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Terrorism Risk Insurance Legislation in the 114th Congress: Issue Summary and Side-by-Side Analysis [January 20, 2015]
"Prior to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, insurance covering terrorism losses was normally included in commercial insurance policies without additional cost to the policyholders. Following the attacks, this ceased to be the case as insurers and reinsurers pulled back from offering terrorism coverage. Some feared that a lack of insurance against terrorism loss would have a wide economic impact, particularly because insurance coverage can be a significant factor in lending decisions. Congress responded to the disruption in the insurance market by passing the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA; P.L. 107-297). TRIA created a temporary program, expiring at the end of 2005, to calm the insurance markets through a government reinsurance program sharing in terrorism losses. This program was intended to give the industry time to gather the data and create the structures and capacity necessary for private insurance to cover terrorism risk. TRIA did not require premiums to be paid for the government coverage. Instead, it required private insurers to offer commercial insurance for terrorism risk, with the government then recouping some or all federal payments under the act in the years following government coverage of insurer losses. […] This report briefly outlines the issues involved with terrorism insurance, summarizes extension legislation, and includes a side-by-side comparison of TRIA law and the bills introduced in the 114th and 113th Congresses. For additional information, please see CRS Report R42716, Terrorism Risk Insurance: Issue Analysis and Overview of Current Program, by Baird Webel."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webel, Baird
2015-01-20
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Terrorism Risk Insurance Legislation: Issue Summary and Side-by-Side Analysis [December 11, 2014]
"Prior to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, insurance covering terrorism losses was normally included in commercial insurance policies without additional cost to the policyholders. Following the attacks, this ceased to be the case as insurers and reinsurers pulled back from offering terrorism coverage. It was feared that a lack of insurance against terrorism loss would have a wider economic impact, particularly because insurance coverage can be a significant factor in lending decisions. Congress responded to the disruption in the insurance market by passing the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA; P.L. 107-297). TRIA created a temporary program, expiring at the end of 2005, to calm the insurance markets through a government reinsurance backstop sharing in terrorism losses. The intent was that this would give the industry time to gather the data and create the structures and capacity necessary for private insurance to cover terrorism risk. TRIA did not require premiums to be paid for the government coverage. Instead, TRIA required private insurers to offer commercial insurance for terrorism risk with the government then recouping some or all federal payments under the act in the years following government coverage of insurer losses."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webel, Baird
2014-12-11
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Terrorism Risk Insurance Legislation in the 114th Congress: Issue Summary and Side-by-Side Analysis [January 7, 2015]
"Prior to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, insurance covering terrorism losses was normally included in commercial insurance policies without additional cost to the policyholders. Following the attacks, this ceased to be the case as insurers and reinsurers pulled back from offering terrorism coverage. Some feared that a lack of insurance against terrorism loss would have a wide economic impact, particularly because insurance coverage can be a significant factor in lending decisions. Congress responded to the disruption in the insurance market by passing the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA; P.L. 107-297). TRIA created a temporary program, expiring at the end of 2005, to calm the insurance markets through a government reinsurance program sharing in terrorism losses. This program was intended to give the industry time to gather the data and create the structures and capacity necessary for private insurance to cover terrorism risk. TRIA did not require premiums to be paid for the government coverage. Instead, it required private insurers to offer commercial insurance for terrorism risk, with the government then recouping some or all federal payments under the act in the years following government coverage of insurer losses. […] This report briefly outlines the issues involved with terrorism insurance, summarizes extension legislation, and includes a side-by-side comparison of TRIA law and the bills introduced in the 114th and 113th Congresses."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webel, Baird
2015-01-07
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Terrorism Risk Insurance Legislation: Issue Summary and Side-by-Side Analysis [November 14, 2014]
"Prior to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, insurance covering terrorism losses was normally included in general insurance policies without additional cost to the policyholders. Following the attacks, this ceased to be the case as insurers and reinsurers pulled back from offering terrorism coverage. It was feared that a lack of insurance against terrorism loss would have a wider economic impact, particularly because insurance coverage can be a significant factor in lending decisions. Congress responded to the disruption in the insurance market by passing the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA; P.L. [Public Law] 107-297). TRIA created a temporary program, expiring at the end of 2005, to calm the insurance markets through a government backstop sharing in terrorism losses with the intent that this would give the industry time to gather the data and create the structures and capacity necessary for private insurance to cover terrorism risk. […] Under TRIA, terrorism insurance became widely available and largely affordable, and the insurance industry greatly expanded its financial capacity. There has been, however, little apparent success on developing a longer-term private solution, and fears have persisted about wider economic consequences if insurance were not available. […] The current TRIA program expires at the end of 2014. Although insurance industry capacity has increased since 2002, terrorism is still seen by many as essentially uninsurable. Without TRIA, the insurance industry has indicated that terrorism insurance will again become unavailable or unaffordable and fears are again being expressed that lack of terrorism insurance may slow down other sectors of the economy. Several bills (H.R. 508, H.R. 1945, H.R. 2146, S. 2244, and H.R. 4871) have been introduced to extend TRIA and change different aspects of the program. This reports briefly outlines the issues involved with terrorism insurance, summarizes the extension legislation, and includes a side-by-side of the current TRIA law and the bills that have been passed by the Senate (S. 2244) and reported by the House Committee on Financial Services (H.R. 4871)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webel, Baird
2014-11-14
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Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector [March 16, 2010]
"Damage to or destruction of the nation's water supply and water quality infrastructure by terrorist attack or natural disaster could disrupt the delivery of vital human services in this country, threatening public health and the environment, or possibly causing loss of life. Interest in such problems has increased greatly since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States. [...] Recent congressional interest has focused on two legislative issues: (1) security of wastewater utilities, and (2) whether to include water utilities in chemical plant security regulations implemented by DHS. In the 109th Congress, a Senate committee approved legislation to encourage wastewater treatment works to conduct vulnerability assessments and develop site security plans. Similar legislation was introduced in the 110th Congress, and has been introduced in the 111th Congress (H.R. 2883). Congress also has turned attention to legislation to extend DHS's [Department of Homeland Security] Chemical Facilities Anti-Terrorism Standards (H.R. 2868) and as part of that debate has been considering whether to preserve an existing exemption for water utilities from chemical facility standards or to include them in the scope of DHS security rules. Continuing attention to these issues in the 111th Congress is likely."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Copeland, Claudia
2010-03-16
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Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector [January 6, 2010]
"Damage to or destruction of the nation's water supply and water quality infrastructure by terrorist attack or natural disaster could disrupt the delivery of vital human services in this country, threatening public health and the environment, or possibly causing loss of life. Interest in such problems has increased greatly since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States. [...] Recent congressional interest has focused on two legislative issues: (1) security of wastewater utilities, and (2) whether to include water utilities in chemical plant security regulations implemented by DHS [Department of Homeland Security]. In the 109th Congress, a Senate committee approved legislation to encourage wastewater treatment works to conduct vulnerability assessments and develop site security plans. Similar legislation was introduced in the 110th Congress, and has been introduced in the 111th Congress (H.R. 2883). Congress also has turned attention to bills to extend DHS's Chemical Facilities Anti-Terrorism Standards and as part of that debate has been considering whether to preserve an existing exemption for water utilities from chemical facility standards or to include them in the scope of DHS security rules. Continuing attention to these issues in the 111th Congress is likely."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Copeland, Claudia
2010-01-06
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Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector [May 26, 2009]
"Damage to or destruction of the nation's water supply and water quality infrastructure by terrorist attack or natural disaster could disrupt the delivery of vital human services in this country, threatening public health and the environment, or possibly causing loss of life. Interest in such problems has increased greatly since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States. Across the country, water infrastructure systems extend over vast areas, and ownership and operation responsibility are both public and private, but are overwhelmingly non-federal. Since the attacks, federal dam operators and local water and wastewater utilities have been under heightened security conditions and are evaluating security plans and measures. There are no federal standards or agreed-upon industry practices within the water infrastructure sector to govern readiness, response to security incidents, and recovery. Efforts to develop protocols and tools are ongoing since the 2001 terrorist attacks. This report presents an overview of this large and diverse sector, describes security-related actions by the government and private sector since September 11, and discusses additional policy issues and responses, including congressional interest. [...] Recent congressional interest has focused on two legislative issues: (1) security of wastewater utilities, and (2) whether to include water utilities in chemical security regulations implemented by DHS[...] The Obama Administration has requested that the current chemical facilities standards, which are scheduled to sunset September 30, 2009, be extended for one year without modification. [...] Continuing attention to these issues in the 111th Congress is possible, along with interest in how the federal government coordinates its own activities and communicates policies and information to the water infrastructure sector."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Copeland, Claudia
2009-06-16
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Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector [Updated November 17, 2008]
"Damage to or destruction of the nation's water supply and water quality infrastructure by terrorist attack or natural disaster could disrupt the delivery of vital human services in this country, threatening public health and the environment, or possibly causing loss of life. Interest in such problems has increased greatly since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States. Across the country, water infrastructure systems extend over vast areas, and ownership and operation responsibility are both public and private, but are overwhelmingly non-federal. Since the attacks, federal dam operators and local water and wastewater utilities have been under heightened security conditions and are evaluating security plans and measures. There are no federal standards or agreed-upon industry practices within the water infrastructure sector to govern readiness, response to security incidents, and recovery. Efforts to develop protocols and tools are ongoing since the 2001 terrorist attacks. This report presents an overview of this large and diverse sector, describes security-related actions by the government and private sector since September 11, and discusses additional policy issues and responses, including congressional interest. [...] Recent congressional interest has focused on two legislative issues: (1) security of wastewater utilities, and (2) whether to include water utilities in chemical security regulations implemented by DHS[...] Continuing attention to these issues is possible, along with interest in how the federal government coordinates its own activities and communicates policies and information to the water infrastructure sector."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Copeland, Claudia
2008-11-17
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U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions [June 15, 2010]
"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention) was agreed to in 1982, but the United States never became a signatory nation. The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations reported the LOS Convention on December 19, 2007. The Senate may choose to address the ambiguities of the LOS Convention with its power to make declarations and statements as provided for in Article 310 of the LOS Convention. Such declarations and statements can be useful in promulgating U.S. policy and putting other nations on notice of U.S. interpretation of the LOS Convention. In the 111th Congress, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, at her confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs on January 13, 2009, acknowledged that U.S. accession to the LOS Convention would be an Obama Administration priority. Later in this confirmation hearing, Senator John Kerry, the committee chair, confirmed that the LOS Convention would also be a committee priority. However, no action was taken on the LOS Convention during the first session of the 111th Congress. A possible benefit of U.S. ratification would be the international community's anticipated positive response to such U.S. action. In addition, early U.S. participation in the development of policies and practices of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, and the International Seabed Authority could help to forestall future problems related to living marine resources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Buck, Eugene H.
2010-06-15
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U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions [June 22, 2009]
"This [Congressional Research Service] report describes provisions of the [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea] LOS Convention relating to living marine resources and discusses how these provisions comport with current U.S. marine policy. As presently understood and interpreted, these provisions generally appear to reflect current U.S. policy with respect to living marine resource management, conservation, and exploitation. Based on these interpretations, they are generally not seen as imposing significant new U.S. obligations, commitments, or encumbrances, while providing several new privileges, primarily related to participation in commissions developing international ocean policy. No new domestic legislation appears to be required to implement the living resources provisions of the LOS Convention. This report will be updated as circumstances warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Buck, Eugene H.
2009-06-22
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U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions [January 30, 2009]
"This [Congressional Research Service] report describes provisions of the [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea] LOS Convention relating to living marine resources and discusses how these provisions comport with current U.S. marine policy. As presently understood and interpreted, these provisions generally appear to reflect current U.S. policy with respect to living marine resource management, conservation, and exploitation. Based on these interpretations, they are generally not seen as imposing significant new U.S. obligations, commitments, or encumbrances, while providing several new privileges, primarily related to participation in commissions developing international ocean policy. No new domestic legislation appears to be required to implement the living resources provisions of the LOS Convention. This report will be updated as circumstances warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Buck, Eugene H.
2009-01-30
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Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems [January 24, 2005]
"Recently, some in Congress have become concerned about the possible vulnerability of U.S. coastal areas to tsunamis, and about the adequacy of early warning for coastal areas of the western Atlantic Ocean. Those concerns stem from the December 26, 2004, tsunami that devastated many coastal areas around the northern Indian Ocean, where few tsunami early warning systems currently operate. Caused by a strong underwater earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, the tsunami disaster is estimated to have claimed at least 150,000 lives. Affected nations, assisted by others, are pursuing a multilateral effort to develop a detection and warning network for the Indian Ocean. Also, some Members of Congress and the Bush Administration have proposed a tsunami warning network for the U.S. Atlantic seaboard. Although instrumentation costs could run into the millions of dollars, existing weather buoys and state and local coastal and ocean observation networks might serve as possible platforms for the instrumentation. The European Union, Canada, and the United States may consider multilateral efforts to establish coverage for the North Atlantic. This report will be updated as warranted."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2005-01-24
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Trade Remedies: A Primer [July 30, 2008]
"The United States and many of its trading partners use laws known as trade remedies to mitigate the adverse impact of various trade practices on domestic industries and workers. U.S. antidumping (AD) laws (19 U.S.C. § 1673 et seq.) authorize the imposition of duties if (1) the International Trade Administration (ITA) of the Department of Commerce determines that foreign merchandise is being, or likely to be sold in the United States at less than fair value, and (2) the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) determines that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or that the establishment of an industry is materially retarded, due to imports of that merchandise. A similar statute (19 U.S.C. § 1671 et seq.) authorizes the imposition of countervailing duties (CVD) if the ITA finds that the government of a country or any public entity has provided a subsidy on the manufacture, production, or export of the merchandise, and the ITC determines injury. U.S. safeguard laws (19 U.S.C. § 2251 et seq.) authorize the President to provide import relief from injurious surges of imports resulting from fairly competitive trade from all countries. […] This report explains, first, U.S. antidumping and countervailing duty statutes and investigations. Second, it describes safeguard statutes and investigative procedures. Third, it briefly presents trade-remedy related legislation in the 110th Congress. Finally, the appendix provides a brief chart outlining U.S. trade remedy statutes, major actors, and the effects of these laws. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jones, Vivian Catherine
2008-07-30
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Title X (Public Health Service Act) Family Planning Program [August 28, 2012]
"The federal government provides grants for voluntary family planning services through the Family Planning Program, Title X of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. §§ 300 to 300a-6). Enacted in 1970, it is the only domestic federal program devoted solely to family planning and related preventive health services. Title X is administered through the Office of Population Affairs (OPA) in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Although the authorization of appropriations for Title X ended with FY1985, funding for the program has continued through appropriations bills for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies (Labor-HHS-Education). […] Several bills addressing Title X have been introduced in the 112th Congress. H.R. 217 and S. 96 would prohibit Title X grants to abortion-performing entities. H.R. 408 and S. 178 would eliminate the Title X program. H.R. 1099 would prohibit federal spending on any family planning activity. H.R. 1135, H.R. 1167, and S. 1904 would require an overall spending limit on meanstested welfare programs, defined to include family planning. S. 814 would require online disclosure of audits conducted under Title X on any entity receiving Title X funds. H.R. 5650 would prohibit Title X grantees and contractors from discriminating against a health care entity on the basis of whether it separately provides or refers for abortions, provides employees coverage of abortions, or provides or requires training in performing abortions. H.R. 1 would have eliminated funding for Title X for FY2011. H.R. 1 and H.Con.Res. 36 would have restricted federal funding to the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) and its affiliates for FY2011. The House-introduced FY2012 Labor-HHS-Education Appropriations bill, H.R. 3070, would have prohibited the bill's funds from being used for Title X. H.R. 3070 would have also restricted the bill's funding to PPFA and its affiliates unless they certify that the organization will not perform abortions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Napili, Angela
2012-08-28
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U.N. Population Fund: Background and the U.S. Funding Debate [September 20, 2007]
"The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), established in 1969, is the world's largest source of population and reproductive health programs and the principal unit within the United Nations for global population issues. In 2006, the organization provided services in some 154 developing and transition countries, with funds totaling $605.5 million, drawn exclusively from voluntary contributions made by 180 nations and some foundations. The United States, with strong support from Congress, was an important actor in the launch of UNFPA in 1969. During the mid-to-late 1960s, Congress began to express heightened concern over the impact of rapid population growth on development prospects in poor countries. In 1967, Congress earmarked funds for population assistance programs, urging the United States to channel family planning resources through the United Nations and other international organizations. […] In 14 of the past 23 years, the United States has not contributed to the organization as a result of executive branch determinations that UNFPA's program in China was in violation of the Kemp-Kasten amendment banning U.S. aid to organizations involved in the management of coercive family planning programs. For the past five years, the Bush Administration has transferred UNFPA appropriations to other foreign aid activities. While UNFPA receives voluntary contributions from many countries and some private foundations, most of its income comes from a handful of donors. The Netherlands and Japan recently have been the largest contributors. Throughout the last decade, when the United States has contributed to UNFPA programs, the U.S. contributions have represented about 8% of UNFPA's regular budget. This report, originally drafted by Larry Nowels, will be updated as policy changes or congressional actions warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa
2007-09-20
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U.N. Population Fund: Background and the U.S. Funding Debate [July 24, 2008]
"The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), established in 1969, is the world's largest source of population and reproductive health programs and the principal unit within the United Nations for global population issues. In 2006, the organization provided services in some 154 developing and transition countries, with funds totaling $605.5 million, drawn exclusively from voluntary contributions made by 180 nations and some foundations. The United States, with strong support from Congress, was an important actor in the launch of UNFPA in 1969. During the mid-to-late 1960s, Congress began to express heightened concern over the impact of rapid population growth on development prospects in poor countries. In 1967, Congress earmarked funds for population assistance programs, urging the United States to channel family planning resources through the United Nations and other international organizations. […] On June 26, 2008, the Administration announced that UNFPA was ineligible for FY2008 funding under the Kemp-Kasten amendment. For FY2009, the Bush Administration requested that $25 million be made available for UNFPA if it is determined eligible under the Kemp-Kasten amendment. The appropriated funds would be drawn from the Child Survival and Health Programs account. While UNFPA receives voluntary contributions from many countries and some private foundations, most of its income comes from a handful of donors. The Netherlands and Japan recently have been the largest contributors. Throughout the last decade, when the United States has contributed to UNFPA programs, the U.S. contributions have represented about 8% of UNFPA's regular budget. This report will be updated as policy changes or congressional actions warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa
2008-07-24
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Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers [July 11, 2012]
"Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers (TAA) provides federal assistance to workers who have been adversely affected by foreign trade. It was most recently authorized by the Trade Adjustment Assistance Extension Act of 2011 (TAAEA; Title II of P.L. 112-40). To be eligible for TAA, a group of workers must establish that they were separated from their employment either because their jobs moved outside the United States or because of an increase in directly competitive imports. Workers at firms that are suppliers to or downstream producers of TAA-certified firms may also be eligible for TAA benefits. Under current law, both production and service workers are eligible for TAA. After the Department of Labor verifies the role of foreign trade in the group's job losses, workers may apply for individual benefits. These benefits are funded by the federal government and, with limited exception, administered by the states. […] This report provides background on the TAA program. After a brief introduction, it discusses TAA eligibility and benefits as set by TAAEA. It then describes how the program is funded and administered. The report concludes by presenting data on recent application activity and benefit usage."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Collins, Benjamin
2012-07-11
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Trends in Conventional Arms Transfers to the Third World by Major Supplier, 1974-1981 [August 12, 1982]
"This report is an update of previous reports by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) on the subject of conventional arms transfers. It provides unclassified background data on more recent trends in the transfer of conventional arms by major suppliers to the Third World."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Grimmett, Richard F.
1982-08-12
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U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions [September 7, 2011]
"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention) was agreed to in 1982, but the United States never became a signatory nation. The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations reported the LOS Convention on December 19, 2007. The Senate may choose to address the ambiguities of the LOS Convention with its power to make declarations and statements as provided for in Article 310 of the LOS Convention. Such declarations and statements can be useful in promulgating U.S. policy and putting other nations on notice of U.S. interpretation of the LOS Convention. […] On the other hand, some U.S. interests view U.S. ratification as potentially complicating enforcement of domestic marine regulations, and remain concerned that the LOS Convention's language concerning arbitrary refusal of access to surplus (unallocated) living resources might be a potential source of conflict (in addition to concerns about other provisions of the Convention). These uncertainties reflect the absence of any comprehensive assessment of the social and economic impacts of LOS implementation by the United States. This report describes provisions of the LOS Convention relating to living marine resources and discusses how these provisions comport with current U.S. marine policy. As presently understood and interpreted, these provisions generally appear to reflect current U.S. policy with respect to living marine resource management, conservation, and exploitation. Based on these interpretations, they are generally not seen as imposing significant new U.S. obligations, commitments, or encumbrances, while providing several new privileges, primarily related to participation in commissions developing international ocean policy. No new domestic legislation appears to be required to implement the living resources provisions of the LOS Convention."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Buck, Eugene H.
2011-09-07
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U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions [August 11, 2011]
"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention) was agreed to in 1982, but the United States never became a signatory nation. The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations reported the LOS Convention on December 19, 2007. The Senate may choose to address the ambiguities of the LOS Convention with its power to make declarations and statements as provided for in Article 310 of the LOS Convention. Such declarations and statements can be useful in promulgating U.S. policy and putting other nations on notice of U.S. interpretation of the LOS Convention. In the 111th Congress, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, at her confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs on January 13, 2009, acknowledged that U.S. accession to the LOS Convention would be an Obama Administration priority. Later in this confirmation hearing, Senator John Kerry, the committee chair, confirmed that the LOS Convention would also be a committee priority. […] This report describes provisions of the LOS Convention relating to living marine resources and discusses how these provisions comport with current U.S. marine policy. As presently understood and interpreted, these provisions generally appear to reflect current U.S. policy with respect to living marine resource management, conservation, and exploitation. Based on these interpretations, they are generally not seen as imposing significant new U.S. obligations, commitments, or encumbrances, while providing several new privileges, primarily related to participation in commissions developing international ocean policy. No new domestic legislation appears to be required to implement the living resources provisions of the LOS Convention."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Buck, Eugene H.
2011-08-11
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U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions [February 12, 2008]
"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention) was agreed to in 1982, but the United States never became a signatory nation. The current Administration has reiterated support for U.S. accession to the LOS Convention, and the Senate is preparing to consider this matter. The Senate may choose to address the ambiguities of the LOS Convention with its power to make declarations and statements as provided for in Article 310 of the LOS Convention. Such declarations and statements can be useful in promulgating U.S. policy and putting other nations on notice of U.S. interpretation of the LOS Convention. […] This report describes provisions of the LOS Convention relating to living marine resources and discusses how these provisions comport with current U.S. marine policy. As presently understood and interpreted, these provisions generally appear to reflect current U.S. policy with respect to living marine resource management, conservation, and exploitation. Based on these interpretations, they are generally not seen as imposing significant new U.S. obligations, commitments, or encumbrances, while providing several new privileges, primarily related to participation in commissions developing international ocean policy. No new domestic legislation appears to be required to implement the living resources provisions of the LOS Convention. This report will be updated as circumstances warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Buck, Eugene H.
2008-02-12
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H. Rept. 117-20, Part 1: National Origin-Based Antidiscrimination for Nonimmigrants Act, Report Together with Minority Views, to Accompany H.R. 1333, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, April 16, 2021
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 1333, the 'National Origin-Based Antidiscrimination for Nonimmigrants Act' or the 'NO BAN Act,' stops executive overreach by preventing the president from abusing his or her authority to restrict the entry of non-citizens into the United States. The bill does this in two ways. First, it amends section 212(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) to place checks and balances on the president's authority to suspend or restrict the entry of aliens or classes of aliens into the United States, when it is determined that such entry would be 'detrimental to the interests of the United States.' Second, the bill expands the INA's nondiscrimination provision to prohibit discrimination on the basis of religion and further prohibits discrimination with respect to the issuance of nonimmigrant visas, entry and admission into the United States, or the approval or revocation of any immigration benefit."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-04-16
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Federal Justice Statistics, 2017-2018
From the Document: "Federal arrests increased by 53,763 from fiscal year (FY) 2017 to FY 2018, reaching their highest level in 25 years at 195,771 arrests. This marked the first rise in federal arrests since they dropped 25% from a former high of 188,164 arrests in 2013 to 142,008 arrests in 2017. Of the 372,354 persons under federal correctional control at fiscal year-end 2018, 60% were in secure confinement and 40% were under community supervision. This was similar to fiscal year-end 2017, when 372,531 persons were under federal correctional control (59% in secure confinement and 41% supervised in the community). This report describes persons processed by the federal criminal justice system."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Motivans, Mark
2021-04
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Capping Report: FY 2012 FEMA Public Assistance and Hazard Mitigation Grant and Subgrant Audits
From the May 21, 2013 letter from the Assistant Inspector General to the FEMA Response and Recovery Associate Administrator: "This capping report summarizes the results of Public Assistance (PA) program and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) grant and subgrant audits performed during fiscal year (FY) 2012. We reviewed audit findings and recommendations made to Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) officials as they related to the PA and HMGP program funds that FEMA awards to State, local, and tribal governments, and eligible nonprofit organizations. The objectives of this report were to identify frequently reported audit findings and quantify the financial significance of these findings."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2013-05
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National Flood Insurance Program's Management Letter for FY 2012 DHS Consolidated Financial Statements Audit (Redacted)
From the Background: "The Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) manages the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Private insurance companies and the Direct Servicing Agent administer the flood insurance policies issued through the NFIP. The insurance companies and Direct Servicing Agent write NFIP policies, adjust flood claims, process and distribute claim payments to policyholders, and establish and maintain loss reserves. The data associated with flood policies and claims are used to calculate estimates included in the year-end NFIP financial statements, which are recorded in the year-end DHS financial statements. Thus, the precision of the estimates used to reflect actual events is dependent upon the accuracy and consistency of the underlying data submitted by the insurance companies and the Direct Servicing Agent on a monthly basis."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2013-04
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Contract Dispute Delaying Hurricane Shelters at George County, Mississippi: Interim Report on FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Funds Awarded to George County, Mississippi
From the Document: "We are currently auditing $3.4 million of a $4.1 million hazard mitigation grant awarded to George County, Mississippi (County) (FIPS Code 039-99039-00) by the Mississippi Emergency Management Agency (State). The $3.4 million we are auditing provided 100 percent funding for the construction of two emergency shelters in the County. The State provided the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) grant monies from Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) funds made available to the State following Hurricane Katrina. Our overall audit objective is to determine whether the County accounted for and expended the hazard mitigation grant funds according to Federal regulations and FEMA guidelines."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2013-05
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Department of Homeland Security: Budget-in-Brief, Fiscal Year 2015
From the Funding Priorities: "The FY 2015 Budget for DHS is $60.9 billion in total budget authority, $49.0 billion in gross discretionary funding, $38.2 billion in net discretionary funding, and $4.4 billion in discretionary fees. As part of total DHS funding, $6.4 billion for the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) is provided separately from discretionary amounts, pursuant to the 'Budget Control Act of 2011' (BCA). The Budget focuses resources on key capabilities in each of the Department's mission areas. The basic missions of the Department of Homeland Security are preventing terrorism and enhancing security; securing and managing our borders; enforcing and administering our immigration laws; safeguarding and securing cyberspace; and, preparing for and responding to disasters. In addition, the Department's request also includes proposals for funding a portion of the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) and National Protection and Programs Directorate's (NPPD) activities through the President's Opportunity, Growth, and Security Initiative."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2014-02-27?
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United States Coast Guard's Management Letter for FY 2012 DHS Consolidated Financial Statements Audit
"Attached for your information is our final report, 'United States Coast Guard's Management Letter for FY 2012 DHS Consolidated Financial Statements Audit'. This report contains observations related to internal control deficiencies that were not required to be reported in the 'Independent Auditors' Report on DHS' FY 2012 Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting'. Internal control deficiencies that are considered significant deficiencies were reported, as required, in the 'Independent Auditors' Report', dated November 14, 2012, which was included in the DHS fiscal year (FY) 2012 'Annual Financial Report'."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2013-04
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Information Technology Management Letter for the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Component of the FY 2012 Department of Homeland Security Financial Statement Audit
From the Document: "We have audited the balance sheet of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS or Department) as of September 30, 2012, and the related statements of net cost, changes in net position, and custodial activity, and combined statement of budgetary resources for the year then ended (referred to as the 'fiscal year (FY) 2012 financial statements'). We were also engaged to audit the Department's internal control over financial reporting of the FY 2012 financial statements. The objective of our audit engagement was to express an opinion on the fair presentation of the FY 2012 financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of the FY 2012 financial statements. In accordance with 'Government Auditing Standards, our Independent Auditors' Report', dated November 14, 2012, included internal control deficiencies identified during our audit engagement that, in aggregate, represented a material weakness in information technology (IT) controls and financial system functionality at the DHS Department-wide level. This letter represents the separate limited distribution report mentioned in that report, of matters related to the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC)."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2013-04
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United States Secret Service's Management Letter for FY 2012 DHS Consolidated Financial Statements Audit
From the Document: "We have audited the balance sheet of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS or Department) as of September 30, 2012 and the related statements of net cost, changes in net position and custodial activity, and combined statement of budgetary resources for the year then ended (referred to herein as the 'fiscal year (FY) 2012 financial statements'). The objective of our audit was to express an opinion on the fair presentation of these financial statements. [...] The United States Secret Service (USSS) is a component of DHS. We noted certain matters, related to USSS, that are summarized in the Table of Financial Management Comments on the following pages, involving internal control and other operational matters that are less severe than a material weakness or a significant deficiency, and consequently are reported separately to the Office of Inspector General (OIG) and USSS management in this letter. These comments and recommendations, all of which have been discussed with the appropriate members of management, are intended to improve internal control or result in other operating efficiencies."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2013-04
