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Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan
This document outlines the re-structuring of government agencies to create a central agency for domestic defense as a result of the Homeland Security Act of 2002.
United States. White House Office
2002-11-25
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Five Minutes Past Midnight: Clear and Present Danger of Nuclear Weapons Grade Fissile Materials
While weapons of mass destruction have been recognized as a "major threat to our security," with nuclear weapons being the most potentially devastating, it is less understood that growing stockpiles of nuclear weapons grade fissile materials (plutonium and highly enriched uranium) are also a "clear and present danger" to international security. Much of this material is uncontrolled and unsecured in the former Soviet Union (FSU). The proliferation risks of fissile materials are great and there are no short term solutions. Of immediate concern is the breakdown of societal controls in the FSU and the huge amount of unsecured and uncontrolled fissile materials. There is no national material control and accounting in Russia. No one knows exactly how much fissile materials they have, and at most sites not only do they not know how much they have, they do not know if any is missing. A bankrupt atomic energy industry, unpaid employees and little or no security has created a climate in which more an more fissile materials will likely be sold in black markets or diverted to clandestine nuclear weapons programs or transnational terrorist groups. Growing stockpiles of plutonium are another major proliferation risk. Despite the seemingly hopeless magnitude of the problem, a number of non-proliferation efforts have been taken to strengthen the international non-proliferation regime. The US will have to take the lead--because no one else can--to meet this challenge through the entire range of political and economic tools discussed.
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Lambert, Stephen P.
1995-01
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Nuclear Proliferation: Diminishing Threat
This paper proposes an unusual and more sanguine view of the problem of nuclear proliferation. Dr Kincade points out that the pace of nuclear weapons testing and deployment has slowed in recent decades, while there has concurrently been an increase in the availability of nuclear knowledge. While non-proliferation efforts by the supplier states may explain part of this success, he postulates that domestic political decisions by potential proliferators play an equal or greater role. Deciding whether or not to weaponize and deploy a nuclear capability is certainly not the first step for a state wishing to achieve nuclear status, but it may be the most important. Here a number of domestic factors come into play that have little to do with international constraints or concerns about prestige: economics, internal politics, government learning, generational change, and so on. Kincade's findings are counterintuitive in the proliferation literature, and, if true, suggest that the problem cannot be dealt with solely using traditional means. Dr Kincade's thesis merits careful consideration by those involved in the proliferation debate as well as those in the policy making community.
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Kincade, William H.
1995-12
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Weapons Proliferation and Organized Crime: The Russian Military and Security Force
The proliferation of weapons of all types, especially weapons of mass destruction (WMD), has emerged as a primary international security challenge in the post-Cold War era. This paper examines the critical issue of weapons proliferation in a unique way by focusing on how criminality in the former Soviet Union (FSU) exacerbates this problem. Undoubtedly, this dimension of the weapons proliferation problem does not receive enough attention, is not well understood, and presents extremely difficult policy-making challenges. As the author points out, many very worrisome proliferation ingredients are already present in the FSU, including huge stockpiles of conventional arms and WMD; widespread corruption, turmoil, and uncertainty in military and security establishments; and the potential for huge profits from state and nonstate markets. Adding organized crime to this volatile mix creates an explosive recipe and marks the FSU as the primary source of weapons proliferation for years to come. Overall, this study reaches four main conclusions. First, Russian military and security organizations are the primary sources for the flourishing illegal weapons trade within and outside of the FSU. Second, military criminality is playing an integral role in facilitating the illegal weapons trade. Third, weapons proliferation is fostered by extensive ties between criminal Russian military organizations and criminal elements within the Russian civil sector. Finally, the aforementioned factors raise substantial doubts about the avowed security of the Russian nuclear and CW stockpiles. These conclusions have enormous implications for American and Western policy makers as they attempt to craft mechanisms like the CTR to deal effectively with the threat of weapons proliferation from the FSU.
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Turbiville, Graham Hall
1996-06
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Melancholy Reunion: A Report from the Future on the Collapse of Civil-Military Relations in the United States
"Melancholy Reunion" picks up where "The Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012" left off. The year is now 2017, and two years have elapsed since the countercoup that returned the U.S. government to civilian control. The United States has suffered not only defeats in the High-Tech War of 2007 and the Second Gulf War of 2010, but also a military coup in 2012. That coup, engineered by a highly politicized officer corps that blamed these bloody losses on "incompetent" civilian leaders, was initially welcomed by a public exasperated with elected government. Only a few years of repressive military rule had passed, however, before the countercoup in 2015. The chastened electorate placed the thoroughly disgraced armed forces under draconian civilian control. The speaker in this essay addresses the twentieth reunion of the Air University classes of 1997, a rather melancholy event under the circumstances. He examines civil-military relations issues emerging in the 1996-1997 time frame that, with the benefit of twenty-first century hindsight, foretold the coming catastrophes.
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Dunlap, Charles J., 1950-
1996-10
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North Korea's Nuclear Program: Clinton Administration's Response
This paper highlights a potential source of unrest and instability in Northeast Asia. It addresses the suspected North Korean nuclear weapons program and the policies that the Bush and Clinton administrations employed to meet this perceived threat. In particular, the paper focuses on the counterproliferation policy efforts of the Clinton administration over the past two years, leading to the arguable success of the October 1994 US-North Korean agreements. Col Berry then analyzes the counterproliferation policy and draws conclusions as to whether it can serve as a model for similar efforts to stem proliferators in other regions of the world.
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Reynolds, Rosalind R.
1995-03
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Nuclear Data for Homeland Defense and National Security
This data sheet covers the U.S. Nuclear Data Program, including Initiatives, National Nuclear Data Center, Safeguards and Nuclear Materials Management, Nuclear Interrogation, Stockpile Stewardship, and New Generation of Reactors, including many graphics. Nuclear data represent an essential part of nuclear technology information of homeland defense and national security, with substantial need for its improvement and development.
United States. Department of Energy
2002
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Lords of the Silk Route: Violent Non-State Actors in Central Asia
This paper, while it reports the
results of research undertaken across the year prior to the events of
September 11 and their aftermath, presents an analysis that is both
timely and relevant given those events. The two authors--each of whom is individually the winner of a previous INSS outstanding research award--develop and test a systematic, targeted, and useful methodology for examining the non-state political violence and its practitioner that the United States now faces. Their analysis also is grounded in Central Asia, a new but increasingly important region to United States military interest and presence. The paper stands well on either of those legs--a systematic methodology for violent non-state actors or a detailed and security oriented examination of an emerging critical region. Taken together, the two legs mark it as a singularly significant work, one well worthy of serious study. It is the contention of this paper that the new warlords of the
developing world pose a pressing security challenge for which regional governments and western powers, including the United States (US), are not adequately prepared. The post-heroic objectives and asymmetric methods embraced by VNSAs shatter the
assumptions of the "Clausewitzian Trinity" on which the modern nation-state roots its conception of conflict. The new VNSAs are
already challenging our understanding of how traditional constructs of deterrence, coercion and warfighting apply. Developing viable policies and responses to these threats demands a rigorous examination of the linkages between the spawning of VNSAs and
transnational security issues at the sub-national level. We further assert that non-traditional security issues, such as resource scarcity and demographics pressures, are gaining relevance as explanatory factors in the transformation from passive individual deprivation to violent collective action.
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Thomas, Troy S.; Kiser, Stephen D.
2002-05
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FCC Staff Report on NTIA's Study of Current and Future Spectrum Use by the Energy, Water and Railroad Industries
This Report addresses matters identified in the NTIA Report to Congress in January of 2002, and it reflects the Federal
Communications Commission's efforts to meet the communications needs of the energy, water and railroad industries. Energy, water and railroad interests are critical to the nation's infrastructure and rely on radio spectrum to perform core operations, ranging from routine
monitoring to emergency responses. The Commission is especially sensitive to needs involving
domestic security concerns. Therefore, the spectrum needs of the designated industries as well
as others must be very carefully balanced and efficient use of the spectrum must be encouraged. Recent and ongoing actions of the Commission, as will be discussed, demonstrate how the Commission is responding to maximize the use of the airwaves. The Report is divided into three sections. Section I provides the background on the NTIA Report and this Report, presents the major concerns identified in the NTIA Report, and offers an overview of the communications systems used by the energy, water and railroad industries ("designated industries") and the bands currently used by these industries. Section II addresses major actions that the Commission has taken to address the spectrum requirements of the designated industries. Section III provides the FCC Staff's response to the matters identified by NTIA.
United States. Federal Communications Commission
Intoccia, Gregory F. (Gregory Francis)
2002-07-30
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Domestic Preparedness Program Evaluation of the Agilent GC-FPD/MSD (Gas Chromatograph-Flame Photometric Detector/Mass Selective Detector) System Against Chemical Warfare Agents: Summary Report
This report characterizes the chemical warfare (CW) agent detection potential of the commercially available Agilent GCFPD/ MSD linked to a Dynatherm system. This system is a thermal desorption, sample concentrating GC-FPD/MSD (gas
chromatograph-flame photometric detector and mass selective detector). The system was tested against HD, GB, and GA with the intent to detect the AEL level concentration. This report is to provide the emergency responders concerned with CW agent detection and verification an overview of the capabilities of the system. The system is planned for use in a mobile analytical laboratory.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Longworth, Terri L.; Baranoski, John M.; Ong, Kwok Y.
2002-10
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United States Coast Guard National Strike Force
A presentation from the World Wide Chemical Conference 19 (XIX) by the commander of the U.S. Coast Guard [USCG] National Strike Force. Outlines primary mission of the Strike Force which includes expertise in chemical, oil, and bio tactical response. The Force's primary mission is to "provide assistance to USCG and EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] Federal On Scene Coordinators while executing their responsibilities under the National Contingency Plan, the Federal Response Plan, and/or Domestic Terrorism Conplan."
United States. Coast Guard. National Strike Force
Hartley, Scott
2002-09-11
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DOD 3150.8-M: Nuclear Weapon Accident Response Procedures (NARP)
"This manual has been developed by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) under the authority of Department of Defense Directive 3150.8, 'DoD Response to Radiological Accidents,' June 13, 1996, and supersedes DoD Manual 5100.52-M, 'Nuclear Weapon Accident Response Procedures (NARP) Manual,' September 4, 1990.
This manual provides planners for Combatant Commanders, the Services, Response Task Force (RTF) Commanders and Initial Response Force (IRF) Commanders with the information necessary to understand the overall response concept, the role of the IRF and RTF, the relationship of the IRF, RTF, and DoD to other Federal agencies. This manual also provides guidance in conducting site remediation activities following an accident involving a nuclear weapon in DoD custody or other types of radiological accidents or incidents. This manual provides a national RTF organization, identifies applicable DoD publications and resources used in response efforts. This manual also describes the substantial resources other Federal agencies make available to assist in the response effort."
United States. Department of Defense
1996
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Domestic Preparedness Program: Testing of HAZMATCAD Detectors Against Chemical Warfare Agents: Summary Report
This report characterizes the chemical warfare (CW) agent detection potential of the commercially available HAZMATCAD. Three HAZMATCAD instruments were tested against HD, GB, and GA vapors under various conditions. This report is intended to provide the emergency responders concerned with CW agent detection an overview of the detection capabilities of the HAZMATCAD. The test concept was as follows: determine the minimum detectable level (MDL), the lowest concentration where repeatable detection readings are achieved for each selected CW agent, (the current military Joint Services Operational Requirements (JSOR) for point sampling detectors served as a guide for detection sensitivity objectives); investigate the effects of humidity and temperature on instrument performance; observe the effects of potential interfering vapors upon instrument performance in the laboratory and in the field.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Longworth, Terri L.; Baranoski, John M.; Ong, Kwok Y.
2002-02
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Domestic Preparedness Program: Testing of Detectors Against Chemical Warfare Agents - Summary Report (UC AP2C Portable Chemical Contamination Control Monitor Collective Unit)
This report characterizes the chemical warfare (CW) agent detection potential of the commercially available UC AP2C Portable Chemical Contamination Control Monitor Collective Unit. These detectors were tested against HD, GB, and GA vapor at various conditions. This report is intended to provide the emergency responders concerned with CW agent detection an overview of the detection capabilities of these detectors.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Longworth, Terri L.; Ong, Kwok Y.
2001-05
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Domestic Preparedness Program: Testing of the CAM-Chemical Agent Monitor (Type L) Against Chemical Warfare Agents: Summary Report
This report characterizes the chemical warfare (CW) agent detection potential of the commercially available CAM Chemical Agent Monitor (Type L). This instrument was tested against HD, GB and GA vapor at various conditions. This report is intended to provide the emergency responders concerned with CW agent detection an overview of the detection capabilities of these instruments.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Longworth, Terri L.; Ong, Kwok Y.
2001-08
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Testing of Commercially Available Detectors Against Chemical Warfare Agents: Summary Report
Five commercial detector types including photoionization, flame ionization, anc colorimetric detector tubes, were tested against HD, GB, and GA vapor at various conditions. These detectors were also challenged with potential interferent vapors. This summary report characterizes the chemical warfare (CW) agent detection potential of these detectors. It is intended to provide the emergency responders concerned with CW agent detection an overview of the detection capabilities of these detectors' characteristics based on results of the evaluation.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Longworth, Terri L.; Ong, Kwok Y.; Barnhouse, Jacob L. . . .
1999-02
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Domestic Preparedness Program: Testing of APD2000 Chemical Warfare Agent Detector Against Chemical Warfare Agents: Summary Report
This report characterizes the chemical warfare (CW) agent detection potential of the commercially available APD2000 Chemical Agent Detector. These detectors were tested against HD (Mustard), GB (Sarin), and GA (Tabun) vapor at various conditions. This report is intended to provide the emergency responders concerned with CW agent detection an overview of the detection capabilities of these detectors.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Longworth, Terri L.; Ong, Kwok Y.; Barnhouse, Jacob L.
2000-08
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Domestic Preparedness Program: Testing of M90-D1-C Chemical Warfare Agent Detector Against Chemical Warfare Agents: Summary Report
This report characterizes the chemical warfare (CW) agent detection potential of the commercially available M90-D1-C Chemical Agent Detector. These detectors were tested against HD, GB, and GA vapor at various conditions. This report is intended to provide the emergency responders concerned with CW agent detection an overview of the detection capabilities of these detectors.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Longworth, Terri L.; Ong, Kwok Y.; Barnhouse, Jacob L.
2000-12
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Changing Face of the Department of of Defense's Chemical Biological Defense Chemical Biological Defense Program
A Presentation made at the World Wide Chemical Conference XIX by the Deputy Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Chemical and Biological Defense about the past, present and future of the DoD's Biological Defense program.
United States. Department of Defense
Johnson-Winegar, Anna
2002-10-19
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Transforming Chemical and Biological Defense Acquisition
A presentation from the World Wide Chemical Conference XIX by the U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Agency about the current and future capabilities chemical and biological acquisition process.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Reeves, Stephen, V.
2002-09
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New Normalcy... and the Way Ahead: Understanding the Coast Guard's Maritime Homeland Security and National Defense Missions
A presentation from the World Wide Chemical Conference XIX by representatives from the U.S. Coast Guard outlining the organizations new role in maritime homeland security as a result of the September 11 terrorist attacks.
United States. Coast Guard
O'Dell, Mike
2002-09
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Test Results of Level B Suits to Challenge by Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents and Simulants: Summary Report
Six Level B protective suits were tested for GB and HD permeation swatch testing using modified procedures of TOP 8-2-501. Agent break-through times were calculated for each suit. Aerosol agent simulant tests of suit systems were conducted to measure overall protection factors of the suit.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Lindsay, Robert S.
1999-04
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Domestic Preparedness: Sarin Vapor: Challenge and Corn Oil Protection Factor (PF) Testing of Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Systems and Cartridges
Under the Domestic Preparedness (DP) Expert Assistance Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) Evaluation Program, the Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC) was tasked to perform testing of Commercial Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Systems and Cartridges. Three tests were performed: (1) Chemical agent
breakthrough testing of PAPR cartridges (specifically the organophosphorus nerve agent GB, known as Sarin), (2) Combined Sarin-challenge testing of cartridges and facepiece facial seals using a manikin headform equipped with simulated-breathing pumps, and (3)
Corn oil Protection Factor (PF) testing of PAPR Systems using human subjects. The PF testing examines the face seal only, the breakthrough testing with Sarin examines the
cartridge adsorption efficiency only, and the combined test examines both under high concentration challenge conditions. The chemical agent testing was done by Chemical
Evaluation Laboratory, Surety Team, Engineering Directorate. The PF testing was done by the Mask Fit Test Facility, Non-Surety Team, Engineering Directorate. The first objective of the task was to determine the protection potential of the PAPRs against the organophosphorus nerve agent, Sarin (GB). GB is the standard nerve
agent used in military testing. It is the most volatile of the nerve agents and hence more suitable for vapor testing. There are presently no standardized qualification procedures
developed for these types of applications. Therefore, a draft version of procedures
developed by the U.S. Army Chemical Agent Safety and Health Policy Action Committee (CASHPAC), and methods and requirements established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) were used as guides in developing the test
procedures used for the DP applications. The test procedures are described in subsequent sections of this report. The second objective was to perform Protection Factor (PF) testing of the PAPR systems being challenged by a corn oil aerosol. This is a standard Army procedure used
by all military services.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Pappas, Alex G.; Campbell, Lee E.
1999-02
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Sarin Vapor Challenge and Corn Oil Protection Factor (PF) Testing of Commercial Air-Purifying Negative Pressure Respirators
Results of performance testing of commercial air-purifying negative pressure respirators (NPR) are described. Three series of tests were performed: (1) breakthrough time determinations of cartridges/canisters against Sarin (GB), (2) GB vapor breakthrough determination of entire NPR systems using manikin headform and simulated breathing, and (3) corn-oil protection factor determinations of NPR systems using human subjects. Results indicate that cartridges provide adequate resistance to GB breakthrough against high-concentration challenges, but that corn oil aerosol and high-concentration GB vapor penetration into the breathing zone of the NPR occurs at unacceptable levels.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Pappas, Alex G.; Campbell, Lee E.; Lins, Ray
2002-12
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Sarin Vapor Challenge and Corn Oil Protection Factor (PF) Testing of 3M BE10 Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) with AP3 Cartridge
Results of performance testing of the 3M Model BE10 powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) are described.
Three series of tests were performed: (1) breakthrough time determinations of PAPR Cartridge Model AP3 against Sarin (GB) (2) GB vapor penetration determination of entire PAPR systems using manikin headform and simulated breathing, and (3) corn-oil protection factor determinations of PAPR systems using human subjects. Results indicate that cartridges provide adequate resistance to GB penetration against high concentration challenges, but that corn oil aerosol and high concentration
GB vapor penetration into the breathing zone of the PAPR occurs at high levels, possibly through the hood-type head enclosure and/or the exhalation valve.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Pappas, Alex G.; Campbell, Lee E.; Lins, Ray
2001-06
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Test Results of Air-Permeable Charcoal Impregnated Suits to Challenge by Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents and Simulants: Executive Summary
Swatches from five commercially available air-permeable charcoal impregnated protective suits were challenged with liquid droplets of Sarin (GB) and mustard (HD) using modifications of the convective permeation test procedure described in TOP 8-2-501. The cumulative mass of each agent that permeated each swatch was determined over time, and the results for all swatches were used to determine a weighted-average cumulative mass for each suit. From these data, a physiologically-derived breakthrough time was calculated for each suit for the purposes of comparison. In addition, intact suits were challenged with corn-oil aerosol to simulate a biological or chemical aerosol. Protection factors were determined for each suit.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Lindsay, Robert S.; Pappas, Alex G.
2002-09
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Tests of Level B Suit: Protection Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents and Simulants: Executive Summary
Six Level B protective suits were tested for GB and HD permeation swatch testing using modified procedures of TOP 8-2-501. Agent break-through times were calculated for each suit. Aerosol agent simulant tests of suit systems were conducted to measure overall protection factors of the suit.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Lindsay, Robert S.
1999-04
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Test Results of Phase 2 Level B Suits to Challenge by Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents and Simulants: Executive Summary
Swatches from seven commercially available Level B protective suits were challenged with liquid droplets of Sarin (GB) and mustard (HD) using modifications of the static diffusion procedure described in TOP 8-2-501. The cumulative mass of each agent that permeated each swatch was determined over time, and the results for all swatches were used to determine a weighted-average cumulative mass for each suit. From this data, a break-through time was calculated for each suit for the purposes of comparison. In addition, intact suits were challenged with corn-oil aerosol to simulate a biological or chemical aerosol. Protection factors were determined for each suit.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Lindsay, Robert S.
2001-02
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Domestic Preparedness Program: Test for Mustard (HD) Liquid Challenge of Hoses for Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
This report contains information on the testing of hoses for Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) against permeation by liquid mustard (HD). Under the Domestic Preparedness (DP) Expert Assistance Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) Evaluation Program, the Chemical Biological Center (CB) was tasked to perform testing of hoses for Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
against permeation by liquid mustard (HD). HD is a military chemical agent whose action is vesicant (blistering). It is used as a standard permeation test challenge
because it permeates most protective materials more rapidly than any other chemical agent, thus shortening the test time to detection of permeation. The DP Program includes response to incidents of military chemical agent, thus shortening the test time
to detection of permeation. The DP Program includes response to incidents of military chemical agents dispersed in a civilian setting, therefore the requirement for testing
responders' personal protective gear against these agents. If the components of the PPE resist HD permeation for a specified time, it is certain that the components will
resist permeation by any other chemical agent for the same time. The actual permeation testing was assigned to the Chemical Evaluation Laboratory, Surety Team,
Engineering Directorate, which has many years experience in testing military breathing hoses against HD, using a standard method. The requirement for test results was
given to the laboratory as one hour resistance to HD permeation. The purpose of the test was to collect data on the performance of the hoses against HD challenges.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Campbell, Lee E.; Sneeringer, Paul V.
1999-01
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Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM)
The MARSSIM provides information on planning, conducting, evaluating, and documenting building surface and surface soil final status radiological surveys for demonstrating compliance with dose or risk-based regulations or standards. The MARSSIM is a multi-agency consensus document that was developed collaboratively by four Federal agencies having authority and
control over radioactive materials: Department of Defense (DOD), Department of Energy (DOE),
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The MARSSIM's objective is to describe a consistent approach for planning, performing, and
assessing building surface and surface soil final status surveys to meet established dose or risk-based
release criteria, while at the same time encouraging an effective use of resources. The Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) provides a nationally consistent consensus approach to conducting radiation surveys and investigations at potentially contaminated sites. This approach should be both scientifically rigorous and flexible enough to be applied to a diversity of site cleanup conditions. MARSSIM's title includes the term "survey" because it provides information on planning and conducting surveys, and includes
the term "site investigation" because the process outlined in the manual allows one to begin by investigating any site (i.e., by gathering data or information) that may involve radioactive contamination.
United States. Department of Defense; United States. Environmental Protection Agency; United States. Department of Energy . . .
2000-08
