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Israel's Possible Annexation of West Bank Areas: Frequently Asked Questions [June 29, 2020]
From the Summary: "Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu has stated his intent for Israel to annex parts of the West Bank in 2020. Annexation could raise issues for Congress, and varying congressional views on the subject have contributed to debate about implications for U.S.-Israel relations. Congress may conduct additional oversight of Trump Administration actions and could modify or place conditions on U.S. funding for Israel, the Palestinians, and various international organizations. [...] Some answers to frequently asked questions in this report address key points of historical context and U.S. policy, how annexation might affect existing realities, and various factors that could influence Israeli decisions on annexation. Considerable debate within Israel focuses on whether the risks of annexation are justified by benefits beyond those that Israel already has from its de facto control over the West Bank areas in question."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2020-06-29
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Visa Waiver Program [Updated June 29, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Visa Waiver Program (VWP), originally established in 1986 as a trial program and made permanent in 2000 (P.L. 106-396), allows nationals from 39 countries, many of which are in Europe, to enter the United States as temporary visitors (nonimmigrants) for business or pleasure without first obtaining a visa. Generally, temporary visitors for business or pleasure from non-VWP countries must obtain a visa from Department of State (DOS) officers at a consular post abroad before traveling to the United States. Some observers argue that the VWP strengthens national security because it sets standards for travel documents, requires information sharing between the member countries and the United States on criminal and security concerns, and mandates reporting of lost and stolen travel documents. VWP travelers have to present e-passports (i.e., passports with a data chip containing biometric information), which tend to be more difficult to alter than other types of passports. Nevertheless, some observers of the program have raised concerns about the possibility that terrorists will enter the United States under the VWP because those entering under the VWP undergo a biographic, rather than a biometric (i.e., fingerprint and digital photograph),security screening and do not need to interview in person with a U.S. consular official before embarking for the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kolker, Abigail F.
2020-06-29
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Overview of Recent Anti-Lynching Proposals [June 29, 2020]
From the Document: "Following the death of George Floyd in police custody in May and the fatal February shooting of Ahmaud Arbery, interest has heightened in legislation that would criminalize lynching--often described as death or bodily injury caused by two or more individuals acting without legal authority. Anumber of states have enacted anti-lynching laws, as localized crimes like murder tend to be a subject of state, rather than federal law. Although the conduct criminalized under those state laws can implicate various federal laws, there is no federal law expressly governing lynching notwithstanding decades of legislative proposals on that front. In June, Members introduced two police reform bills--the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020 (Justice in Policing Act) and the Just and Unifying Solutions To Invigorate Communities Everywhere Act of 2020 (JUSTICE Act)--both of which include 'substantively identical' sections that are described as anti-lynching provisions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Berris, Peter G.
2020-06-29
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 6100, Strengthening the Opposition to Female Genital Mutilation Act of 2020
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on the Judiciary on March 11, 2020. From the Document: "Under current law, carrying out female genital mutilation (FGM) on someone below the age of 18 is a crime, punishable by fine or imprisonment. H.R. 6100 would expand the scope of punishable offenses related to FGM to include: [1] Attempting or conspiring to perform FGM, [2] Being the parent, guardian, or caretaker of a minor and facilitating or consenting to FGM of that minor, and [3] Transporting a minor for the purpose of subjecting her to FGM. H.R. 6100 also would prohibit, as a legal defense to prosecution for such crimes, the assertion by a defendant that FGM is required as a matter of religion, custom, tradition, or ritual."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-06-29
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Automating NIAP Requirements Testing for Mobile Apps
From the Executive Summary: "In the past decade, mobility has evolved from a differentiator or key enabler within the modern information technology (IT) enterprise to a business necessity and operational imperative. Organizations large and small, across all market sectors, have embraced mobility for its benefits, but in the process have assumed all of mobility's endemic risks as well. For federal agencies, the majority of which have made improved mobility core to their enterprise IT strategies, the stakes are particularly high given their critical role. [...] For many years, the National Security Agency (NSA)-funded National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP) has been responsible for overseeing a program that certifies the security of commercial products used in National Security Systems (NSS). While NSS are a special category of systems whose requirements do not apply to most government IT, the success of NIAP's requirements and evaluation model has led many other agencies to adopt its standards as well as the results of its product evaluations when they make IT procurement decisions. Even so, some agencies may prefer a lightweight vetting process that enables them to quickly assess whether their myriad mobile apps comply with NIAP standards, while reserving full and thorough NIAP evaluation for their most critical and sensitive enterprise apps."
United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. National Security Agency
2020-06-29
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Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report- 160
From the Highlights: "Today we report a record number of new cases in the last 24 hours globally (189 077 cases), with several countries reporting their highest number of new cases in a 24-hour period. As Dr Tedros remarked in his media briefing on 24 June, '(E)ven as we continue research into vaccines and therapeutics we have an urgent responsibility to do everything we can with the tools we have now to suppress transmission and save lives.' WHO [World Health Organization] has recently updated guidance on critical actions countries can take. Planes carrying more than 4.7 million items of personal protective equipment, procured by WHO/Europe with funding from the European Union, have landed in Azerbaijan, Belarus and Ukraine over the last two days.The essential protective equipment will help health-care workers in the three countries respond effectively and safely to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The phenomenon of an 'infodemic' has escalated to a level that requires a coordinated response. An infodemic is an overabundance of information-some accurate and some not-occurring during an epidemic. WHO is holding its first Infodemiology Conference, with a public conference on 29 June followed by a scientific conference from 30 June through16 July."
World Health Organization
2020-06-28
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Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report - 159
From the Highlights: "The Access to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Tools (ACT) Accelerator is a global initiative between multiple partners to ensure equitable access to life-saving tools for COVID-19. WHO has published the ACT-Accelerator Investment Case, which provides an overview of the ACT-Accelerator, its goals, and the investments that are required to carry out its mission. WHO [World Health Organization] Director-General Dr Tedros emphasized that 'vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutics are vital tools - but to be truly effective they must be administered with another essential ingredient, which is solidarity'. WHO has published interim guidance on rapid hospital readiness and an accompanying checklist tool, which can be used to monitor the development of operational readiness capacity in hospitals and identify gaps that require investment and action. The checklist covers hospital governance, structures, plans and protocols to rapidly determine the current capacities of hospitals to respond to COVID-19. WHO has published interim guidance on biomedical equipment for COVID-19 case management and an accompanying inventory tool, which countries can use to collect in-depth facility inventories of biomedical equipment re-allocation, procurement and planning for COVID-19 case management. The tool is intended for use from the early stages of an emergency to early recovery."
World Health Organization
2020-06-27
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Performing Broad-Based Testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Congregate Settings
From the Document: "CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] has published an Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], the virus that causes COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], and provided interim considerations for facility-wide testing in specific settings. This document is intended to help public health departments and healthcare providers prepare for broad-based viral testing in facilities after known or suspected SARS-CoV-2 exposure or when there is moderate to substantial transmission in the community, based on guidance for specific settings."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-06-27
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NETEC COVID-19 Webinar Series: Pathophysiology of COVID-19 [video]
From the Video Description: "This webinar will discuss the pathophysiology of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], including a deeper insight into ARDS [acute respiratory distress syndrome], Thromboembolism and the Cytokine Storm." The length of this video is 54:58.
National Emerging Special Pathogen Training and Education Center
Bell, Sonia
2020-06-27
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Constitutional Authority to Regulate the Privacy of State-Collected Contact-Tracing Data [June 26, 2020]
Form the Document: "Amid the ongoing COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, several states have developed and promoted contact-tracing mobile device apps to identify individuals who may have had contact with infected persons. Additionally, the two largest manufacturers of mobile device operating systems, Apple (iOS) and Google (Android), have announced plans to release application programming interfaces (APIs) to 'enable interoperability between Android and iOS devices using apps from public health authorities.' Several bills in the 116th Congress would regulate the privacy of information collected through such contact-tracing apps."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Liu, Edward C.
2020-06-26
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Global Democracy and Human Rights Impacts of COVID-19: In Brief [June 26, 2020]
From the Introduction: "As governments worldwide administer lockdowns, travel limitations, and other restrictions to respond to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some experts have warned of a 'parallel epidemic' of government repression. Proponents of this view maintain that some governments are using the COVID-19 pandemic as a pretext to consolidate political power undemocratically or impose undue restrictions on the exercise of civil and political rights. Meanwhile, even when restrictions may be justified on the basis of public health, the manner of application and enforcement of these measures may raise human rights concerns in some cases. Some Members of Congress have expressed alarm over the implications of COVID-19 for democracy and human rights trends, as evidenced by statements and legislation introduced to date. At the same time, COVID-19's ramifications in this area are diverse and evolving. This In Brief report discusses key democracy and human rights concerns raised by experts and advocates, includes brief country case studies, and discusses potential congressional policy responses. Although some issues discussed herein may be relevant to domestic debates in the United States, this report focuses on democracy and human rights issues internationally and in relation to U.S. foreign policy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weber, Michael A.; Blackwood, Maria A.; Husted, Tomas F. . . .
2020-06-26
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Small Businesses and COVID-19: Relief and Assistance Resources [Updated June 26, 2020]
From the Document: "This CRS [Congressional Research Service] Insight presents selected websites and CRS products potentially relevant to small businesses that are directly affected by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and seeking economic relief and assistance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kreiser, Maria
2020-06-26
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Health Insurance Continuation Coverage Under COBRA [Updated June 26, 2020]
From the Summary: "This report provides a simplified explanation of who qualifies for COBRA [Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985] continuation coverage, the nature of COBRA continuation coverage, and corresponding employer and employee responsibilities. It also incorporates descriptions of the temporary relief that was provided on May 4, 2020, by the Department of Labor Employee Benefits Security Administration and Internal Revenue Service in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (as it pertains to COBRA continuation coverage). This relief extends various COBRA time frames and was intended to help minimize the possibility that individuals would lose health insurance because they failed to comply with certain COBRA time frames during the COVID-19 pandemic."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosso, Ryan J.
2020-06-26
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EU-Japan FTA: Implications for U.S. Trade Policy [Updated June 26, 2020]
From the Overview: "In July 2018, the European Union (EU) and Japan signed a free trade agreement (FTA) after 18 rounds of talks starting in 2013. The deal entered into force in February 2019. The EU and Japan account for about 40% of global trade and 30% of global GDP [gross domestic product]. Japanese and EU officials respectively touted the FTA as the 'world's largest, free, industrialized economic zone' and 'most important bilateral trade agreement ever concluded by the EU.' Then EU Trade Commissioner Cecelia Malmström framed it in strategic terms as a 'powerful signal' to the world that Japan and the EU stand together 'to defend free and fair and sustainable trade in a climate where that is not taken for granted.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.
2020-06-26
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COVID-19: Opportunities to Improve Federal Response and Recovery Efforts, Statement of Gene L. Dodaro, Comptroller General of the United States, Testimony Before the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives
From the GAO [Government Accountability Office] Highlights: "The outbreak of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] quickly spread around the globe. As of June 17, 2020, the United States had over 2 million reported cases of COVID-19, and over 100,000 reported deaths, according to federal agencies. Parts of the nation have seen severely strained health care systems. The country has also experienced a significant and rapid downturn in the economy. Four relief laws, including the CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act, were enacted as of June 2020 to provide appropriations to address the public health and economic threats posed by COVID-19. In addition, the administration created the White House Coronavirus Task Force. [...] [T]his testimony focuses on key actions the federal government has taken to address the COVID-19 pandemic, GAO recommendations for improvement, and evolving lessons learned relevant to the nation's response to pandemics, among other things. GAO reviewed data and documents from federal agencies about their activities and interviewed federal and state officials as well as industry representatives. GAO also reviewed available economic, health, and budgetary data."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Dodaro, Gene L.
2020-06-26
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 26, 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Characteristics of Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Infection by Pregnancy Status -- United States, January 22-June 7, 2020"; "HIV Testing Trends at Visits to Physician Offices, Community Health Centers, and Emergency Departments -- United States, 2009-2017"; "Outbreaks Associated with Untreated Recreational Water -- California, Maine, and Minnesota, 2018-2019"; "Progress Toward Polio Eradication -- Worldwide, January 2018-March 2020"; "Characteristics Associated with Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] -- Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, March-April 2020"; "Potential Indirect Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Use of Emergency Departments for Acute Life-Threatening Conditions -- United States, January-May 2020"; "Notes from the Field: E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury Cases During the COVID-19 Response -- California, 2020"; "Notes from the Field: Measles Outbreak Associated with International Air Travel -- California, March-April 2017"; and"'QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Percentage of Adults Aged ≥ 18 Years Who Currently Have Asthma, by Sex and Race/Ethnicity -- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2017-2018." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2020.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-06-26
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ASPR TRACIE Technical Assistance Request: Economic and Behavioral Health Impacts from Disasters
From the Request: "The requestor asked for resources regarding staffing shortages, unemployment numbers, suicide attempts, behavioral healthcare shortages, and any economic impacts related to recent disasters."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response; United States. Technical Resources, Assistance Center and Information Exchange
2020-06-26
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Black Lives Matter: On Racism and Political Correctness
From the Document: "After the murder of George Floyd on 25 May 2020, demonstrations against anti-black racism spread like wildfire across the US. The entire scene of the policeman kneeling on Floyd's neck for almost nine minutes was broadcast across the media. Floyd's last words, 'I Can't Breathe,' served as a metaphor for the protesters to express a buried cumulative feeling of suffocation and as a slogan to lead the marches around the United States and some Western European countries. Racism has a long history that has intersected with colonialism and slavery in the past. From the outset, it has interacted with the older tendency to attribute genetic characteristics to the class differences between aristocratic families and the general public in colonial countries. The nineteenth century saw a trend of using pseudo-scientific methods to explain the relationship between the physical structure of human groups and the personal characteristics of their members, intellectual abilities, morals and culture."
Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies
Bishara, Azmi
2020-06-26
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [Updated June 26, 2020]
From the Document: "This report provides the results of recent presidential elections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Below are three tables organized by region, that include the date of each country's independence, the name of the most recently elected president or prime minister, and the projected date of the next presidential election. Information in this report was gathered from numerous sources, including the U.S. State Department, Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA's) World Fact Book, International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) Election Guide, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), and other news sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Davis-Castro, Carla Y.
2020-06-26
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Covid-19, Conflict, and Governance Evidence Summary No.6
From the Document: "This weekly Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], Conflict, and Governance Evidence Summary aims to signpost DFID [Department for International Development] and other UK government departments to the latest evidence and opinions on Covid-19 (C19), to inform and support their responses. This week, features resources on: public perceptions of government responses to C19 (comparing views from democracies and non-democracies) and how C19 is shaping European public perceptions on issues around sovereignty, world order, and European cooperation; C19 impacts on peace and transition processes and political trust and social cohesion in Kurdistan Region-Iraq; and how food vulnerability is increasing conflict risks. Many of the core C19 themes continue to be covered this week, including: C19 increasing extreme poverty; C19 increasing gender based violence and gender inequality; the rise of authoritarianism with an interesting paper on negotiating states of emergency; and the changing world order."
Institute of Development Studies (Brighton, England). Knowledge, Evidence and Learning for Development Helpdesk
Herbert, Siân
2020-06-26
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COVID-19 Health Care Provider Relief Fund [June 26, 2020]
From the Document: "In response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, some health care providers limited in-person visits and cancelled elective procedures to reduce the spread of COVID-19, prepare for COVID-19 patients, and conserve personal protective equipment. As a consequence, some providers reported forgone revenue and/or significant financial challenges, making it difficult to sustain services. To address these concerns, Congress established the Provider Relief Fund (PRF, or the Fund) in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (P.L. 116-136) and appropriated $100 billion 'to reimburse, through grants or other mechanisms, eligible health care providers for health care related expenses or lost revenues that are attributable to coronavirus.' The Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (PPPHCEA, P.L. 116-139) added an additional $75 billion to the Fund."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heisler, Elayne J., 1976-
2020-06-26
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Navy Frigate (FFG[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 26, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and discusses potential issues for Congress regarding the Navy's FFG(X) program, a program to procure a new class of 20 guided-missile frigates (FFGs). The Navy's proposed FY2021 budget requests $1,053.1 million (i.e., about $1.1 billion) for the procurement of the second FFG(X)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-06-26
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Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 26, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report focuses on selected precision-guided munitions (PGMs) fielded by the Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. Over the years, the U.S. military has relied on PGMs to execute ground, air, and naval military operations. PGMs have become ubiquitous in U.S. military operations; funding for these weapons has increased dramatically from FY1998 to the present as depicted in. In FY2021, the Department of Defense (DOD) requested approximately $4.1 billion for more than 41,337 weapons in 15 munitions programs. DOD projects requesting approximately $3.3 billion for 20,456 weapons in FY2022, $3.9 billion for 23,306 weapons in FY2023, $3.9 billion for 18,376 weapons in FY2024, and $3.6 billion for 16,325 weapons in FY2025."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.; Ryder, Samuel D.
2020-06-26
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Removal of Nazi Symbols and Inscriptions on Headstones of Prisoners of War in VA National Cemeteries [June 26, 2020]
From the Overview: "On May 12, 2020, the Military Religious Freedom Foundation's Founder and President, Michael L. Weinstein, called on Secretary of Veterans Affairs (VA), Robert Wilkie, to immediately remove three World War II-era headstones located in two VA national cemeteries. These prisoner-of-war (POW) headstones each bear the Iron Cross insignia, representing a Prussian and German military honor that included a swastika when awarded by Nazi Germany. Two of these headstones also have a German-language inscription that translates to 'He died far from his home for Führer, people and Fatherland.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Salazar, Heather M.; DeSantis, Mark K.; Torreon, Barbara Salazar . . .
2020-06-26
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Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report - 158
From the Highlights: "On 25 June, Health Minister Jens Spahn of Germany, and Solidarity and Health Minister Olivier Veran of France, visited WHO [World Health Organization] headquarters. During a press briefing they expressed their solidarity and additional support to both COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] response and WHO's core programmes. Yesterday the Ebola virus disease outbreak in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was declared over after nearly two years. The WHO Regional Office for Africa and partners are now building on the Ebola response to tackle COVID-19 in the country. Additionally, WHO is supporting other countries in Africa as the COVID-19 pandemic accelerates in the region. In a press briefing yesterday, Dr Hans Henri P. Kluge, WHO Regional Director for Europe, spoke about COVID-19 in the region and how digital technology and artificial intelligence can empower people and play a leading role in optimizing efforts to control transmission of the disease. Today's 'Subject in Focus' highlights the WHO Health Security Learning Platform and how it may be used by national Rapid Response Teams."
World Health Organization
2020-06-26
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Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs): Frequently Asked Questions [Updated June 26, 2020]
From the Summary: "Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs) offer a range of services for veterans, servicemembers, dependents, and survivors. Some VSOs may provide programming for veterans in their communities, such as job fairs; others may organize events to raise money for a subset of veterans, such as housing for homeless veterans. Some VSOs train individuals to meet federal regulatory requirements to become accredited representatives who can represent claimants before the Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA's) regional offices and its Board of Veterans' Appeals. This report answers frequently asked questions to clarify how VSOs are funded, administered, and connected to the federal government."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Breslauer, Tamar B.; Davis, Carol D.
2020-06-26
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Water Infrastructure Legislation in the 116th Congress: EPA, Reclamation, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Provisions [June 26, 2020]
From the Document: "Legislation in the 116th Congress addresses water infrastructure activities of several federal agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). This Insight highlights water infrastructure programs and authorities administered by these agencies that are included in three bills: [1] Moving Forward Act (H.R. 2; Rules Committee Print 116-54), [2] Drinking Water Infrastructure Act of 2020 (DWIA 2020; S. 3590), and [3] America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2020 (AWIA 2020; S. 3591). The final section of the Insight identifies other water-related topics addressed in the Moving Forward Act and AWIA 2020, including authorities for other agencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Humphreys, Elena H.; Ramseur, Jonathan L. . . .
2020-06-26
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Executive Order 13933: Protecting American Monuments, Memorials, and Statues and Combating Recent Criminal Violence
From the Purpose: "The first duty of government is to ensure domestic tranquility and defend the life, property, and rights of its citizens. Over the last 5 weeks, there has been a sustained assault on the life and property of civilians, law enforcement officers, government property, and revered American monuments such as the Lincoln Memorial. Many of the rioters, arsonists, and left-wing extremists who have carried out and supported these acts have explicitly identified themselves with ideologies--such as Marxism--that call for the destruction of the United States system of government. Anarchists and left-wing extremists have sought to advance a fringe ideology that paints the United States of America as fundamentally unjust and have sought to impose that ideology on Americans through violence and mob intimidation. They have led riots in the streets, burned police vehicles, killed and assaulted government officers as well as business owners defending their property, and even seized an area within one city where law and order gave way to anarchy. During the unrest, innocent citizens also have been harmed and killed."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Trump, Donald, 1946-
2020-06-26
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Bahrain: Unrest, Security, and U.S. Policy [Updated June 26, 2020]
From the Summary: "Bahrain is a small island nation, ruled by a hereditary monarchy, that is in a partnership with other Arab monarchies of the Persian Gulf called the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman). Bahrain is led by King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, who succeeded his father, Shaykh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, upon his death in 1999. U.S.-Bahrain ties are long-standing and have deepened over the past four decades as the Gulf region has become highly volatile. The country has hosted a U.S. naval command headquarters for the Gulf region since 1948, and the United States and Bahrain have had a formal Defense Cooperation Agreement (DCA) since 1991. In 2004, Bahrain was designated by the United States as a 'major non-NATO ally.' There are nearly 5,000 U.S. forces, mostly Navy, serving at the naval facility and other bases in Bahrain, and the country is a significant buyer of U.S.-made arms. In 2014, Bahrain joined the U.S.-led coalition combatting the Islamic State and flew strikes against the group's fighters in Syria that year."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2020-06-26
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Libya: Conflict, Transition, and U.S. Policy [Updated June 26, 2020]
From the Overview: "Libya's 2011 uprising and conflict brought Muammar al Qadhafi's four decades of authoritarian rule to an end. Competing factions and alliances--organized along local, regional, ideological, tribal, and personal lines--have jockeyed for influence and power in post-Qadhafi Libya, at times with the backing of rival foreign governments. In 2018, Ghassan Salamé, then-Special Representative of the U.N. Secretary-General (SRSG) and head of the U.N. Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), argued that Libyans were struggling to overcome a political 'discourse of hatred' and 'mutual exclusion' that had prevented the completion of the country's transition to date. This discourse is in part a legacy of Qadhafi's decades of divisive rule and in part a product of the divisiveness, insecurity, and zero-sum competition that have followed his downfall."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchard, Christopher M.
2020-06-26
