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Department of Energy: Environmental Liability Continues to Grow, but Opportunities May Exist to Reduce Costs and Risks
From the Document: "The Department of Energy (DOE) has the difficult task of cleaning up hazardous and radioactive waste at sites across the country. The waste was created by nuclear weapons research and production dating back to World War II and the Cold War. DOE's cleanup mission includes addressing contaminated soil and groundwater; deactivating and decommissioning contaminated facilities; and designing, constructing, and operating facilities to treat millions of gallons of radioactive waste. [...] We prepared this report under the authority of the Comptroller General to assist Congress with its oversight responsibilities. This report describes the status of DOE's environmental liability and challenges and opportunities GAO [Government Accountability Office] has identified that DOE faces in managing its cleanup responsibilities."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-06-08
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Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Program: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress [September 16, 2011]
"This report provides background information and potential issues for Congress on the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS), a relatively inexpensive Navy surface combatant equipped with modular 'plug-and-fight' mission packages. The Navy's proposed FY2012 budget requests funding for the procurement of four LCSs. Current issues for Congress concerning the LCS program include changes or potential changes to the composition of LCS mission modules announced by the Navy in January 2011, the combat survivability of the LCS, and hull cracking on LCS-1. Congress's decisions on the LCS program could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements, and the shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2011-09-16
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Central Asia: Regional Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests [October 12, 2011]
"U.S. policy toward the Central Asian states has aimed at facilitating their cooperation with U.S. and NATO stabilization efforts in Afghanistan and their efforts to combat terrorism, proliferation, and trafficking in arms, drugs, and persons. Other U.S. objectives have included promoting free markets, democratization, human rights, energy development, and the forging of East-West and Central Asia-South Asia trade links. Such policies aim to help the states become what various U.S. administrations have considered to be responsible members of the international community rather than to degenerate into xenophobic, extremist, and anti-Western regimes that contribute to wider regional conflict and instability. […] Congress has been at the forefront in advocating increased U.S. ties with Central Asia, and in providing backing for the region for the transit of equipment and supplies for U.S.-led stabilization efforts in Afghanistan. Congress has pursued these goals through hearings and legislation on humanitarian, economic, and democratization assistance, security issues, and human rights. During the 112th Congress, the Members may review assistance for bolstering regional border and customs controls and other safeguards to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), combating trafficking in persons and drugs, encouraging regional integration with South Asia and Europe, advancing energy security, and countering terrorism. Support for these goals also has been viewed as contributing to stabilization and reconstruction operations by the United States and NATO in Afghanistan. For several years, Congress has placed conditions on assistance to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan--because of concerns about human rights abuses and lagging democratization--which have affected some U.S. diplomatic and security ties. Congress will continue to consider how to balance these varied U.S. interests in the region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nichol, James P.
2011-10-12
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Immigration: Terrorist Grounds for Exclusion and Removal of Aliens [December 20, 2005]
"The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) spells out a strict set of admissions criteria and exclusion rules for all foreign nationals, whether coming permanently as immigrants (i.e., legal permanent residents) or temporarily as nonimmigrants. Notably, any alien who has engaged in or incited terrorist activity, is reasonably believed to be carrying out a terrorist activity, or is a representative or member of a designated foreign terrorist organization is inadmissible. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the INA was broadened to deny entry to representatives of groups that endorse terrorism, prominent individuals who endorse terrorism, and spouses and children of aliens who are removable on terrorism grounds (on the basis of activities occurring within the previous five years). The INA also contains grounds for inadmissibility based on foreign policy concerns. […] This report opens with an overview of the grounds for inadmissibility and summarizes key legislation enacted in recent years. The section on current law explains the legal definitions of 'terrorist activity,' 'engage in terrorist activity,' and 'terrorist organization,' and describes the terrorism-related grounds for inadmissibility and removal. Where relevant, the report discusses how recently enacted legislation, including the REAL ID Act and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-458), affects these matters. This report also briefly discusses the effects that H.R. 4437, the Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, which was introduced by Representative James Sensenbrenner on December 6, 2005 and passed the House as amended on December 16, 2005 by a vote of 239-to-182, would have upon the terrorism-related provisions of the INA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Garcia, Michael John; Wasem, Ruth Ellen
2005-12-20
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Gasoline Prices: New Legislation and Proposals [January 10, 2006]
"The high price of gasoline was an important consideration during the debate on major energy legislation, which ended August 8 as the President signed the Energy Policy Act of 2005, H.R. 6 (P.L. 109-58). However, prices continued to surge, spiking at the end of August when Hurricane Katrina shut down refining operations in the Gulf of Mexico. The continuing crisis renewed attention to some issues that were dropped or compromised in the debate over P.L. 109-58. A large number of factors combined to put pressure on gasoline prices, including increased world demand for crude oil and U.S. refinery capacity inadequate to supply gasoline to a recovering national economy. The war and continued violence in Iraq added uncertainty and a threat of supply disruption that added pressure particularly to the commodity futures markets. […] The gasoline price surge influenced the debate over P.L. 109-58, but the urgency of previous energy crises was lacking. In part, this may be due to the fact that there has been no physical shortage of gasoline or lines at the pump. In addition, the expectation of former crises -- that prices were destined to grow ever higher -- has not been prevalent. However, the persistence of high gasoline and oil prices into a second summer has raised alarms over the economic consequences of the situation, heightened following the disastrous effects of Hurricane Katrina. Another post-Katrina issue is the widespread suggestion that price gouging occurred in the surge in gasoline prices following the disaster."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Behrens, Carl E.; Glover, Carol F.
2006-01-10
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Homeland Security: Coast Guard Operations - Background and Issues for Congress [January 9, 2006]
"The Coast Guard is the lead federal agency for maritime homeland security. The Coast Guard's homeland security operations pose several potential issues for Congress, including adequacy of Coast Guard resources for performing both homeland security and non-homeland security missions, and Coast Guard coordination with other agencies involved in maritime homeland security. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2006-01-09
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S. 1, For the People Act, Hearing Before the Committee on Rules and Administration, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventeenth Congress, First Session, March 24, 2021
This is the March 24, 2021 hearing on "S. 1, For the People Act," held before the U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. From the opening statement of Amy Klobuchar: "At its core, the For the People Act is about three simple ideas: making voting easier, getting big money out of politics, and strengthening ethics rules. These are not radical proposals. These are ideas that nearly everyone in this country agrees with. With this bill, we can make them a reality and ensure that Americans have a democracy that works for them." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Eric Holder, Mac Warner, Jocelyn Benson, Todd Rokita, Michael Waldman, Trevor Potter, Lee Goodman, Fred Wertheimer, Bradley Smith, and Tiffany Muller,
United States. Government Printing Office
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Reaching the Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Science-Driven Approach to Swiftly and Safely Ending the Pandemic, Hearing Before the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis of the Committee on Oversight and Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventeenth Congress, First Session, April 15, 2021
This is the April 15, 2021 hearing on "Reaching the Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Science-Driven Approach to Swiftly and Safely Ending the Pandemic," held before the U.S. House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis of the Committee on Oversight and Reform. From the Opening Statement of James E. Clyburn: "This pandemic has taken a heavy toll on our Nation. More than 550,000 of our fellow Americans have died, more than in any other nation on Earth. Nearly one in 10 has been infected and millions have faced hardships like job loss, mental health struggles, and the loss of a loved one. But today, more than a year into the pandemic, there is reason for hope. Our government's response to the coronavirus crisis is now driven by science and fact, not politics and wishful thinking." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Anthony S. Fauci, Rochelle P. Walensky, and David Kessler.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021
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How COVID-19 is Impacting Small Businesses Across the Food System, Hearing Before the Committee on Small Business, United States House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Second Session, September 30, 2020
This is the September 30, 2020 hearing on "How COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is Impacting Small Businesses Across the Food System," held before the U.S. House Committee on Small Business. From the opening statement of Nydia Velazquez: "Over the last few months, the outbreak of COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented public health crisis and created a dire economic crisis for small firms. Three out of four businesses are experiencing a decrease in revenue since March, and over half of small businesses are concerned about being forced to close. Small businesses across the food supply chain system have been impacted." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Jimmy Wright, Kimberly Gorton, Rob Larew, and Collin Castore.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021
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Immigration, Citizenship, and the Federal Justice System, 1998-2018 (Revised January 27, 2021)
"This report highlights trends in federal arrests and prosecutions by the country of citizenship of persons processed through the federal criminal justice system. It shows changes from 1998 through 2018. The report provides statistics on law enforcement and prosecutions along the U.S.-Mexico border, as well as in non-border areas. It shows the number of suspects arrested and prosecuted for both immigration and non-immigration offenses, including by their citizenship status. It details activities for all 94 federal judicial districts, while also separately detailing activities for the 5 districts along the U.S.-Mexico border."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Motivans, Mark
2021-01-27
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Stand-Down Training Material to Address Extremism in the Ranks
From the Webpage Description: "Today, the Department of Defense released the stand-down training materials to address extremism as one of the initial steps in support of the memo directing commanding officers and supervisors at all levels to conduct a one-day 'stand-down'. The training materials provide services and components information on training and facilitated discussions to address the issues of extremist ideology within the ranks."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Secretary of Defense
2021-02-26?
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3138, State and Local Cybersecurity Improvement Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on June 1, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 3138 would establish a cybersecurity grant program in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). State and local governments would use the grants to address cybersecurity threats and risks to their information systems. The bill also would establish a process for assessing grant applications, reviewing cybersecurity plans, and monitoring the performance of grant recipients. CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 3138 would cost about $1.1 billion over the 2021-2026 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-08
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3261, to Repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on May 19, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 3261 would repeal Public Law 102-1, which authorized the President to use the armed forces to enforce United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-09
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China-U.S. Relations: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy [Updated July 23, 2008]
This CRS report discusses the current issues and implications of China-U.S. relations on U.S. policy. "U.S.-China relations were remarkably smooth for much of the George W. Bush Administration, although there are signs that U.S. China policy now is subject to competing reassessments. State Department officials in 2005 unveiled what they said was a new framework for the relationship--with the United States willing to work cooperatively with China while encouraging Beijing to become a 'responsible stakeholder' in the global system. [...] But other U.S. policymakers have adopted tougher stances on issues involving China and U.S.-China relations. They are concerned about the impact of the PRC's strong economic growth and a more assertive PRC diplomacy in the international arena; about procedures to assure the quality of Chinese pharmaceuticals, food, and other products being imported into the United States; and about trade practices and policies in China that contribute to a strong U.S.-China trade imbalance in the latter's favor. [...] Taiwan, which China considers a 'renegade province,' remains the most sensitive issue the two countries face and the one many observers fear could lead to Sino-U.S. conflict. [...] Other concerns about China appear driven by security calculations in Congress and at the Pentagon, where officials question the motivations behind China's expanding military budget. [...] Bilateral economic and trade issues also are growing matters of concern. U.S. officials and lawmakers particularly criticize China's massive bilateral trade surplus, its failure to halt piracy of U.S. intellectual property rights (IPR), and its continued constraints on currency valuation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dumbaugh, Kerry
2008-07-23
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Performance of Inherently Governmental and Critical Functions: The Obama Administration's Final Policy Letter [October 5, 2011]
"On September 12, 2011, the Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP) within the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued its final policy letter on Performance of Inherently Governmental and Critical Functions. The policy letter is to guide executive branch agencies in (1) identifying inherently governmental and critical functions; (2) ensuring that only federal employees perform inherently governmental functions or work that 'otherwise needs to be reserved to the public sector;' and (3) managing functions that are closely associated with inherently governmental functions and critical functions. The policy letter defines an 'inherently governmental function,' in accordance with the Federal Activities Inventory Reform (FAIR) Act (P.L. 105-270), as 'one that is so intimately related to the public interest as to require performance by Federal Government employees.' […] In support of this policy, the letter directs agencies to (1) ensure that work which should be performed by federal employees is properly reserved for government performance; (2) take steps to employ and train an adequate number of government personnel to administer contracts when work is contracted out; and (3) as part of strategic human capital planning, dedicate a sufficient amount of work to performance by federal employees in order to build competencies, provide for continuity of operations, and retain institutional knowledge of operations. The policy letter establishes two tests for identifying inherently governmental functions, the 'nature of the function' test and the 'exercise of discretion' test, as well as lists examples of inherently governmental functions. These include certain security functions, but not routine building security. The policy letter also directs that, when agencies review outsourced work for potential insourcing, they should place a lower priority on reviewing certain work performed by small businesses, as well as give small businesses preference when determining who performs work that will remain in the private sector after related functions are insourced."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Manuel, Kate; Halchin, L. Elaine; Lunder, Erika
2011-10-05
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Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive [October 13, 2011]
"Attempts to resolve the Cyprus problem and reunify the island have undergone various levels of negotiation for over 45 years. Throughout 2011, Cyprus President Demetris Christofias and Turkish Cypriot leader Dervis Eroglu have continued the negotiation process but have thus far failed to reach a mutually agreed settlement. This stalemate has resulted in a solution for unification still far from being achieved and, coupled with other events, has raised the unfortunate specter of a possible permanent separation. Although both sides have intimated that some convergence of views has been reached in the areas of governance, economy, and EU issues, Christofias and Eroglu have not found common ground on the difficult issues of property rights, security, settlers, and citizenship, areas where both sides have long-held and very different positions and where neither side seems willing or able to make necessary concessions. […] The United States Congress continues to maintain its interest in a resolution of the Cyprus issue. Language expressing continued support for the negotiation process has been included in the House FY2012 Foreign Assistance Authorization bill. The Chairman of the House Europe Subcommittee also led a delegation to Cyprus during a Fall recess to assess the peace process. This report provides a brief overview of the early history of the negotiations, a more detailed review of the negotiations since 2008, and a description of some of the issues involved in the talks."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morelli, Vincent L.
2011-10-13
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Numerical Limits on Employment-Based Immigration: Analysis of the Per-Country Ceilings [October 11, 2011]
"The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) specifies a complex set of numerical limits and preference categories that include economic priorities among the criteria for admission. The INA allocates 140,000 visas annually for employment-based legal permanent residents (LPRs), and they were 14.2% of the total 1.0 million LPRs in FY2010. The INA further specifies that each year, countries are held to a numerical limit of 7% of the worldwide level of U.S. immigrant admissions, known as per-country limits or country caps. Even as U.S. unemployment levels remain high, some employers assert that they continue to need the 'best and the brightest' workers, regardless of their country of birth, to remain competitive in a worldwide market and to keep their firms in the United States. While support for the option of increasing employment-based immigration may be dampened by economic conditions, proponents argue it is an essential ingredient for economic growth. Those opposing increases in employment-based LPRs assert that there is no compelling evidence of labor shortages and cite the rate of unemployment across various occupations and labor markets. […] Those with approved pending cases from China seem to be more evenly split among new arrivals and those seeking to adjust status. Some argue that the per-country ceilings are arbitrary and observe that employability has nothing to do with country of birth. Others maintain that the statutory per-country ceilings restrain the dominance of high-demand countries and preserve the diversity of the immigrant flows. Legislation to revise the per-country ceilings on LPRs has been introduced in the House (H.R. 3012)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Wasem, Ruth Ellen
2011-10-11
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Democratic Republic of the Congo: Peace Process and Current Developments [October 17, 2011]
"In October 2008, the forces of the National Congress for the Defense of the Congolese People (CNDP), under the command of General Laurent Nkunda, launched a major offensive against the Democratic Republic of Congo Armed Forces (FARDC) in eastern Congo. Within days, the CNDP captured a number of small towns and Congolese forces retreated in large numbers. Eastern Congo has been in a state of chaos for over a decade. The first rebellion to oust the late President Mobutu Sese Seko began in the city of Goma in the mid-1990s. The second rebellion in the late 1990s began also in eastern Congo. The root causes of the current crisis are the presence of over a dozen militia and extremist groups, both foreign and Congolese, in eastern Congo, and the failure to fully implement peace agreements signed by the parties. Over the past 14 years, the former Rwandese armed forces and the Interhamwe militia used eastern Congo as a safe haven and carried out many attacks inside Rwanda and against Congolese civilians. […] The DRC [Democratic Republic of Congo] received a total of $296.5 million in FY2009, $282.6 million in FY2010, and $215.9 million in FY2011. The Obama Administration has requested $230.8 million for FY2012. In late July 2010, President Obama signed into law the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L. 111-203). The 2,300-page legislation contains an amendment on Congo Conflict Minerals. The law requires that American companies disclose what kind of measures they have taken to ensure that minerals imported from Congo do not contain 'conflict minerals.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dagne, Theodore S.
2011-10-17
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Veterans' Benefits: Burial Benefits and National Cemeteries [October 12, 2011]
"Burial benefits are monetary and nonmonetary benefits that eligible veterans receive for their military service. Nonmonetary burial benefits have been provided to servicemembers and veterans since the Civil War. Monetary burial benefits have been provided to servicemembers and veterans since World War I. Eligible veterans and active duty members of the Armed Forces can be interred in national cemeteries and can receive government-furnished headstones or markers, presidential memorial certificates, and burial flags. Their spouses or surviving spouses, minor children, and, under certain conditions, unmarried adult children may also be buried in national cemeteries. […] The development of national cemeteries began as a result of the increasing number of Civil War casualties. The National Cemetery Act of 1867 was the first major piece of legislation to provide funds for, and directives about, national cemeteries. Today, there are 131 national cemeteries, along with 33 soldier's lots and monument sites, under the jurisdiction of the VA [Veterans Affairs]. This report provides a descriptive analysis of both nonmonetary and monetary burial benefits and national cemeteries. It addresses congressional and constituent issues, such as who is eligible to receive burial benefits; who can be buried in a national cemetery; what plans does the VA have to build new or expand existing national cemeteries; and what benefits does the VA provide, among others. These issues may be of particular interest to Congress due to the aging of the veteran population, the changes to eligibility requirements, and recent VA report findings and recommendations related to the establishment of national cemeteries."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Scott, Christine A.
2011-10-12
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Review of Highly Rural Community-Based Outpatient Clinics Limited Access to Select Specialty Care
From the Executive Summary: "The VA [Veterans Affairs] Office of Inspector General (OIG) conducted a review to determine the accessibility of three types of specialty care for patients in highly rural Veterans Health Administration (VHA) community-based outpatient clinics (CBOCs). The selected areas of specialty care-- dermatology, orthopedics, and urology--were among those identified as having staffing shortages by VHA facilities in the 'OIG Determination of Veterans Health Administration's Occupational Staffing Shortages FY 2018.' At the time of the OIG review, VHA classified 17 clinics as highly rural CBOCs. The OIG evaluated accessibility, including barriers, and the availability and utilization of resources. The patients reviewed were established patients who needed one or more of the three specialty services during the time frame of March 1, 2018, (or from the date the CBOC became highly rural) through February 28, 2019."
United States. Department of Veterans Affairs. Office of Inspector General
2020-07-07
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Public Law 117-13: COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act
From the Document: "An Act to facilitate the expedited review of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] hate crimes, and for other purposes. [...] The Attorney General shall issue guidance for State, local, and Tribal law enforcement agencies, pursuant to this Act and other applicable law, on how to-- (1) establish online reporting of hate crimes or incidents, and to have online reporting that is equally effective for people with disabilities as for people without disabilities available in multiple languages as determined by the Attorney General; (2) collect data disaggregated by the protected characteristics described in section 249 of title 18, United States Code; and (3) expand public education campaigns aimed at raising awareness of hate crimes and reaching victims, that are equally effective for people with disabilities as for people without disabilities."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-05-20
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Management Alert: Timeliness of Ballot Mail in the Milwaukee Processing & Distribution Center Service Area
From the Document: "This management alert presents issues identified in our review of the Timeliness of Ballot Mail in the Milwaukee Processing & Distribution Center (P&DC) Service Area. This alert responds to a request from U.S. Senators Tammy Baldwin and Ron Johnson and U.S. Representatives Gwen Moore and Bryan Steil to investigate reports of absentee ballots not delivered in a timely manner for the Wisconsin primary election held Tuesday, April 7, 2020. Our objective was to determine the cause of delayed ballot mail in the Milwaukee, WI P&DC service area for the spring election and presidential preference primary of April 7, 2020."
United States Postal Service. Office of Inspector General
2020-07-07
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FY 2020 U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board: Management Challenges
From the Document: "According to the GPRA Modernization Act of 2010 (GPRA stands for 'Government Performance and Results Act'), major management challenges are programs or management functions within or across agencies that have greater vulnerability to waste, fraud, abuse, and mismanagement, and where a failure to perform well could seriously affect the ability of an agency or the federal government to achieve its mission or goals. Per the Reports Consolidation Act of 2000, each fiscal year the Office of Inspector General is to identify major management challenges for the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. In FY 2020, we examined whether the two management challenges we identified in FY 2019--as detailed in Report No. 19-N-0156 [hyperlink], issued May 20, 2019--were addressed. We also sought to identify any new challenges. This report addresses the three CSB goals: [1] Prevent recurrence of significant chemical incidents. [2] Advocate safety and achieve change. [3] Create and maintain an engaged, high-performing workforce."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of the Inspector General
Lewis, Eric; vonHoyer, Andre
2020-07-06
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FY 2019 U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board: Management Challenges
From the Document: "According to the GPRA Modernization Act of 2010 (GPRA stands for 'Government Performance and Results Act'), major management challenges are programs or management functions within or across agencies that have greater vulnerability to waste, fraud, abuse and mismanagement, and where a failure to perform well could seriously affect the ability of an agency or the federal government to achieve its mission or goals. As required by the Reports Consolidation Act of 2000, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) identifies the issues we consider to be the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board's (CSB's) major management challenges each fiscal year. In fiscal year (FY) 2018, we identified two CSB management challenges (Report No. 18-N-0208 [hyperlink], issued June 4, 2018). One has been closed, while the other remains a challenge for FY 2019. This report addresses the following CSB goal: Create and maintain an engaged, high-performing workforce."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of the Inspector General
2019-05-20
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2785, Energy Resource Governance Initiative Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on May 19, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 2785 would require the Department of State to promote sustainable mining practices and resilient supply chains for critical minerals in foreign countries. The department currently promotes sound mining practices, facilitates dialogue with the private sector, encourages private investment in responsible mining projects, and provides technical assistance through its Energy Resource Governance Initiative. Thus, that requirement would be satisfied with current resources and programs. H.R. 2785 also would require the department to report to the Congress on its implementation of the bill. On the basis of information about the costs to prepare similar reports, CBO estimates that satisfying that requirement would cost less than $500,000 over the 2021-2026 period. Such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-08
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1934, Promoting United States International Leadership in 5G Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on March 25, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 1934 would require the President to establish an interagency working group to promote and coordinate leadership by the United States and our allies in international organizations that set standards for mobile telecommunications systems and infrastructure. The working group would be chaired by the Secretary of State and include other relevant federal agencies. The bill also would require the working group to report to the Congress on its efforts under the bill, on a strategy to share security risks with U.S. allies, and on China's activities in international standard-setting organizations."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-08
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2471, Haiti Development, Accountability, and Institutional Transparency Initiative Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on April 21, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 2471 would direct the Department of State and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to prioritize support for human rights, anti-corruption, free press, civil liberties, reconstruction, and development in their engagement with Haiti. It also would require the agencies to develop a strategy to support those efforts and report to the Congress on their progress. Finally, the bill would require the department to brief the Congress on a mass killing in Haiti in 2018."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-08
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China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities - Background and Issues for Congress [November 1, 2011]
"The question of how the United States should respond to China's military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has emerged as a key issue in U.S. defense planning. Admiral Michael Mullen, the then-Chairman of the Joints Chiefs of Staff, stated in June 2010 that 'I have moved from being curious to being genuinely concerned' about China's military programs. The question of how the United States should respond to China's military modernization effort is of particular importance to the U.S. Navy, because many U.S. military programs for countering improved Chinese military forces would fall within the Navy's budget. Decisions that Congress and the executive branch make regarding U.S. Navy programs for countering improved Chinese maritime military capabilities could affect the likelihood or possible outcome of a potential U.S.-Chinese military conflict in the Pacific over Taiwan or some other issue. Some observers consider such a conflict to be very unlikely, in part because of significant U.S.-Chinese economic linkages and the tremendous damage that such a conflict could cause on both sides. […] Potential oversight issues for Congress include the following: whether, in the context of anticipated reductions in planned levels of defense spending, the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime anti-access forces while also adequately performing other missions of interest to U.S. policymakers around the world; the Navy's ability to counter Chinese ASBMs [anti-ship ballistic missiles] and submarines; and whether the Navy, in response to China's maritime anti-access capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2011-11-01
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Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security [Updated July 21, 2008]
This CRS report provides the most recent update on the situation of "Governance and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq." First of all, the report reviews the U.S. policy towards Iraq during the Clinton Administration followed by the "post-September 11, 2001" policy of the Bush Administration which advocated "a regime change policy toward Iraq." Secondly, the report focuses on the issue of "post-Saddam Transition and Governance," and discusses the formation of the new democratic government. The report also provides an update on the "security challenges and responses" which are prevalent throughout Iraq. Finally, the report also provides the results of the Iraq Study Group, as well as other options which the U.S. can take into consideration, such as "further troop increase, immediate and complete troop withdrawal" and setting a timetable for withdrawal etc. A major recommendation proposed by the Iraq Study Group is to have "increased regional, multi-lateral, and international diplomacy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2008-07-21
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Enemy Combatant Detainees: Habeas Corpus Challenges in Federal Court [Updated July 29, 2008]
This CRS report provides an update on the recent federal court cases in which enemy combatants held at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, have "the constitution privilege of habeas corpus." More specifically, "this report provides an overview of the CSRT [Combatant Status Review Tribunals] procedures, summarizes court cases related to the detentions and the use of military commissions, and summarizes the Detainee Treatment Act [DTA], as amended by the Military Commissions Act of 2006, analyzing its effects on detainee-related litigation in federal court. The report summarizes pending legislation and provides an analysis of relevant constitutional issues that may have some bearing on Congress's options with respect to the Guantanamo detainees. [...] The Administration's policy of detaining wartime captives and suspected terrorists at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station has raised a host of novel legal questions regarding, among other matters, the relative powers of the President and Congress to fight terrorism, as well as the power of the courts to review the actions of the political branches. The DTA was Congress's first effort to impose limits on the President's conduct of the Global War on Terrorism and to prescribe a limited role for the courts. The Supreme Court's decision striking the DTA provision that attempted to eliminate the courts' habeas jurisdiction may be seen as an indication that the Court will continue to play a role in determining the ultimate fate of the detainees at Guantanamo. However, the Court did not foreclose all options available to Congress to streamline habeas proceedings involving detainees at Guantanamo or elsewhere in connection with terrorism. Instead, it indicated that the permissibility of such measures will be weighed in the context of relevant circumstances and exigencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elsea, Jennifer; Thomas, Kenneth R.; Garcia, Michael John
2008-07-29
