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Meeting of the U.S.-Russia Working Group on Counterterrorism, Press Statement, Richard Boucher, Washington, DC (July 24, 2002)
This press statement announces that Deputy Secretary of State Richard L. Armitage will co-chair the eighth meeting of the U.S.-Russia Working Group on Counterterrorism with Russian First Deputy Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Trubnikov.
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs
2002-07-24
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Foreign Assistance: Disaster Recovery Program Addressed Intended Purposes, but USAID Needs Greater Flexibility to Improve Its Response Capability, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Document: "As of December 31, 2001, USAID and the other U.S. departments and agencies had expended about $553.1 million or about 89 percent of the disaster recovery funds. The U.S. disaster recovery assistance program made significant achievements in helping the affected countries rebuild their infrastructure and recover from the damage caused by the hurricanes. Although programs varied by country, USAID and the other U.S. departments and agencies generally used the disaster recovery assistance to bring about economic recovery, improve public health and access to education, provide permanent housing for displaced families, and improve disaster mitigation and preparedness. To achieve these broad objectives, USAID funded infrastructure construction and repair, technical assistance and training, loans for farmers and small businesses, and some equipment. In addition to its normal controls, USAID added some precautions to help ensure that funds were spent for intended purposes. For example, USAID channeled much of the assistance through organizations and contractors with proven track records, contracted with management and financial services firms to handle disbursements to vulnerable partners (including host governments), and hired contractors to monitor project progress and quality. In addition, the USAID Inspector General conducted numerous audits and we monitored many projects in process. Although some activities did not go as smoothly as planned, the missions and other U.S. government entities responded to concerns identified through these oversight measures. For example, USAID hired engineers to oversee road repairs, developed a system to track services for housing projects, ensured that a rural health clinic was staffed and operating, improved irrigation for a reforestation project, and installed new latrines at a school undergoing classroom repairs. Other U.S. agencies also provided more accountability over their funds as a result of increased oversight."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2002-07-24
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President Calls for Progress on Homeland Security, Corporate Responsibility and Trade [July 24, 2002]
This transcript includes the July 24, 2002 remarks of President Bush in which he discusses legislation for the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and corporate fraud.
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2002-07-24
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Regional Response Team/Northwest Area Committee: Oil Spill Shoreline Assessment and Cleanup
"It is almost impossible to prevent shoreline oiling during a spill. Thinking through cleanup methods in advance of a moving oil slick is critical. Two things must be considered in a cleanup plan. The type and quantity of the oil must be determined. Oil types vary widely on the degree of impact, ease of cleanup, and persistence of contamination. For example, lighter fuels (diesel, home heating fuel and light crude oils) evaporate quickly, but tend to be more toxic and penetrate deeper in the shoreline. Heavy oils (bunker C, #6 fuel and heavy crude oils) are less toxic to shoreline ecosystems, but are very persistent, difficult to clean, and may smother shoreline organisms. Also, the type of shoreline must be identified."
United States. Coast Guard
2002-07-23
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Combating Terrorism: Preliminary Observations on Weaknesses in Force Protection for DOD Deployments through Domestic Seaports: Testimony of Raymond J. Decker, Director, Defense Capabilities and Management before the Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives
To protect personnel, equipment, and assets, military commanders are required to apply a risk management approach to determine the likelihood that a threat will harm physical assets or individuals and to identify actions to reduce risk and mitigate the consequences of an attack. Uncertainties about seaport security environments exist because comprehensive assessments of threat, vulnerability, and critical port infrastructure and functions have not been completed, and because there is no effective mechanism to coordinate and disseminate threat information at seaports. GAO identified two significant weaknesses associated with the Department of Defense's (DOD) force protection process for deployments through domestic seaports. First, DOD lacks a central authority for overseeing, coordinating, and executing force protection measures while military forces deploy from domestic installations through U.S. seaports. Second, during some stages of deployment, DOD relinquishes control over its military equipment to non-DOD entities, including foreign-owned ships crewed by non-U.S. citizens.
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-07-23
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Memorandum for Daniel J. Bryant, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legislative Affairs: Re: Specter/Harkin Joint Resolution Calling for Congress to Vote on a Resolution for the Use of Force by the United States Armed Forces Against Iraq [July 23, 2002]
"This memorandum sets forth the views of the Office of Legal Counsel on a draft joint resolution recently proposed by Senators Arlen Specter and Tom Harkin, regarding the possible use of force by the U.S. Armed Forces against Iraq. The resolution states that Congress should consider and vote on a resolution authorizing the use of force by the United States before force is used against Iraq. Although the Administration might welcome an expression of Congressional support for any military action the Executive Branch may decide to take against Iraq, such a resolution is unnecessary as a matter of constitutional law. As Chief Executive and Commander in Chief, the President possesses ample authority under the Constitution to direct the use of military force against Iraq, To the extent that the joint resolution suggests that military action against Iraq would be unlawful absent further action by Congress, it relies upon an erroneous interpretation of the Constitution. Moreover, even putting aside any constitutional source of power, statutory authorization for such a military action already exists."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
Yoo, John
2002-07-23
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Europe and Counter-terrorism: Strengthening Police and Judicial Cooperation [July 23, 2002]
"This report discusses Europe's counter-terrorism efforts. The September 11 terrorist attacks have given new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to combat terrorism and other cross-border crimes such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, and financial fraud. For many years, EU efforts to address such challenges were hampered by national sovereignty concerns, insufficient resources, and a lack of trust among law enforcement agencies. However, the terrorist attacks and the subsequent revelation of Al Qaeda cells in Europe has changed this status quo as it becomes increasingly evident that the EU's
open borders and different legal systems allow terrorists and other criminals to move around easily and evade arrest and prosecution. Thus, EU officials have renewed their efforts to harmonize national laws and bring down traditional barriers among member states' police, intelligence, and judicial authorities. As part of this initiative, the EU is also seeking to enhance active ongoing cooperation with U.S. law enforcement and judicial authorities so that information can be meaningfully shared and suspects apprehended expeditiously."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2002-07-23
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5005, Homeland Security Act of 2002
From the Summary: "H.R. 5005 would establish the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the United States' vulnerability to terrorism, minimize the damages from attacks that occur, and help to recover from any attacks. The new department would consist of 30 existing federal agencies or portions of agencies. Each of these agencies would continue to be responsible for carrying out its other, non homeland-security functions. Enacting H.R. 5005 would increase direct spending from federal retirement funds by about $1 million in 2003 and by $5 million over the 2003-2012 period. Therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures would apply. The bill also could affect governmental receipts from import duties and from employee contributions to federal retirement funds, but CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that the amounts would be less than $500,000 annually. H.R. 5005 contains intergovernmental mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA), but CBO estimates that the costs to comply with the mandates would not exceed the threshold established in that act ($58 million in 2002, adjusted annually for inflation). The bill contains no new private-sector mandates as defined in UMRA."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2002-07-23
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3609, Pipeline Infrastructure Protection to Enhance Security and Safety Act
From the Summary: "Under current law, the Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) within the Department of Transportation (DOT) oversees the safety of pipelines that carry either gas or hazardous liquids and provides grants to states for safety programs. For these activities, H.R. 3609 would authorize a gross appropriation of $282 million over the 2003-2006 period. In addition, H.R. 3609 would authorize the appropriation of $80 million over the 2003-2006 period for a new research program to improve pipeline inspection techniques, risk assessments, and technology to detect leaks. The bill also would authorize the appropriation of almost $6 million over the 2003-2006 period for grants to state programs that help excavators coordinate their work with the operators of underground pipelines, and another $4 million over the 2003-2006 period for grants to local communities to improve pipeline safety. Assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 3609 would have a net cost of $141 million over the 2003-2007 period. Enacting H.R. 3609 also would affect governmental receipts, so pay-as-you-go procedures would apply, but CBO estimates that such effects would not be significant. H.R. 3609 contains both intergovernmental and private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA). The bill also would authorize grants to states to reimburse up to 50 percent of the cost of state pipeline safety programs."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2002-07-23
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Joint Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities (TENCAP) Special Projects
"Special projects are intended as a joint forum to explore, as a joint TENCAP community, the best ideas, new concepts, procedures, and equipment for requesting, tasking, processing, analyzing, integrating, exploiting, and disseminating information derived from National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and other joint and Service-unique ground, airborne, or overhead systems. Special projects assess how individual Service TENCAP-related tactics, techniques and procedures, concepts, and technologies may be integrated with existing theater and other Service's initiatives to improve knowledge-based decision making and
facilitate joint operations. These projects may examine current and future system capabilities as well as emerging technologies."
United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
2002-07-22
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Meeting Public Safety Spectrum Needs [Updated July 22, 2002]
"In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, Congress reaffirmed its concern regarding the availability of spectrum to meet the wireless communications needs for public service agencies. Issues include the amount of spectrum available, the timing of spectrum availability, interoperability, interference, technology, access, standards, and funding. The Department of Homeland Security would, as currently proposed, address some of the issues concerning spectrum policy and public safety. Several important policy decisions that would increase the amount and efficiency of spectrum used by first responders and other public safety organizations are currently under consideration by Congress and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This report focuses on key proposals for improving wireless telecommunications for public safety and recent actions to achieve this goal. Efforts by the FCC and other agencies to improve interoperability, reduce interference, and promote new technology are reviewed. Sufficient and appropriate spectrum is fundamental to the future development of wireless communications for public safety. The manner in which the spectrum is allocated is also important and this is illustrated, for example, in the problem of interference to public safety communications. This problem has opened a debate over how to reallocate spectrum not only to reduce interference but also to maximize the benefit to other users in adjacent bands. Business and industrial users, for example, are examining their need for spectrum for applications such as pipeline surveillance and some have petitioned the FCC to reclassify their licenses to reflect the public safety aspects of their private networks."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Moore, L. K. S. (Linda K. S.)
2002-07-22
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U.S. Military Commissions and Fundamental Guarantees for the Accused: Fixing the Rules to Meet Minimum Standards of International Humanitarian Law
In response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, the President has directed the establishment of military commissions. These military tribunals are to be available to try non-nationals accused of violations of the laws of war in the context of the "war on terrorism." The U.S. decision to possibly use military commissions to try international terrorists and their supporters has received significant criticism at home and abroad. Organizations as diverse as the American Bar Association and Human Rights Watch have expressed concern that such specially constituted tribunals may not provide fundamental protections to the accused. It is clear that military commissions are being subjected to close scrutiny to see if they will provide a full and fair trial. The idea that the United States would not provide minimal safeguards to an accused, terrorist or otherwise, contradicts Americans' faith in the rule of law.
United States. Department of the Air Force
Rees, Albert C.
2002-07-22
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Regional Response Team/Northwest Area Committee: In-Situ Burning in Oil Spill Response
"In-situ' burning is the controlled burning of oil 'in place.' On open water, burning requires specialized fire resistant boom because uncontained oil rapidly spreads too thin to sustain combustion. 'In-situ' burning requires less labor than most other techniques and can be applied in areas where other methods cannot be used because of limited access to the spill location or ice conditions. Burning quickly removes large quantities of oil and minimizes the need for recovery and storage."
United States. Coast Guard
2002-07-22
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Anti-Terrorism Technology Key to Homeland Security [July 22, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. Bush expresses his pleasure with the work being done at national laboratories. Bush emphasizes the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The new department will have four primary tasks being protection of the borders, preparedness, detection of weapons of mass destruction, and analysis of intelligence. Bush makes the point of how important scientists are in developing cutting edge technologies that will help secure the homeland.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-07-22
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Effect of the Patriot Act on Disclosure to the President and Other Federal Officials of Grand Jury and Title III Information Relating to National Security and Foreign Affairs, Memorandum Opinion for the Deputy Attorney General [July 22, 2002]
"The Patriot Act amendments to the confidentiality provisions in Rule 6(e) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and 18 U.S.C. § 2517 (part of Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968) did not change this Office's prior opinions that these provisions are subject to an implied exception where disclosure of information is necessary to permit the President to discharge his constitutional responsibilities for national security under Article II. The decision to disclose such information to other Executive Branch officials is a matter for the President himself to determine. He may delegate that authority to others--including by an oral direction--but officials such as the Attorney General may not exercise an inherent constitutional power of the President to disclose such information to others without some direction from the President. The Patriot Act amended Rule 6(e) and Title III to provide that matters involving foreign intelligence or counterintelligence or foreign intelligence information may be disclosed by any attorney for the government (and in the case of Title III, also by an investigative or law enforcement officer) to certain federal officials in order to assist those officials in carrying out their duties. Although the new provision in Rule 6(e) requires that any such disclosures be reported to the district court responsible for supervising the grand jury, disclosures made to the President fall outside the scope of the reporting requirement contained in that amendment, as do related subsequent disclosures made to other officials on the President's behalf."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
2002-07-22
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China-U.S. Trade Issues [Updated July 22, 2002]
"U.S.-China economic ties have expanded substantially over the past several years; total U.S.-China trade rose from $5 billion in 1980 to $122 billion in 2001; China is now the fourth-largest U.S. trading partner. Yet, U.S.-China commercial relations have been strained by a number of issues, including a surging U.S. trade deficit with China (which totaled $83 billion in 2001), China's restrictive trade and investment practices, and its failure to provide adequate protection for U.S. intellectual property rights (IPR). […] The 107th Congress will likely press the Bush Administration to closely monitor China's compliance with its WTO [World Trade Organization] commitments. A number of issues regarding China's compliance have already arisen. The required annual report by the USTR [U.S. Trade Representative] on China's WTO implementation (due in December) will likely become the focal point of potential congressional concerns over China's compliance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2002-07-22
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4547, Cost of War Against Terrorism Authorization Act of 2002
From the Summary: "H.R. 4547 would authorize appropriations totaling $10 billion for fiscal year 2003 for the Department of Defense (DoD) for the conduct of operations in continuation of the war on terrorism. It also contains several provisions that would affect military compensation and that would establish additional teams within the Army National Guard to provide support to civil authorities in the event of an attack involving a weapon of mass destruction. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that appropriation of the authorized amounts for 2003 would result in additional outlays of $9.9 billion over the 2003-2007 period. The bill also contains provisions that would raise the costs of discretionary defense programs over the 2004-2007 period. CBO estimates that those provisions would require additional appropriations of $965 million over those four years.'"
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2002-07-22
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Radio Address of the President to the Nation [July 20, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush to the nation discussing economic security through corporate accountability and expanded trade, and the problem with the lack of terrorism insurance.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-07-20
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Reducing Redundant IT Infrastructure Related to Homeland Security
In announcing his proposal for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the President stated that the Federal government's first priority was the protection and defense of the American people. Achieving true homeland security requires technology that guarantees real-time information sharing and improves decision-making. For example, a border patrol agent in Tijuana must be able to communicate with the Customs station in the port of New York and the Coast Guard base in Miami on a real-time basis. A world-class, unified IT infrastructure linking component agencies to the new Department is essential to accomplish these goals. In view of these security challenges, the purpose of this memorandum is to advise selected heads of DHS component agencies that redundant homeland security IT infrastructure systems will be considered for consolidation or integration. Spending by DHS component agencies' on IT infrastructure will total at least $360M in FY02 and is projected to grow to at least $780M in FY03. Consolidating and integrating infrastructure presents significant opportunities for savings while providing the best investments for our homeland security mission. Therefore, agencies affected by the proposed DHS must: Cease temporarily all IT infrastructure system development and planned modernization efforts above $500,000 pending an expedited review of all DHS component agencies' investments, Identify any current or planned spending on IT infrastructure not included in Attachment A to the memo, Participate in the Homeland Security IT Investment Review Group led by the Office of Homeland Security (OHS) and OMB.
United States. White House Office
2002-07-19
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Activation of New Data Mapping Capability in the ODP On-Line Data Collection Tool
"The Office of Justice Programs (OJP), Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP) is pleased to announce the activation of a new data mapping capability in the ODP On-Line Data Collection Tool. This capability is being provided in direct response to feedback from our state customers indicating a requirement to display jurisdictional threat, vulnerability, and responder competencies in a cartographic environment to support planning efforts at the state level. Each state will only be able to view their data. However, in the initial release of the Data Mapping Tool, data is not available for the following states: Alabama, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, South Carolina and Vermont. Due to the unique nature of the local jurisdictions defined by these states, additional time is required to complete the necessary Data Mapping Tool functionality. This effort is currently underway, and data for use by these states should be available shortly."
United States. Office of Justice Programs. Office for Domestic Preparedness
Mitchell, Andrew T.
2002-07-19
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President Salutes Troops of the 10th Mountain Division [July 19, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush to troops and families of the 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum, New York. Bush commends the troops for their continuous service to the defense of the country and for carrying out their missions with honor. The 10th Mountain Division played an essential role in the liberation of Afghanistan and they continue the fight against terrorism and are prepared to tackle any and all new threats that will arise.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-07-19
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H. Rept. 107-593: Making Supplemental Appropriations for Further Recovery From and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes, Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 4775, July 19, 2002
The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendment of the Senate to the bill (H.R. 4775) making supplemental appropriations for further recovery from and response to terrorist attacks on the United States for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2002, and for other purposes'' having met, after full and free conference, have agreed to recommend and do recommend to their respective Houses as follows: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate, and agree to the same with an amendment, as follows:In lieu of the matter stricken and inserted by said amendment, insert: That the following sums are appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2002, and for other purposes.
United States. Government Printing Office
2002-07-19
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 26, 2002
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with Eating Ground Beef -- United States, June-July 2002"; "Methemoglobinemia Following Unintentional Ingestion of Sodium Nitrite-- New York, 2002"; "Cigarette Smoking Among Adults -- United States, 2000"; "Weekly Update: West Nile Virus Activity -- United States, July 17-23, 2002"; and "Notice to Readers: National Laboratory Inventory as Part of Global Poliovirus Containment -- United States, June 2002". Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2002.htm].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2002-07-19
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 19, 2002
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Tetanus -- Puerto Rico, 2002"; "Pertussis Deaths -- United States, 2000"; "Hepatitis B Vaccination Among High-Risk Adolescents and Adults -- San Diego, California, 1998-2001"; "Weekly Update: West Nile Virus Activity -- United States, July 10-16, 2002"; "Public Health Dispatch: Poliomyelitis -- Madagascar, 2002"; and "Erratum: Vol. 51, No. 27". Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2002.htm]"
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2002-07-19
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Agroterrorism: Options in Congress [Updated July 17, 2002]
This report itemizes Congress' options in combating Agro-terrorism. The report covers possible targets, defenses, threats, economic impacts, and other legislation and developments as well. Although U.S. intelligence agencies have not identified any terrorist acts targeting agricultural production in the United States to date, the events of September 11, 2001 have awakened the nation to their possibility. Some experts estimate that a single agro-terrorist attack using a highly contagious livestock disease could cost between $10 billion and $30 billion to the U.S. economy. Experts also recognize weaknesses in the ability of most nations to prevent and contain a biological attack on their agricultural resources. Limited inspection capabilities, lack of rapid diagnostic tools, inadequate coordination between inspection agencies, and little biosafety training of farmers, agronomists, and veterinarians are among the recognized weaknesses. The goal of agro-terrorism is to cripple the biological infrastructure of a nation's agriculture, i.e., its livestock and its crops. Many links in the agricultural production chain are potentially susceptible to attack with a biological weapon. Congress and the Administration are engaged in discussions to protect agricultural production from a terrorist attack, to promote greater awareness and rapid response.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Segarra, Alejandro E.
2002-07-19
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Intelligence Issues for Congress [Updated July 19, 2002]
"The U.S. Intelligence Community continues to adjust to the post-Cold War environment. Congressional and executive branch initiatives have emphasized enhancing cooperation among the different agencies that comprise the Community by giving greater managerial authority to the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). Priority continues to be placed on intelligence support to military operations and on involvement in efforts to combat narcotics trafficking and, especially since September 11, 2001, international terrorism. Growing concerns about transnational threats are leading to increasingly close cooperation between intelligence and law enforcement agencies. This relationship is complicated, however, by differing roles and missions as well as statutory charters."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Best, Richard A.
2002-07-19
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5132, A Bill to Express the Sense of Congress Concerning the Fiscal Year 2003 End Strengths Needed for the Armed Forces to Fight the War on Terrorism
"H.R. 5132 would express the sense of the Congress that the increases in end-strength authorizations for the armed forces for fiscal year 2003 recommended by the Senate and House of Representatives in their respective versions of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003 are wholly appropriate and justified by the increased missions and tempo of operations associated with prosecution of the war against terrorism. In addition, the bill would express the sense of the Congress that the President and the Secretary of Defense should not reduce, or seek to reduce, the number of members of the armed forces, and that the President should support the increase in end-strength levels for the armed forces recommended by the Senate and House of Representatives for fiscal year 2003 because of the demands of the war against terrorism."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2002-07-19
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AF Policy Directive 10-25: Full-Spectrum Threat Response
This directive establishes policy to ensure the Air Force prepares, plans, trains, and equips personnel to respond to, maintain mission capability, and recover from a full spectrum of physical threat events. This directive also implements policy found in the DoD Directives, Presidential Executive Orders, Public Laws, and International Standards listed in Attachment 1.
United States. Department of the Air Force
2002-07-18
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Critical Infrastructures: Background, Policy, and Implementation [Updated July 18, 2002]
"The nations health, wealth, and security rely on the production and distribution of certain goods and services. The array of physical assets, processes and organizations across which these goods and services move are called critical infrastructures (e.g. electricity, the power plants that generate it, and the electric grid upon which it is distributed). Computers and communications, themselves critical infrastructures, are increasingly tying these infrastructures together. There has been growing concern that this reliance on computers and computer networks raises the vulnerability of the nations critical infrastructures to 'cyber' attacks. In May 1998, President Clinton released Presidential Decision Directive No. 63. The Directive set up groups within the federal government to develop and implement plans that would protect government-operated infrastructures and called for a dialogue between government and the private sector to develop a National Infrastructure Assurance Plan that would protect all of the nations critical infrastructures by the year 2003. While the Directive called for both physical and cyber protection from both man-made and natural events, implementation focused on cyber protection against man-made cyber events (i.e. computer hackers). Those advocating the need for greater cyber security felt that this was a new vulnerability not fully appreciated by system owners and operators in either the private or public sectors. However, given the impact of the September 11 attacks on the communications, finance, and transportation infrastructures, physical protections of critical infrastructures is receiving greater attention."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Moteff, John D.
2002-07-18
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President Bush Affirms War Effort [July 18, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush and President Kwasniewski of Poland to the Michigan Polish American Community. Bush highlights the friendship between Poland and America and their shared passion for Freedom. Bush goes on to expresses gratitude towards Poland for their deployment of troops to Afghanistan, shared intelligence, and crack down on terrorist financing.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-; Kwasniewski, Aleksander
2002-07-18
