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• China's Economic Conditions [Updated November 22, 2002]

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  "Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest growing economies. From 1979-2001, China's real GDP [Gross Domestic Product] rose at an average annual rate of 9.4%; it rose by 7.3% in 2001. Many economists speculate that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future, provided that the government is able to continue and deepen economic reforms, particularly in regards to its efficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and state banking system. Progress in reforming these sectors in recent years has been somewhat mixed. […] Although Chinese government leaders have stated that WTO [World Trade Organization] accession will force Chinese firms to become more productive and competitive (and hence boost China's long-term economic growth), they have also expressed concern that required reforms will cause employment disruptions in several sectors, which could result in social unrest. A major challenge for the government is to develop an adequate social safety net to assist laid-off workers. China's economy has remained relatively healthy in 2002, despite economic slowdowns in other parts of the world. Foreign investment continues to pour into China, and the Chinese government has effectively used public spending to boost the economy. However, painful economic reforms will be necessary to keep the economic strong over the long run."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrison, Wayne M.

  2002-11-22
• China's Economic Conditions [Updated May 29, 2002]

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  "Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest growing economies. From 1979-2001, China's real GDP [Gross Domestic Product] rose at an average annual rate of 9.4%; real GDP was projected to have risen by 7.3 in 2001. Many economists speculate that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future, provided that the government is able to continue and deepen economic reforms, particularly in regards to its efficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and state banking system. Progress in reforming these sectors in recent years has been somewhat mixed. […] Currently, China's short-term economic outlook is unclear. Economic slowdowns in Asia and the United States since the beginning of 2001 have hurt China's export industries, and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks against the United States will likely further dampen foreign demand for Chinese products and could reduce the level of planned foreign investment in China. The Chinese government has used public spending in recent years to boost the economy, and it is likely that it will continue to maintain such policies until the global economy begins to recover."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrison, Wayne M.

  2002-05-29
• China's Economic Conditions [Updated January 12, 2006]

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  "Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest-growing economies. From 1979 to 2005 China's real GDP [Gross Domestic Product] grew at an average annual rate of 9.6%. Many economists speculate that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future, provided that the government is able to continue and deepen economic reforms, particularly in regard to its inefficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the state banking system. In addition, China faces several other difficult challenges, such as pollution and growing income inequality that threaten social stability. […] China's economy continues to be a concern to U.S. policymakers. On the one hand, China's economic growth presents huge opportunities for U.S. exporters. On the other hand, the surge in Chinese exports to the United States has put competitive pressures on many U.S. industries. Many U.S. policymakers have argued that greater efforts should be made to pressure China to fully implement its WTO [World Trade Organization] commitments and change various economic policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as its currency policy and its use of subsidies to support its state-owned firms. In addition, recent bids by Chinese state-owned firms to purchase various U.S. firms have raised concerns among Members over the impact such acquisitions could have on U.S. national and economic security."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrison, Wayne M.

  2006-01-12
• U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress [Updated July 30, 2008]

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  This updated CRS report provides an overview of the civilian nuclear cooperation agreement which was formed between the United States and Russia. More specifically, this report "discusses key policy issues related to that agreement, including future nuclear energy cooperation with Russia, U.S.-Russian bilateral relations, nonproliferation cooperation and Russia's policies toward Iran. This report will be updated."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham

  2008-07-30
• SARS-CoV-2 - Increased Circulation of Variants of Concern and Vaccine Rollout in the EU/EEA, 14th Update

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  From the Summary: "Several EU/EEA [European Economic Area] countries have observed a decline in the overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] in recent weeks, most probably due to the impact of tightened non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Nonetheless, the epidemiological situation is still of serious concern across the EU/EEA, with the majority of countries still experiencing high or increasing notification rates in older age groups and/or high death rates. Although vaccine rollout has started in all EU/EEA countries, targeting priority groups based on their risk of developing severe disease (the elderly and residents in long-term care facilities) as well as healthcare and other front-line workers, it is still too early to detect an impact on COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] mortality or hospitalisations. Several EU/EEA countries have observed a decline in the overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in recent weeks, most probably due to the impact of tightened non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Nonetheless, the epidemiological situation is still of serious concern across the EU/EEA, with the majority of countries still experiencing high or increasing notification rates in older age groups and/or high death rates. Although vaccine rollout has started in all EU/EEA countries, targeting priority groups based on their risk of developing severe disease (the elderly and residents in long-term care facilities) as well as healthcare and other front-line workers, it is still too early to detect an impact on COVID-19 mortality or hospitalisations. While most countries are currently seeing a decline in overall infections as a response to NPIs, the introduction and increased spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants first identified in the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7), South Africa (B.1.351) and Brazil (P.1) has raised concerns. As suggested by recent anti-lockdown protests and civil disturbances in some European cities, pandemic fatigue could adversely affect the continued acceptance of and compliance with NPIs by the population."

  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2021-02-15
• Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Increased Transmission Globally - Fifth Update

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  From the Summary: "On 31 December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. On 9 January 2020, China CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] reported a novel coronavirus as the causative agent of this outbreak, which is phylogenetically in the SARS-CoV [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] clade. The disease associated to it is now referred to as novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). [...] The risk associated with COVID-19 infection for people in the EU/EEA [European Economic Area] and UK is currently considered to be moderate to high, based on the probability of transmission and the impact of the disease. Based on the observed epidemiologic characteristics, everyone in the population is assumed to be susceptible, although there may be risk factors increasing susceptibility. The virus spreads rapidly, and can have an enormous public health impact with substantial fatal outcomes in high-risk groups and economic and societal disruption."

  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2020-03-02
• Rapid Risk Assessment: Risk Related to the Spread of New SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in the EU/EEA - First Update

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  From the Summary: "Viruses constantly change through mutation and variations in the SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] virus, due to evolution and adaptation processes, have been observed worldwide. While most emerging mutations will not have a significant impact on the spread of the virus, some mutations or combinations of mutations may provide the virus with a selective advantage, such as increased transmissibility or the ability to evade the host immune response. In this update we report new information on the spread of three virus variants (VOC [variant of concern] 202012/01, 501Y.V2 and variant P.1). These variants are considered to be of concern because of mutations which have led to increased transmissibility and deteriorating epidemiological situations in the areas where they have recently become established. Based on the new information, the risk associated with the introduction and community spread of variants of concern has been increased to 'high/very high' and the options for response have been adjusted to the current situation."

  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2021-01-21
• Risk Related to Spread of New SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in the EU/EEA

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  From the Summary: "The United Kingdom (UK) has faced a rapid increase in COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] case rates in the South-East, the East and the London area, which is associated with the emergence of a new SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] variant, VOC [variant of concern] 202012/01. As of 26 December 2020, more than 3,000 cases of this new variant, confirmed by genome sequencing, have been reported from the UK. An increasing proportion of cases in the South East, the East and the London area are due to this variant, but cases have also been identified in other parts of the UK. Although it was first reported in early December, the initial cases were retrospectively identified as having emerged in late September. Preliminary analyses indicate that the new variant has increased transmissibility compared to previously circulating variants, but no increase in infection severity has so far been identified. Since 26 December, a few VOC 202012/01 cases have also been reported in other EU/EEA [European Economic Area] countries (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden) and globally (Australia, Canada, Hong Kong SAR, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, South Korea, Switzerland, Singapore)."

  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2020-12-29
• Outbreak of Acute Respiratory Syndrome Associated with a Novel Coronavirus, Wuhan, China; First Update

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  From the Event Background: "On 31 December 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in Wuhan City, Hubei province, China reported a cluster of 27 pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology, including seven severe cases, with a common reported link to Wuhan's Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market (a wholesale fish and live animal market selling different animal species). The cases presented with clinical features common to several infectious respiratory diseases such as fever, dyspnoea, and bilateral lung infiltrates on chest radiographs. Authorities placed all cases under isolation, initiated contact tracing activities and applied hygiene and environmental sanitation activities at the market, which was closed to the public on 1 January 2020. At that time, Chinese authorities reported no significant human-to-human transmission and no cases among healthcare workers. On 9 January 2020, China CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] reported that a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) had been detected as the causative agent for 15 of the 59 pneumonia cases. On 10 January 2020, the first novel coronavirus genome sequence was made publicly available. The sequence was deposited in the GenBank database (accession number MN908947) and was uploaded to the Global Initiative on Sharing all Influenza Data (GISAID). Preliminary analysis showed that the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) clusters with the SARS [severe acute respiratory syndrome] -related CoV [coronavirus] clade and differs from the core genome of known bat CoVs."

  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2020-01-22
• Cluster of Pneumonia Cases Caused by a Novel Coronavirus, Wuhan, China

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  From the Summary: "As of 17 January 2020, a total of 44 laboratory-confirmed cases infected with 2019-nCoV [2019 novel coronavirus] have been reported, 41 from Wuhan, China and three travel-associated to Thailand (2) and Japan (1). The onset of symptoms ranged from 8 December 2019 to 5 January 2020 and included fever, coughing, and dyspnoea. Chest radiology showed the typical features of a viral pneumonia with diffuse bilateral infiltrates. The majority of cases were males aged 40-69 years. Seven cases developed a severe disease and two with chronic and severe underlying conditions died. Most cases are epidemiologically linked to the specific food market in Wuhan, which was cleaned and closed to the public on 1 January 2020. Some cases reported having visited a different food market while others did not report any link to such environments but had been in contact with people showing respiratory symptoms. So far, none of the reported cases had a disease onset more than 14 days after the closure of the implicated market. Among the cases reported, two small family clusters were identified. In one cluster, all three members of the family had attended the specific Wuhan market before disease onset. In the other cluster, one member was the spouse of a salesman in the market. She developed symptoms after the husband and did not report having visited the market environment before onset of symptoms. There have been no cases reported in healthcare workers, and so there is no evidence of nosocomial transmission so far."

  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2020-01-17
• COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #41: The Trajectory of Health-Related Behaviors in New Jersey

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  From the Document: "New Jersey is similar to other states in the northeast, in that it had its initial spike in COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases during March and April 2020, with a second wave that peaked in December 2020 and January 2021. This report presents an overview of key trends in the behavior of New Jersey residents since the first months of the pandemic, with respect to following health guidelines aimed at curbing the spread of COVID-19. [...] Residents of New Jersey closely followed the social distancing guidelines in the spring of 2020, but progressively relaxed their adherence to health recommendations over the summer and early fall of 2020. People once again became more careful about social distancing as COVID-19 case counts increased towards the end of 2020. Our most recent data indicate that as case numbers decreased in 2021, behaviors relaxed as well."

  Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .

  Ognyanova, Katherine; Druckman, James N., 1971-; Lazer, David . . .

  2021-03
• European Union One Health 2019 Zoonoses Report

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  From the Abstract: "This report of the EFSA [European Food Safety Authority] and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2019 in 36 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and eight non-MS). The first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. The EU trend for confirmed human cases of these two diseases was stable (flat) during 2015-2019. The proportion of human salmonellosis cases due to 'Salmonella' Enteritidis acquired in the EU was similar to that in 2017-2018. Of the 26 MS reporting on 'Salmonella' control programmes in poultry, 18 met the reduction targets, whereas eight failed to meet at least one. The EU prevalence of 'Salmonella' target serovar-positive flocks has been stable since 2015 for breeding hens, laying hens, broilers and fattening turkeys, with fluctuations for breeding turkey flocks. 'Salmonella' results from competent authorities for pig carcases and for poultry tested through national control programmes were more frequently positive than those from food business operators. Shiga toxin-producing 'Escherichia coli' (STEC) infection was the third most reported zoonosis in humans and increased from 2015 to 2019. Yersiniosis was the fourth most reported zoonosis in humans in 2019 with a stable trend in 2015-2019. The EU trend of confirmed listeriosis cases remained stable in 2015-2019 after a long period of increase. 'Listeria' rarely exceeded the EU food safety limit tested in ready-to-eat food. In total, 5,175 food-borne outbreaks were reported. 'Salmonella' remained the most detected agent but the number of outbreaks due to 'S.' Enteritidis decreased. Norovirus in fish and fishery products was the agent/food pair causing the highest number of strong-evidence outbreaks. The report provides further updates on bovine tuberculosis, 'Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma', rabies, West Nile virus, 'Coxiella burnetii' (Q fever) and tularaemia."

  European Food Safety Authority; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

  2021-01-19
• EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 21 Issue 10, March 11, 2021

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  The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "Resources for ensuring physical security at COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccine Points of Distribution"; "New POINTER [Precision Outdoor and Indoor Navigation and Tracking for Emergency Responders] location-tracking technology for emergency responders shows groundbreaking accuracy in field tests"; "Educational map products help coastal communities understand and plan for their unique flood risks"; "On-demand, virtual training for emergency response to exposure from radioactive materials and toxic chemicals"; and "Cyber Threats."

  Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)

  2021-03-11
• The COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #42: The Trajectory of Health-Related Behaviors in New York

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  From the Document: "New York is similar to other states in the northeast, in that it had its initial spike in COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases during March and April, with a second wave that peaked in December and January. In this report, we examine New Yorkers' health-related behaviors that facilitate or inhibit the spread of the disease, focusing specifically on social distancing and mask wearing."

  Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Harvard Medical School; Rutgers University . . .

  Lin, Jennifer; Ognyanova, Katherine; Druckman, James N., 1971- . . .

  2021-03
• Stress in America 2020: Stress in the Time of COVID-19, Volume Two

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  From the Document: "On May 25, George Floyd, a 46-year-old black man, was killed by police in Minneapolis during an arrest for allegedly using a counterfeit $20 bill at a grocery store. This event set off weeks of protests over police violence and racism both across the country and around the world. And it took place against a backdrop of a nation struggling with the impact of a global pandemic. In the second volume of Stress in America 2020: 'Stress in the Time of COVID-19' [coronavirus disease 2019], APA [American Psychological Association] reports on two surveys conducted by The Harris Poll on behalf of APA: [1] Wave 2 of the COVID-19 tracker, conducted from May 21 to June 3, 2020, among 3,013 adults ages 18 and older who reside in the U.S.; [2] An additional poll about the current civil unrest, conducted from June 9 to 11, 2020, among 2,058 adults ages 18 and older who reside in the U.S."

  American Psychological Association

  2020-06
• China's Economic Conditions [Updated August 5, 2003]

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  "Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest growing economies. From 1979-2002, China's real annual GDP [Gross Domestic Product] averaged 9.3%; it rose by 8.0% in 2002. Many economists speculate that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future, provided that the government is able to continue and deepen economic reforms, particularly in regards to its efficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and state banking system. Progress in reforming these sectors in recent years has been somewhat mixed. […] China's economy remained relatively healthy in 2002, despite economic slowdowns in other parts of the world. Foreign investment continued to pour into China, and the Chinese government effectively used public spending to boost the economy. However, painful economic reforms will be necessary to keep the economic strong in 2003 and beyond. The recent outbreak in early 2003 of a very contagious virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in China appears to have had a short-term negative impact on the Chinese economy."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrison, Wayne M.

  2003-08-05
• U.S. International Trade: Data and Forecasts [Updated January 31, 2006]

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  "In 2004 the United States incurred a record merchandise trade deficit of $651 billion on a census basis and $665 billion on a balance-of-payments basis (BoP). A surplus in services trade of $48 billion gave a deficit of $617 billion on goods and services (BoP) for the year -- up $121 billion or 24.3% from the $496.5 billion deficit in 2003. [...] Trade deficits are a concern for Congress because they may generate trade friction and pressures for the government to do more to open foreign markets, to shield U.S. producers from foreign competition, or to assist U.S. industries to become more competitive. As the deficit increases, the risk also rises of a precipitous drop in the value of the dollar and disruption in financial markets."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Nanto, Dick Kazuyuki; Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-

  2006-01-31
• China's Economic Conditions [Updated May 15, 2006]

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  "Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest-growing economies. From 1979 to 2005 China's real GDP [Gross Domestic Product] grew at an average annual rate of 9.7%; it grew by 9.9% in 2005. During the first quarter of 2006, China's real GDP grew by 10.2%. Many economists speculate that China could become the world's largest exporter within the next few years and the largest economy within a few decades, provided that the government is able to continue and deepen economic reforms, particularly in regard to its inefficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs), the state banking system, and fixed exchange rate system. In addition, China faces several other difficult challenges, such as pollution and growing income inequality, that threaten social stability. […] China's economy continues to be a concern to U.S. policymakers. On the one hand, China's economic growth presents huge opportunities for U.S. exporters. On the other hand, the surge in Chinese exports to the United States has put competitive pressures on various U.S. industries. Many U.S. policymakers have argued that greater efforts should be made to pressure China to fully implement its WTO [World Trade Organization] commitments (especially in terms of protecting U.S. intellectual property rights) and change various economic policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as its currency policy and its use of subsidies to support its state-owned firms."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrison, Wayne M.

  2006-05-15
• U.S. International Trade: Data and Forecasts [Updated May 23, 2006]

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  "In 2005 the United States incurred a record merchandise trade deficit of $766 billion on a census basis and $782 billion on a balance-of-payments basis (BoP). A surplus in services trade of $58 billion gave a deficit of $724 billion on goods and services (BoP) for the year -- up $108 billion or 17.2% from the $618 billion deficit in 2004. [...] Trade deficits are a concern for Congress because they may generate trade friction and pressures for the government to do more to open foreign markets, to shield U.S. producers from foreign competition, or to assist U.S. industries to become more competitive. As the deficit increases, the risk also rises of a precipitous drop in the value of the dollar and disruption in financial markets."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Nanto, Dick Kazuyuki

  2006-05-23
• U.S. International Trade: Data and Forecasts [Updated March 20, 2006]

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  "In 2005 the United States incurred a record merchandise trade deficit of $766 billion on a census basis and $782 billion on a balance-of-payments basis (BoP). A surplus in services trade of $58 billion gave a deficit of $724 billion on goods and services (BoP) for the year -- up $108 billion or 17.2% from the $618 billion deficit in 2004. [...] Trade deficits are a concern for Congress because they may generate trade friction and pressures for the government to do more to open foreign markets, to shield U.S. producers from foreign competition, or to assist U.S. industries to become more competitive. As the deficit increases, the risk also rises of a precipitous drop in the value of the dollar and disruption in financial markets."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Nanto, Dick Kazuyuki

  2006-03-20
• China's Economic Conditions [Updated July 1, 2005]

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  "Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest-growing economies. From 1979 to 2003, China's real GDP [Gross Domestic Product] grew at an average rate of 9.3%; it is estimated to have risen by 9.1% in 2004. Many economists speculate that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future, provided that the government is able to continue and deepen economic reforms, particularly in regard to its inefficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the state banking system. Progress in reforming these sectors in recent years has been somewhat mixed. […] China's economy continues to be a concern to U.S. policymakers. On the one hand, China's economic growth presents huge opportunities for U.S. exporters. On the other hand, the surge in Chinese exports to the United States has put competitive pressures on many U.S. industries. Many U.S. policymakers have argued that greater efforts should be made to pressure China to fully implement its WTO [World Trade Organization] commitments and to change various economic policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as its currency peg and its use of subsidies to support its SOEs. In addition, recent bids by Chinese state-owned firms to purchase various U.S. firms have raised concerns among Members over the impact such acquisitions on U.S. economic security."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrison, Wayne M.

  2005-07-01
• China's Economic Conditions [Updated May 26, 2005]

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  "Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest-growing economies. From 1979 to 2003, China's real GDP [Gross Domestic Product] grew at an average rate of 9.3%; it is estimated to have risen by 9.1% in 2004. Many economists speculate that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future, provided that the government is able to continue and deepen economic reforms, particularly in regard to its inefficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the state banking system. Progress in reforming these sectors in recent years has been somewhat mixed. […] China's economy continues to be a concern to U.S. policymakers. On the one hand, China's economic growth presents huge opportunities for U.S. exporters. On the other hand, the surge in Chinese exports to the United States has put competitive pressures on many U.S. industries. Many U.S. policymakers have argued that greater efforts should be made to pressure China to fully implement its WTO [World Trade Organization] commitments and to change various economic policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as its pegging of its currency (the 'yuan') to the U.S. dollar and its use of subsidies to support SOEs."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrison, Wayne M.

  2005-05-26
• China's Economic Conditions [Updated April 25, 2005]

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  "Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest-growing economies. From 1979 to 2003, China's real GDP [Gross Domestic Product] grew at an average rate of 9.3%; it is estimated to have risen by 9.1% in 2004. Many economists speculate that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future, provided that the government is able to continue and deepen economic reforms, particularly in regard to its inefficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the state banking system. Progress in reforming these sectors in recent years has been somewhat mixed. […] China's economy continues to be a concern to U.S. policymakers. On the one hand, China's economic growth presents huge opportunities for U.S. exporters. On the other hand, the surge in Chinese exports to the United States has put competitive pressures on many U.S. industries. Many U.S. policymakers have argued that greater efforts should be made to pressure China to fully implement its WTO [World Trade Organization] commitments and to change various economic policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as its pegging of its currency (the 'yuan') to the U.S. dollar and its use of subsidies to support SOEs."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrison, Wayne M.

  2005-04-25
• 'Fanning The Flames: Disinformation and Extremism In The Media': Testimony of Jonathan Turley, Before the United States House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Communications and Technology, February 24, 2021

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  This is the February 24, 2021 testimony of Jonathan Turley on, "Fanning The Flames: Disinformation and Extremism In The Media," before the United States House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Communications and Technology. From the Introduction: "I would like to touch on three basic points in my testimony today. First, I will briefly address the problem of disinformation and extremist speech in our society. Second, I will discuss the growing anti-free speech movement building within our society. Third, and finally, I will address how free speech remains the best response to bad speech. Increasingly, free speech is being referenced as a danger in itself that needs to be controlled as opposed to being the very value that defines us as a people. History has shown that limiting free speech will not reduce hateful or false speech, but rather will only fuel such speech in different forums while enforcing approved or orthodox viewpoints. Before you abandon the bright lines of protections for free speech and the free press, I urge you to consider and weigh those costs in the interest of our country."

  United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce

  Turley, Jonathan

  2021-02-24
• Capitalising on Crisis? Western European Populists and Covid-19, Past and Future

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  From the Introduction: "In this report, we analyse the responses of cultural populist parties to Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in nine western European countries: Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. We analyse differences in these parties' early responses to their governments' actions, how their positions on Covid-19 evolved throughout the year, and what the economic fallout from Covid-19 will likely mean for their future success."

  Tony Blair Institute for Global Change

  Meyer, Brett

  2021-03-05
• China's Economic Conditions [Updated May 21, 2003]

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  "Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest growing economies. From 1979-2002, China's real annual GDP [Gross Domestic Product] averaged 9.3%; it rose by 8.0% in 2002. Many economists speculate that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future, provided that the government is able to continue and deepen economic reforms, particularly in regards to its efficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and state banking system. Progress in reforming these sectors in recent years has been somewhat mixed. […] China's economy remained relatively healthy in 2002, despite economic slowdowns in other parts of the world. Foreign investment continued to pour into China, and the Chinese government effectively used public spending to boost the economy. However, painful economic reforms will be necessary to keep the economic strong in 2003 and beyond. In addition, the recent outbreak of a very contagious virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in China (which has subsequently spread to other countries as well) has raised serious health concerns over travel to and from China, and therefore could potentially have a negative short-term impact on the Chinese economy."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrison, Wayne M.

  2003-05-21
• U.S. International Trade: Data and Forecasts [Updated November 26, 2005]

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  "In 2004 the United States incurred a record merchandise trade deficit of $651 billion on a census basis and $665 billion on a balance-of-payments basis (BoP). A surplus in services trade of $48 billion gave a deficit of $617 billion on goods and services (BoP) for the year -- up $121 billion or 24.3% from the $496.5 billion deficit in 2003. [...] Trade deficits are a concern for Congress because they may generate trade friction and pressures for the government to do more to open foreign markets, to shield U.S. producers from foreign competition, or to assist U.S. industries to become more competitive. As the deficit increases, the risk also rises of a precipitous drop in the value of the dollar and disruption in financial markets."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Nanto, Dick Kazuyuki; Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-

  2005-11-26
• U.S. International Trade: Data and Forecasts [Updated August 16, 2005]

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  "In 2004 the United States incurred a record merchandise trade deficit of $651 billion on a Census basis and $665 billion on a balance-of-payments basis (BoP). A surplus in services trade of $48 billion gave a deficit of $617 billion on goods and services (BoP) for the year -- up $121 billion or 24.3% from the $496.5 billion deficit in 2003. [...] Trade deficits are a concern for Congress because they may generate trade friction and pressures for the government to do more to open foreign markets, to shield U.S. producers from foreign competition, or to assist U.S. industries to become more competitive. As the deficit increases, the risk also rises of a precipitous drop in the value of the dollar and disruption in financial markets."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Nanto, Dick Kazuyuki; Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-

  2005-08-16
• U.S. International Trade: Data and Forecasts [Updated May 16, 2005]

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  "In 2004 the United States incurred a record merchandise trade deficit of $651 billion on a Census basis and $665 billion on a balance-of-payments basis (BoP). A surplus in services trade of $48 billion gave a deficit of $617 billion on goods and services (BoP) for the year -- up $121 billion or 24.3% from the $496.5 billion deficit in 2003. [...] Trade deficits are a concern for Congress because they may generate trade friction and pressures for the government to do more to open foreign markets, to shield U.S. producers from foreign competition, or to assist U.S. industries to become more competitive. As the deficit increases, the risk also rises of a precipitous drop in the value of the dollar and disruption in financial markets."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Nanto, Dick Kazuyuki; Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-

  2005-05-16
• U.S. International Trade: Data and Forecasts [Updated November 24, 2004]

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  "In 2003 the United States incurred a merchandise trade deficit of $535.7 billion on a Census basis and $549.4 billion on a balance- of-payments basis (BoP). A surplus in services trade of $60 billion gave a deficit of $489.3 billion on goods and services (BoP) for the year, 17% higher than 2002. Year-to-date (January-October 2004), the trade deficit in goods and services, at $500.5 billion, is 21% higher compared to the same period in 2003. [...] Trade deficits are a concern for Congress because they may generate trade friction and pressures for the government to do more to open foreign markets, to shield U.S. producers from foreign competition, or to assist U.S. industries to become more competitive. As the deficit increases, the risk also rises of a precipitous drop in the value of the dollar and disruption in financial markets."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Nanto, Dick Kazuyuki

  2004-11-24