Congress's decisions on the Aegis BMD program could significantly affect U.S. BMD capabilities and funding requirements, and the BMD-related industrial base."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2020-09-18
• Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 18, 2020]

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  From the Summary: "The Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, which is carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy, gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. BMD-capable Aegis ships operate in European waters to defend Europe from potential ballistic missile attacks from countries such as Iran, and in in the Western Pacific and the Persian Gulf to provide regional defense against potential ballistic missile attacks from countries such as North Korea and Iran. Under the FY2021 budget submission, the number of BMD-capable Navy Aegis ships is projected to increase from 48 at the end of FY2021 to 65 at the end of FY2025. The Aegis BMD program is funded mostly through MDA's budget. The Navy's budget provides additional funding for BMD-related efforts. MDA's proposed FY2021 budget requests a total of $1,805.1 million (i.e., about $1.8 billion) in procurement and research and development funding for Aegis BMD efforts, including funding for two Aegis Ashore sites in Poland and Romania. MDA's budget also includes operations and maintenance (O&M) and military construction (MilCon) funding for the Aegis BMD program."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2020-06-18
• Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 31, 2020]

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  From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, a program carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy that gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition strategies and proposed funding levels for the Aegis BMD program. Congress's decisions on the Aegis BMD program could significantly affect U.S. BMD capabilities and funding requirements, and the BMD-related industrial base."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2020-03-31
• Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense - Background and Issues for Congress [Updated May 21, 2008]

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  This CRS report discusses the sea-based ballistic missile defense and concerns for congress in funding necessary equipment and modifications to certain cruisers and destroyers for ballistic missile defense (BMD). "As part of its effort to develop a global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, the Department of Defense (DOD) is modifying 18 Navy cruisers and destroyers for BMD operations, and has deployed a large BMD radar -- the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) -- on a modified floating oil platform. [...] The eventual role of sea-based systems in the worldwide U.S. BMD architecture has not been determined. The overall issue for Congress discussed in this report is: What should be the role of sea-based systems in U.S. ballistic missile defense, and are DOD's programs for sea-based BMD capabilities appropriately structured and funded?" This report also includes four appendices and two tables.

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2009-05-21
• Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense-Background and Issues for Congress [Updated August 17, 2007]

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  "As part of its effort to develop a global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, the Department of Defense (DOD) is modifying 18 Navy cruisers and destroyers for BMD operations, and has deployed a large BMD radar-the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX)-on a modified floating oil platform. The eventual role for sea-based systems in the worldwide U.S. BMD architecture has not been determined. The overall issue for Congress for this report is: What should be the role of sea-based systems in U.S. ballistic missile defense, and are DOD's programs for sea-based BMD capabilities appropriately structured and funded? Potential strengths of sea-based BMD systems include the ability to conduct BMD operations from advantageous locations at sea that are inaccessible to groundbased systems, the ability to operate in forward locations in international waters without permission from foreign governments, and the ability to readily move to new maritime locations as needed. Potential limitations of sea-based BMD systems include possible conflicts with performing other ship missions, higher costs relative to ground-based systems, and vulnerability to attack when operating in forward locations. The Aegis BMD system in its current (i.e., Block 2004) configuration is intended to track ballistic missiles of all ranges, including intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and to intercept shorter-ranged ballistic missiles. The Block 2004 configuration is not intended to intercept ICBMs. Current DOD plans call for modifying 3 Aegis cruisers and 15 Aegis destroyers with the Aegis BMD capability by the end of 2009."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2007-08-17
• Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense-Background and Issues for Congress [Updated October 9, 2007]

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  "As part of its effort to develop a global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, the Department of Defense (DOD) is modifying 18 Navy cruisers and destroyers for BMD operations, and has deployed a large BMD radar-the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX)-on a modified floating oil platform. The eventual role of sea-based systems in the worldwide U.S. BMD architecture has not been determined. The overall issue for Congress discussed in this report is: What should be the role of seabased systems in U.S. ballistic missile defense, and are DOD's programs for seabased BMD capabilities appropriately structured and funded? Potential strengths of sea-based BMD systems include the ability to conduct BMD operations from advantageous locations at sea that are inaccessible to groundbased systems, the ability to operate in forward locations in international waters without permission from foreign governments, and the ability to readily move to new maritime locations as needed. Potential limitations of sea-based BMD systems include possible conflicts with performing other ship missions, higher costs relative to ground-based systems, and vulnerability to attack when operating in forward locations. The Aegis BMD system in its current (i.e., Block 2004) configuration is intended to track ballistic missiles of all ranges, including intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and to intercept shorter-ranged ballistic missiles. The Block 2004 configuration is not intended to intercept ICBMs. Current DOD plans call for modifying 3 Aegis cruisers and 15 Aegis destroyers with the Aegis BMD capability by the end of 2009."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2007-10-09
• Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense -- Background and Issues for Congress [Updated September 19, 2007]

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  "As part of its effort to develop a global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, the Department of Defense (DOD) is modifying 18 Navy cruisers and destroyers for BMD operations, and has deployed a large BMD radar -- the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) -- on a modified floating oil platform. The eventual role of sea-based systems in the worldwide U.S. BMD architecture has not been determined. The overall issue for Congress discussed in this report is: What should be the role of seabased systems in U.S. ballistic missile defense, and are DOD's programs for seabased BMD capabilities appropriately structured and funded? Potential strengths of sea-based BMD systems include the ability to conduct BMD operations from advantageous locations at sea that are inaccessible to groundbased systems, the ability to operate in forward locations in international waters without permission from foreign governments, and the ability to readily move to new maritime locations as needed. Potential limitations of sea-based BMD systems include possible conflicts with performing other ship missions, higher costs relative to ground-based systems, and vulnerability to attack when operating in forward locations. […] Potential specific issues for Congress regarding sea-based BMD systems include the role of sea-based BMD systems in the eventual U.S. BMD architecture, whether there should be a new acquisition program to fully replace the canceled Navy Area Defense (NAD) sea-based terminal-defense BMD program, the number of SM-3 interceptors planned for procurement, the proposal to equip the SM-3 Block IIA missile with a Multiple Kill Vehicle (MKV), the potential role of the Kinetic Energy Interceptor (KEI) in sea-based BMD operations, procurement of the planned CG(X) cruiser, development and testing of the Aegis BMD system, and potential allied seabased BMD programs."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2007-09-19
• Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense- Background and Issues for Congress [Updated April 18, 2008]

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  "As part of its effort to develop a global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, the Department of Defense (DOD) is modifying 18 Navy cruisers and destroyers for BMD operations, and has deployed a large BMD radar -- the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) -- on a modified floating oil platform. The eventual role of sea-based systems in the worldwide U.S. BMD architecture has not been determined. The overall issue for Congress discussed in this report is: What should be the role of seabased systems in U.S. ballistic missile defense, and are DOD's programs for seabased BMD capabilities appropriately structured and funded? Potential specific issues for Congress regarding sea-based BMD systems include technical risk in the Aegis BMD program, the number of Aegis BMD ships, the role of Aegis BMD in European missile defense, the number of SM-3 interceptors planned for procurement, the proposal to equip the SM-3 Block IIA missile with a Multiple Kill Vehicle (MKV), whether development a far-term sea-based terminaldefense BMD capability should be accelerated, the potential role of the Kinetic Energy Interceptor (KEI) in sea-based BMD operations, procurement of the planned CG(X) cruiser, development and testing of the Aegis BMD system, and potential allied sea-based BMD programs. This report will be updated as events warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2008-04-18
• Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense-Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 26, 2007]

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  "As part of its effort to develop a global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, the Department of Defense (DOD) is modifying 18 Navy cruisers and destroyers for BMD operations, and has deployed a large BMD radar-the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX)-on a modified floating oil platform. The eventual role for sea-based systems in the worldwide U.S. BMD architecture has not been determined. The overall issue for Congress for this report is: What should be the role of sea-based systems in U.S. ballistic missile defense, and are DOD's programs for sea-based BMD capabilities appropriately structured and funded? Potential strengths of sea-based BMD systems include the ability to conduct BMD operations from advantageous locations at sea that are inaccessible to groundbased systems, the ability to operate in forward locations in international waters without permission from foreign governments, and the ability to readily move to new maritime locations as needed. Potential limitations of sea-based BMD systems include possible conflicts with performing other ship missions, higher costs relative to ground-based systems, and vulnerability to attack when operating in forward locations. The Aegis BMD system in its current (i.e., Block 2004) configuration is intended to track ballistic missiles of all ranges, including intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and to intercept shorter-ranged ballistic missiles. The Block 2004 configuration is not intended to intercept ICBMs. Current DOD plans call for modifying 3 Aegis cruisers and 15 Aegis destroyers with the Aegis BMD capability by the end of 2009. Future versions of the Aegis BMD system are to include a faster interceptor designed to intercept certain ICBMs."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2007-06-26
• Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense - Background and Issues for Congress [Updated December 19, 2006]

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  "In developing a global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, the Department of Defense (DOD) currently is modifying 18 Navy cruisers and destroyers for BMD operations, and has placed a large BMD radar - the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) - on a modified floating oil platform. The eventual role for sea-based systems in the worldwide U.S. BMD architecture has not been determined. The issue for Congress for this report is: What should be the role of sea-based systems in U.S. ballistic missile defense? Potential issues for Congress regarding sea-based BMD systems include the role of sea-based BMD systems in the eventual U.S. BMD architecture, whether to initiate a program to fully replace the canceled Navy Area Defense (NAD) program for sea based terminal-defense operations, pacing and funding for Aegis BMD radar and missile upgrades, and whether the Aegis BMD development approach offers potential lessons for the ground-based midcourse development program. This report will be updated as events warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2006-12-19
• Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense-Background and Issues for Congress [Updated May 18, 2007]

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  "As part of its effort to develop a global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, the Department of Defense (DOD) is modifying 18 Navy cruisers and destroyers for BMD operations, and has deployed a large BMD radar--the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX)--on a modified floating oil platform. The eventual role for sea-based systems in the world-wide U.S. BMD architecture has not been determined. The overall issue for Congress for this report is: What should be the role of seabased systems in U.S. ballistic missile defense, and are DOD's programs for seabased BMD capabilities appropriately structured and funded? Decisions that Congress reaches on this issue could affect U.S. BMD capabilities and funding requirements; the size, capabilities, and operational patterns of the Navy and the other services; and the shipbuilding industrial base."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2007-05-18
• Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense - Background and Issues for Congress [December 4, 2006]

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  "'In developing a global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, the Department of Defense (DOD) currently is modifying 18 Navy cruisers and destroyers for BMD operations, and has placed a large BMD radar - the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) - on a modified floating oil platform. The eventual role for sea-based systems in the worldwide U.S. BMD architecture has not been determined. The issue for Congress for this report is: What should be the role of sea-based systems in U.S. ballistic missile defense? Compared to other BMD systems, sea-based BMD systems offer potential strengths and limitations. Potential strengths include the ability to conduct BMD operations from advantageous locations at sea that are inaccessible to ground-based systems, the ability to operate in forward locations in international waters without permission from foreign governments, and the ability to readily move to new maritime locations as needed. Potential limitations of sea-based BMD systems include possible conflicts with performing other ship missions, higher costs relative to ground-based systems, and vulnerability to attack when operating in forward locations.'"

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2006-12-04
• Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated April 27, 2007]

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  "As part of its effort to develop a global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, the Department of Defense (DOD) is modifying 18 Navy cruisers and destroyers for BMD operations, and has deployed a large BMD radar - the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) - on a modified floating oil platform. The eventual role for sea-based systems in the worldwide U.S. BMD architecture has not been determined. The overall issue for Congress for this report is: What should be the role of sea-based systems in U.S. ballistic missile defense, and are DOD's programs for sea-based BMD capabilities appropriately structured and funded? Potential strengths of sea-based BMD systems include the ability to conduct BMD operations from advantageous locations at sea that are inaccessible to groundbased systems, the ability to operate in forward locations in international waters without permission from foreign governments, and the ability to readily move to new maritime locations as needed. Potential limitations of sea-based BMD systems include possible conflicts with performing other ship missions, higher costs relative to ground-based systems, and vulnerability to attack when operating in forward locations."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2007-04-27
• Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [July 5, 2018]

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  "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, which is carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy, and gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition strategies and proposed funding levels for the Aegis BMD program. Congress's decisions on the Aegis BMD program could significantly affect U.S. BMD capabilities and funding requirements, and the BMD-related industrial base."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  2018-07-05