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National Guard's Role in a Weapons of Mass Destruction Incident
In the aftermath of the Cold War, the United States may well be facing its most formidable enemy. The enemy is a faceless individual or group, which has determined the only way the United States will understand their viewpoint, is through the calculated and indiscriminate use of violent acts. Unfortunately, these acts now include the potential to use a weapon of mass destruction (WMD) device. The defining domestic attack that caused the United States to review their laws and policies concerning terrorism occurred on April 19, 1995, in Oklahoma City, OK. The National Guard initially established a Rapid Assessment and Initial Detection (RAID) Element in each of the ten FEMA Regions to assist first responders in a WMD incident. This strategic research paper will identify shortfalls in the existing National Guard policy and provide a more cost effective RAID Element manning model to best support the first responders' needs, and retain the National Guard's inherent responsibility to be the Nation's first military.
Army War College (U.S.)
Finn, Robert L.
1999-04-05
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Applicability of Trade Secrets Act to Intragovernmental Exchange of Regulatory Information, Memorandum for the General Counsel, Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight [April 5, 1999]
"The disclosure to certain federal financial regulatory agencies of propriety information of the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight obtained from the finance institutions it regulates would be 'authorized by law' within the meaning of the Trade Secrets Act and therefore would not violate that Act's prohibitions against unauthorized agency disclosures of trade secrets or other confidential business information."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1999-04-05
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Restructuring the Armed Forces to Meet U.S. National Security Interests Through 2015
Composed primarily of conventional forces, with nuclear deterrent capability, America's military is obsolete for post cold war realities. The United States is the world's only superpower. A credible peer competitor does not exist to challenge the U.S. nor is one expected through the year 2015. Instead, the world has changed to one fraught with asymmetric threats, which strike at the Achilles heel of U.S. conventional strategy and force structure. Force structure and strategy changes are inevitable as the military struggles with its identity crisis in a world that is changing at an ever-increasing rate. The opportunity now exists to dramatically reduce the size and cost of the armed forces by transferring the bulk of its conventional capability to the reserves, while maintaining lethal and highly mobile units in the active force to deal with asymmetric threats. A revolutionary restructuring of the military not only prepares it to fight the next war, but also recognizes budgetary realities of the years ahead.
Army War College (U.S.)
Frenzel, Allen
1999-04-02
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Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Commander in Chiefs of the Combatant Commands, and Joint Staff Participation in the Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System
"This instruction describes participation by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the commanders of the combatant commands, and the Joint Staff in the DOD PPBS process. This instruction applies to the CJCS, the commanders of the combatant commands, and the Joint Staff. For purposes of this instruction the Commander, United States Element, North American Aerospace Defense Command (USNORAD) shall be considered a combatant command."
United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
1999-04-01
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Strategic Importance of the US Army Veterinary Service in an NBC Environment
As the Department of Defense Executive Agent for Veterinary Services, the U.S. Army Veterinary Service has responsibility for providing support to all branches of the Department of Defense. That support includes food safety and quality assurance; zoonotic disease control and prevention; medical research and development; and medical care for all government owned animals, This paper reviews the role of the U.S. Army Veterinary Service in an NBC environment as it relates to food safety and quality assurance. The focus of the paper is to examine the current threat from weapons of mass destruction, our doctrine for subsistence and water operations in an NBC environment, and the current capabilities of US forces to detect NBC agents in subsistence and water. A recommendation for a course of action to address the current shortcomings in doctrine and equipment is developed.
Army War College (U.S.)
Record, Jeffrey W.
1999-04-01
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Rapid Assessment and Initial Detection (RAID) Program
Terrorism has been and continues to be a critical problem for the United States. In 1998, the Department of Defense initiated a program that designated the National Guard as the first military responder to the use of weapons of mass destruction in the continental United States. This paper examines the existing structure of the Rapid Assessment and Initial Detection (RAID) elements in light of technological advances which may take place by the year 2020.
Army War College (U.S.)
Norrell, Oliver L., III
1999-04-01
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AF Instruction 14-303: Release of Intelligence to US Contractors
This instruction implements AFPD 14-3, Control, Protection, and Dissemination of Intelligence Information. It applies to everyone involved with the security, use, and dissemination of Collateral Intelligence within the Air Force, including government contractors, the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserves. It assigns responsibilities for releasing selected intelligence information and related material to eligible US contractors, and outlines the special requirements the contractor must fulfill to safeguard intelligence information. These requirements add to Department of Defense Industrial Security Directives (DoD 5220.22M and DoD 5220.22R). This revision incorporates the Director of Central Intelligence Directive (DCID)1/7, Security Controls on the Dissemination of Intelligence Information, dated 30 June 1998. The revision reduces the approval process for release of intelligence to contractors. This document supercedes AFI 14-303, 27 December 1993. This publication is available digitally on the SAF/AAD WWW site at: http://afpubs.hq.af.mil.
United States. Department of the Air Force
1999-04-01
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Federal Response Plan Emergency Support Function #3: Public Works and Engineering
Emergency Support Function (ESF) #3 (Public Works and Engineering), part of the Federal Response Plan, provides technical, advice and evaluation, engineering services, contracting for construction management and, inspection, contracting for the emergency repair of water and wastewater treatment facilities, potable water and ice, emergency power, and real estate support to assist the State(s) in, meeting goals related to lifesaving and life-sustaining actions, damage mitigation, and recovery, activities following a major disaster or emergency.
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
1999-04
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Federal Response Plan
The Federal Response Plan (FRP) established a process and structure for the systematic, coordinated, and effective delivery of Federal assistance to address the consequences of any, major disaster or emergency declared under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and, Emergency Assistance Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 5121, et seq.).
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1999-04
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Scourge of Terrorism: Theater of Conflict Moves to Africa
Two decades ago, most of the people of Africa associated terrorism with the PLO, IRA and "Carlos the Jackal" the legendary hero of most terrorists, otherwise known as Illich Ramirez Sanchez. They were least concerned with what they perceived as Palestinian-Israeli-European - American conflict. Beginning with the hijacking of Lufthansa Airline from Greece to Entebbe, Uganda in July 1976, followed by the revengeful bombing of Nairobi's Norfolk Hotel on 3rd December 1976, and most recently with the simultaneous bombings of the US embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, terrorists had finally shifted their theater of war to Africa. The aim of this paper is to critically analyze the term "Terrorism" as viewed by a cross section of the international community. In order to determine if this malice is on the rise or not, I will analyze trends in the formation of these organizations, their purpose and activities. My paper will then shift its focus to Africa and select a few cases of terrorism and their impact on the victims, the social fabric and the security apparatus in dealing with the after effects. I will further try to explain why Africa has been chosen as a new theater of conflict, and recommend what African governments need to do to reduce their vulnerability to terrorism. African nations need to consider the following bold steps: - Reject liberation wars that adopt methods of terrorism. - Join the international community in information exchange regarding all forms of terrorism. - Strengthen immigration security. - Set up, and train disaster management teams. - Educate and inform citizens to be conscious of terronsm. - Enact laws that make terrorist activities difficult to operate. - Whenever possible, deny terrorist organizations access to mass media.
Army War College (U.S.)
Chuma, Matthew S.
1999-04-01
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report 97-0255-2735; Forest Park Police Department Forest Park, Ohio
"On June 30, 1997, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) request from the Forest Park Police Department (FPPD), of Forest Park, Ohio. The requestor was concerned about the potential for exposure to lead among police officers who use the indoor firing range. To determine exposure potential, environmental air samples and surface wipe samples were collected for lead, and the ventilation system was evaluated. [...] The ventilation system at this indoor firing range does not control exposures to airborne lead. Wipe sampling on horizontal surfaces in the range and in work areas adjacent to the range indicate a potential lead hazard to those who use the range as well as to those who work nearby. To solve these problems the range should be negatively pressurized and adequate airflow through the range should move in a uniform (non-turbulent) manner from the firing line to the bullet trap and main exhaust plenum."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Harney, Joshua; Barsan, Michael E.
1999-04
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Public Assistance: Debris Management Guide [April 1999]
From the Foreword: "Each year, local officials from hundreds of communities are faced with the task of removing debris caused by natural disasters. In the past 20 years alone, over 700 major disasters have been declared by the President to facilitate Federal assistance to communities struck by hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, wild fires and other natural disasters. In some cases, debris clearance, removal and disposal actions can be accomplished quickly using community resources augmented by assistance from neighboring communities, State agencies and contractor resources. In many other cases, however, the damage and debris are so extensive that a comprehensive debris clearance, removal and disposal management plan is required to efficiently and effectively control the operations. We have developed this document to provide guidance to community leaders in planning, mobilizing, organizing and controlling a large-scale debris clearance, removal and disposal operation. Although this manual has been developed for large-scale debris clearance, removal and disposal operations, portions of all chapters can be utilized on smaller operations."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1999-04
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Antimicrobial Resistance: Data to Assess Public Health Threat From Resistant Bacteria Are Limited, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the Document: "Although many studies have documented cases of infections that are difficult to treat because they are caused by resistant bacteria, the full extent of the problem remains unknown. More specifically, we found many sources of information about the public health burden in the United States attributable to resistant bacteria, but each source has limitations and provides data on only part of the burden. For example, the public health burden attributable to resistant tuberculosis (TB) and gonorrhea is relatively well characterized because nationwide surveillance systems monitor these diseases. However, little is known about the extent of most other diseases that can be caused by resistant bacteria, such as otitis media (middle ear infection), gastric ulcers, and cystitis (inflammation of the bladder) because they are not similarly monitored. The development and spread of resistant bacteria worldwide and the widespread use of various antibacterials create the potential for the U.S. public health burden to increase. Data indicate that resistant bacteria are emerging around the world, that more kinds of bacteria are becoming resistant, and that bacteria are becoming resistant to multiple drugs. While little information is publicly available about the actual quantities of antibacterials produced, used, and present in the environment, it is known that antibacterials are used extensively around the world in human and veterinary medicine, in agricultural production, and in industrial and household products and that they have been found in food, soil, and water."
United States. General Accounting Office
1999-04
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories
"Microbiological laboratories are special, often unique work environments that may pose identifiable infectious disease risks to persons in or near them. Infections have been contracted in the laboratory throughout the history of microbiology. Although no national reporting system exists for reporting laboratory-associated infections, anecdotal information suggests that strict adherence to these guidelines does contribute to a healthier and safer work environment for laboratorians, their co-workers, and the surrounding community. To further reduce the potential for laboratory-associated infections, the guidelines presented here should be considered minimal guidance for containment. They must be customized for each individual laboratory and can be used in conjunction with other available scientific information."
United States. Government Printing Office
Richmond, Jonathan Y.; McKinney, Robert W.
1999-04
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Test Results of Level B Suits to Challenge by Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents and Simulants: Summary Report
Six Level B protective suits were tested for GB and HD permeation swatch testing using modified procedures of TOP 8-2-501. Agent break-through times were calculated for each suit. Aerosol agent simulant tests of suit systems were conducted to measure overall protection factors of the suit.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Lindsay, Robert S.
1999-04
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Tests of Level B Suit: Protection Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents and Simulants: Executive Summary
Six Level B protective suits were tested for GB and HD permeation swatch testing using modified procedures of TOP 8-2-501. Agent break-through times were calculated for each suit. Aerosol agent simulant tests of suit systems were conducted to measure overall protection factors of the suit.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Lindsay, Robert S.
1999-04
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Emergency Support Function #9: Urban Search and Rescue Annex
Emergency Support Function (ESF) #9 -- Urban Search and Rescue rapidly deploys components of the National Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) Response System to provide specialized lifesaving assistance to State and local authorities in the event of a major disaster or emergency. US&R operational activities include locating, extricating, and providing on-site medical treatment to victims trapped in collapsed structures.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1999-04
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Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Geospatial Information and Services Support to Joint Operations
This publication focuses on the responsibilities and procedures for geospatial information and services (GI&S) support to joint operations. This publication discusses GI&S planning, coordination, control, production, and dissemination responsibilities. The focus will be joint GI&S support to combatant commanders for both deliberate and crisis planning and execution. Communications architecture required for the dissemination of digital geospatial data will also be addressed. Topics discussed include: role of geospatial information in military operations; deliberate planning for GI&S support; crisis action planning for GI&S support; GI&S command, control, communications and computer support; and appendices on GI&S deliberate planning checklist; GI&S estimate; GI&S crisis action checklist; references; and administrative instructions.
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff
1999-03-31
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Implementation of Wildland Certification Standards for Structural Firefighters in Clark County, Washington
"This research project looked at wildland fire certifications and how to apply them to structural firefighters in Clark County, Washington. The problem was that there were no wildland certification standards for structural firefighters in Clark County. The purpose of this applied research paper was to implement wildland certification standards for all structural firefighters in Clark County. This research employed both action and evaluative research (a) to identify what wildland certification standards currently exisit, (b) to identify what certification levels are applicable to each level within the organization, (c) to identify what the requirements for each certification level are, and (d) to identify how these certification standards should be implemented. The principle procedures employed were a review of existing certification systems and a review of available literature. Several interviews were also conducted to gauge the willingness of management and labor to participate in this implementation. The results of this project identified the NWCG Widland Fire Qualification certification system as the system to be used for certifying personnel. A table was developed identifying all of the appropriate certification levels for each level within the organization, as well as the requirements for each level. Finally, a plan to implement the change within the organization utilizing the change management model was identified. The recommendations resulting from this research included (a) the adoption of certification standards for all identified personnel to be gradually implemented over a two-year period, (b) adopting hiring standards that require wildland certification for all identified positions, and (d) promoting the adoption of certification standards throughout the region and the state through various means."
National Fire Academy
Ciraulo, Michael J.
1999-04
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EPA/OSHA Joint Chemical Accident Investigation Report, BPS Inc., West Helena, Arkansas
This document is a report from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration on an investigation the two agencies performed on an explosion at the Bartlo Packaging Incorporated (BPS) facility located in West Helena, Arkansas. "EPA and the OSHA conducted a joint investigation of the incident. The Joint Chemical Accident Investigation Team (JCAIT) determined that the incident was most likely caused by the decomposition of a bulk sack containing the pesticide Azinphos methyl (AZM) 50W which had been placed against or close to a hot compressor discharge pipe. […]
The JCAIT identified the following root causes and contributing factors of the event." JCAIT also developed recommendations to address the causes of the explosion and to prevent similar incidences from occurring at other facilities.
"EPA and OSHA work together under conditions detailed in a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to investigate certain chemical accidents. The fundamental objective of the Joint EPA/OSHA chemical accident investigation program is to determine and report to the public the facts, conditions, circumstances, and causes or likely causes of any chemical accident that results in a fatality, serious injury, substantial property damage, or serious off-site impact, including a large scale evacuation of the general public. The ultimate goal of the accident investigation is to determine the root causes in order to reduce the likelihood of recurrence, minimize the consequences associated with accidental releases, and to make chemical production, processing, handling, and storage safer. This report is a result of a Joint EPA/OSHA investigation to describe the accident, determine root causes and contributing factors, and identify findings and recommendations."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency; United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1999-04
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Protecting Sources of Drinking Water: Selected Case Studies in Watershed Management
This document presents case studies of 17 drinking water systems commited to extensive efforts to incorporate source water management and protection as an
integral part of their business of providing safe drinking water to their customers. The authors provide snapshots of lessons learned in implementing four aspects of source water protection: partnerships, watershed assessment, watershed land use management, and land acquisition. Though diverse in their watershed management experiences, there is a common thread among all of the water systems: the importance of cross-program coordination. The coordination of a drinking water utility's goals with local watershed management initiatives aimed at aquatic ecosystem restoration and protection can boost the effectiveness of program implementation for both priorities.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
1999-04
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Survey of State Criminal History Information Systems, 1997
"This is a report of the results of the Survey of State Criminal History Information Systems. [...]. This report is based on the results from a two-part survey of the administrators of the State criminal history record repositories in January -November 1998. The report is largely based upon data as of December 31, 1997. Fifty three jurisdictions were surveyed, including the 50 States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Responses were received to at least one part of the survey from 52 jurisdictions. Only Puerto Rico did not complete either part of the survey. Throughout this report, the 50 States will be referred to as 'States'; the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands will be referred to as 'territories,' consistent with prior surveys; "Nation' refers collectively to both the States and territories. In addition, the Federal Bureau of Investigation provided information relating to the number of fingerprint cards and dispositions received by the FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation] during Fiscal Year (FY) 1997 and the number of criminal history records of the States participating in the Interstate Identification Index system that are maintained by the State criminal history repositories and the number of records maintained by the FBI for the States."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Barton, Sheila J.
1999-04
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Executive Order 13118: Implementation of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998
Executive Order 13118 modifies Executive Order 12163 regarding specifications for the Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, and the Allocation of Funds, including any funds appropriated under the heading Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining and Related Programs.''
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1999-03-31
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Executive Order 13117: Further Amendment to Executive Order 12981, as Amended
Executive Order 13117 furthers the implementation of the reorganization of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) into the Department of State, by eliminating the ACDA's vote on dual-use export license decisions in the administration of export controls.
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1999-03-31
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Water Survival Ability of Firefighters in Full Turn Out Gear
"The problem was that in Florida there was no component in the firefighter minimum training and certification standards framework that encompassed a firefighter's ability to survive an accidental immersion in water while in full protective clothing, and a committee of Florida Training Officers wished to change this and make it a mandatory part of Florida Firefighting Curriculum. Applying the Change Model taught at the National Fire Academy, this researcher wished to ensure that this "change" was necessary and, if necessary, planned, implemented and evaluated properly. The study needed to address the following issues: 1. Was there a perceived need or real need for the addition of a firefighter survival during accidental immersion in water while wearing full protective clothing component to the firefighter minimum standards? 2. What could a firefighter be taught that would increase his ability to survive an accidental immersion? 3. How should the water survivability-training component be delivered; what educational methodology for instruction and testing should be used? Historical and action research were performed to try and answer these questions. A comprehensive literature review was conducted at the campus of the National Fire Academy, Learning Resource Center (LRC) in Emmitsburg, Maryland. The LRC has at its disposal all documents of the Library of Congress as well as substantial indexed periodicals relating to Emergency Services."
National Fire Academy
Grimes, Ken
1999-04
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Tests of Level B Suits: Protection Against Chemical and Biological Warefare Agents and Simulants: Executive Summary
"As part of the Domestic Preparedness Program, six Occupational Safety and Health Level B suit designs were tested to assess their capability to protect in a chemical warfare agent or biological agent environment. Swatches of material from each suit design were tested for resistance to permeation for both Sarin (GB) and mustard agent (HD). From this data the authors calculated the estimated time it would take to permeate the suit with sufficient agent to cause physiological effects in a person wearing the suit. Each suit design was also tested for its protection factor in an aerosol environment (aerosolized corn oil, which may be representative of a chemical or biological agent, was used). Protection factor is defined as the ratio between the challenge concentration outside the suit and the measured concentration inside the suit. The tests are described, and the calculated breakthrough times and overall protection factors are presented."
U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command
Lindsay, Robert S.
1999-04
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Legal Bases for the Use of Force Against International Terrorism: The U.S. Paradigm of Humanitarian Self-Defense
"This thesis examines the international legal bases to combat international terrorism. Traditional concepts of international law are unsuited to the modern terrorist threat. The application of traditional international law concepts to the 1998 U.S. missile strikes in Afghanistan and Sudan leads to a conclusion that the strikes were an illegitimate extension of customary principles. In addition, multilateral terrorism agreements have been largely ineffective to combat terrorist acts. The United Nations Security Council is ill equipped to deal with the modern terrorist threat as well. This thesis concludes that customary international law has evolved from a sovereignty approach, or peace-based application of the U.N. Charter, to a justice-based approach. This justice-based approach has as its foundation the protection of fundamental human rights, originating in the Charter and developing through the practice of nations and evolution of international law. This evolution of customary international law, toward the protection of human rights as a fundamental principle of legal construction, validates the U.S. paradigm of humanitarian self-defense first articulated after the raid on Entebbe in 1976. The legal analysis thereby shifts from immediacy and concerns of sovereignty, to justness and the lack of manipulation of motive for intervention."
Judge Advocate General School (United States. Air Force)
Brady, Jeffry S.
1999-04
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Highlights of Findings from the Rochester Youth Development Study
"The Rochester Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study of 1,000 urban adolescents, is 1 of 3 coordinated projects supported by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) since 1986 through its Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency (Causes and Correlates). The Rochester study is investigating the causes and consequences of adolescent delinquency and drug use by following a sample of high-risk urban adolescents from their early teenage years through their early adult years. The findings highlighted in this Fact Sheet are based on those presented in 'Taking Stock: An Overview of Findings From the Rochester Youth Development Study' (Thornberry et al., 1998). [...] The Rochester project investigated the adverse developmental consequences of delinquency and drug use. Delinquent behavior and gang membership in adolescence significantly increased the chances for young men to become teenage fathers. Early substance abuse was related to teen parenthood and premature independent living for females, and to impregnating a girl during adolescence and to dropping out of school for males. "
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Thornberry, Terence P.; Browning, Katharine; Porter, Pamela K.
1999-04
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Highlights of Findings from the Denver Youth Survey
"The Denver Youth Survey, a longitudinal study of urban youth, is one of three coordinated projects supported by OJJDP [Office of Juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention] since 1986 through its Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency (Causes and Correlates). The Denver study has been following 1,527 boys and girls from high-risk neighborhoods in Denver who were 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 years old in 1987. The primary goal of the study is to identify social conditions, personal characteristics, and developmental patterns linked to sustained involvement in delinquency and drug use. The findings highlighted in this Fact Sheet are based on those presented in 'Some Not So Boring Findings From the Denver Youth Survey' (Huizinga et al., 1998)."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Browning, Katharine; Huizinga, David
1999-04
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Hurricane Bonnie Assessment: Review of Hurricane Evacuation Studies Utilization and Information Dissemination
"Before Hurricane Bonnie, several hurricane evacuation restudies had been done in both North and South Carolina. Since Bonnie directly affected areas where previous study data were available, there was an opportunity to find out whether previous information collected was accurate, how well products were utilized from past studies, and what improvements could still be made. This report addresses information on behavioral characteristics of evacuees, shelter issues, transportation clearance times, and evacuation decisions."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
1999-04
