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Nordic Countries and U.S. Relations [Updated August 26, 2019]
From the Document: "The five Nordic countries--Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden--share deep historical, linguistic, and cultural ties and many political and economic similarities. They are all stable democracies with parliamentary systems of government and prosperous market economies with relatively high standards of living. With a total population of roughly 27 million people, the Nordics collectively form the world's 12th-largest economy. [...] In recent years, migration policy has become a key political issue in the Nordics. The spike in refugees and migrants in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden during the height of the flows into Europe in 2015 strained education, housing, and welfare systems in all four countries. Most Nordic governments introduced tighter asylum policies and curtailed some welfare benefits. Refugees and migrants also have stirred debate about identity, integration, and security in the Nordics. Promoting societal integration has received heightened attention given that several hundred Nordic citizens fought and/or trained with the Islamic State terrorist group (also known as ISIS or ISIL) in Syria and Iraq, and in light of two terrorist attacks carried out by asylum-seekers in Sweden and Finland in 2017."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2019-08-26
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Greenland, Denmark, and U.S. Relations [August 30, 2019]
From the Document: "In August 2019, President Trump expressed interest in purchasing Greenland--a self-governing part of the Kingdom of Denmark--due to the island's strategic location in the Arctic and its increasingly accessible natural resources. After Greenlandic and Danish officials asserted that Greenland is 'open for business, not for sale,' President Trump canceled a previously scheduled state visit to Denmark in early September and subsequently objected to Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen's description of his proposal as 'absurd.' The incident sparked tensions with Denmark--a close U.S. ally in NATO and fellow member of the Arctic Council--and led some experts to raise concerns about the future trajectory of U.S.-Nordic and U.S.-European relations more broadly."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2019-08-30
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EU Data Protection Rules and U.S. Implications [Updated August 9, 2019]
From the Document: "U.S. and European Union (EU) policymakers are focusing on protection of personal data with new and proposed legislation and enforcement actions. Data breaches at companies such as Facebook, Google, and Marriott have contributed to heightened public awareness. The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)--which took effect on May 25, 2018--has drawn the attention of U.S. businesses and other stakeholders, prompting debate on U.S. federal and state data privacy and protection policies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fefer, Rachel F.; Archick, Kristin
2019-08-09
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Global Human Rights: International Religious Freedom Policy [Updated July 2, 2019]
From the Introduction: "For decades, U.S. policy makers have sought to promote religious freedom abroad, reflecting both support for human rights in U.S. foreign policy as well as the particular emphasis on freedom of religion in U.S. domestic law and political culture. Protection of religious freedom is also affirmed in international law through the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and other instruments. Congress has been a strong advocate for international religious freedom issues and has sought to ensure U.S. support for religious freedom as a focus of U.S. foreign policy, most prominently through passage of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weber, Michael A.
2019-07-02
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Targeting Foreign Corruption and Human Rights Violators in FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations [Updated June 25, 2019]
From the Introduction: "The United States maintains several foreign policy tools to target foreign corruption and human rights violators. One of these is a visa ban, provided for in Section 7031(c) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2019 (SFOPs; P.L. 116-6; 8 U.S.C. 1182 note). Section 7031(c) requires the Secretary of State to make foreign officials and their immediate family members ineligible for U.S. entry if there is credible evidence that such individuals 'have been involved in significant corruption, including corruption related to the extraction of natural resources, or a gross violation of human rights.' A pending U.S. visa application need not exist. Section 7031(c) does not invoke the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) and states that, for the purposes of this section, decisions regarding U.S. entry eligibility are not to be considered confidential. In contrast, Section 222(f) of the INA (8 U.S.C. 1182(f))states that, in general, State Department records pertaining to the issuance or refusal of U.S. visas or permits are confidential."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weber, Michael A.; Rosen, Liana W.
2019-06-25
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Majority, Concurring, and Dissenting Opinions by Judge Neil M. Gorsuch [March 1, 2017]
From the Document: "On January 31, 2017, President Trump announced the nomination of Judge Neil M. Gorsuch of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (Tenth Circuit) to fill the vacancy on the Supreme Court left by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia on February 13, 2016. Judge Gorsuch has served as a judge on the Tenth Circuit since August 2006, and has also sat, by designation, on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. This report provides a tabular listing of cases in which Judge Gorsuch authored a majority, concurring, or dissenting opinion. The opinions are categorized into three tables: Table 1 identifies opinions authored by Judge Gorsuch on behalf of a unanimous panel; Table 2 contains controlling opinions authored by Judge Gorsuch in which one or more panelists wrote a separate opinion; and Table 3 lists cases where Judge Gorsuch wrote a concurring or dissenting opinion (decisions where Judge Gorsuch wrote both the majority opinion and a separate concurrence are included in this final table). Opinions are identified and briefly discussed in each table in reverse chronological order. The opinions are also categorized by their primary legal subject. While this report identifies and briefly describes judicial opinions authored by Judge Gorsuch during his time on the federal court, it does not analyze the implications of his judicial opinions or suggest how he might approach legal issues if appointed to the Supreme Court."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Garcia, Michael John; Herman, Sarah S.; Mulligan, Stephen P. . . .
2017-03-01
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Criminal Prohibitions on Leaks and Other Disclosures of Classified Defense Information [Updated March 7, 2017]
From the Summary: "Recent unauthorized disclosures of information concerning activities in the White House, and the publication of large quantities of classified information by WikiLeaks and other organizations and news outlets, have prompted congressional interest in criminal prohibitions on disclosure of classified information. While some have described recent leaks of classified information as 'illegal' and 'criminal,' there is no single statute that criminalizes any unauthorized disclosure of classified information. Instead, the legal framework is based on a complex and often overlapping set of statutes with provisions that differ depending on, among other factors, what information was disclosed, to whom it was given, and the intentions of the discloser. This report identifies statutory prohibitions that may be implicated by the unauthorized release of classified information, and it examines the elements necessary to secure a conviction under the Espionage Act and applicable statutes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mulligan, Stephen P.; Elsea, Jennifer
2017-03-07
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U.S.-Mexican Water Sharing: Background and Recent Developments [Updated March 2, 2017]
From the Summary: "The United States and Mexico share the waters of the Colorado River and Rio Grande pursuant to binational agreements. Increasing water demands and reduced supplies deriving from drought and air temperatures increase the challenges and significance of reliable water sharing. The International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) is charged with addressing issues that arise during application of binational water treaties. The IBWC is a binational entity with a U.S. Section that operates under foreign policy guidance from the U.S. Department of State. Under the binational 1944 Water Treaty, disputes and new developments can be resolved through agreed-upon interpretations of the treaty, called 'minutes'."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Seelke, Clare Ribando; Mulligan, Stephen P.
2017-03-02
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Frequently Asked Questions about the Julian Assange Charges [Updated June 7, 2019]
From the Update: "On May 23, 2019, a grand jury returned a superseding indictment adding 17 charges against Assange for allegedly violating the Espionage Act. While the new counts arise out of the same underlying factual events as the original indictment, charging Assange under the Espionage Act implicates complex questions over the relationship between the First Amendment and the government's ability to restrict disclosure of national defense information--an issue discussed in this CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mulligan, Stephen P.
2019-06-07
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Human Rights in China [June 4, 2019]
From the Document: "Thirty years after the June 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, the Communist Party of China (CCP) remains firmly in power. People's Republic of China (PRC) leaders have maintained political control through a mix of repression and responsiveness to some public preferences, delivering economic prosperity to many citizens, co-opting the middle and educated classes, and stoking nationalism to bolster CCP legitimacy. The party is particularly wary of unsanctioned collective activity related to sensitive groups, such as religious and labor groups, ethnic minorities, political dissidents, and human rights activists. PRC authorities have implemented particularly harsh policies against Tibetans, Uyghurs, and followers of the Falun Gong spiritual exercise."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Weber, Michael A.
2019-06-04
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U.S.-European Relations in the 116th Congress [Updated May 20, 2019]
From the Document: "Since the end of the Second World War, successive U.S. Administrations and many Members of Congress have supported a close U.S. partnership with Europe. Often termed the 'transatlantic relationship', the U.S.-European partnership encompasses NATO, the European Union (EU), and extensive bilateral political and economic ties. Over the past 70 years, political tensions, trade disputes, and changes in the security landscape have tested U.S.-European relations. Despite periodic difficulties, U.S. and European policymakers have valued the transatlantic partnership as serving their respective geostrategic and economic interests."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2019-05-20
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Global Human Rights: The Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices [Updated May 20, 2019]
From the Document: "The State Department's 'Country Reports on Human Rights Practices' are an annual U.S. government account of human rights conditions in countries around the globe. The reports characterize countries on the basis of their adherence to 'internationally recognized human rights,' which generally refer to the civil, political, and worker rights set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948) and other international human rights agreements. The most recent reports cover calendar year 2018 and were issued on March 13, 2019. They provide individual narratives for nearly 200 countries and are available on the Department of State website. As with prior reports, the 2018 reports do not compare countries or rank them based on the severity of human rights abuses documented. In his remarks introducing the reports, Secretary of State Michael Pompeo specifically noted human rights violations in Iran, South Sudan, Nicaragua, and China, and stated that China in particular 'is in a league of its own when it comes to human rights violations.' Pompeo also noted that the report documents human rights violations in U.S. allied and partner countries as well, but did not name any of these specifically. Similar to prior years, some countries whose human rights practices were criticized in the reports publicly defended their record and accused the United States of human rights challenges of its own. Some changes in emphasis and terminology in the 2018 reports were also noted in U.S. and international media coverage."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weber, Michael A.
2019-05-20
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European Parliament and U.S. Interests [May 16, 2019]
From the Document: "Between May 23 and May 26, 2019, the 28 member states of the European Union (EU) are due to hold elections for the next European Parliament (EP). As the only EU institution that is directly elected, the 751 members of the EP represent the roughly 513 million citizens of the EU. The EP has accumulated more power over time, most recently with the EU's 2009 Lisbon Treaty, in an attempt to improve democratic accountability and transparency in EU policy making. Enhanced powers have made the EP a more important actor on several issues of U.S. concern, including trade, data privacy, and countering terrorism. Congress-EP ties are longstanding, and Congress may be increasingly interested in EP activities given the EP's potential to influence key aspects of U.S.-EU relations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2019-05-16
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Data Protection and Privacy Law: An Introduction [May 9, 2019]
From the Document: "Recent controversy surrounding how third parties protect the privacy of individuals in the digital age has raised national concerns over legal protections of Americans'electronic data. The current legislative paradigms governing cybersecurity and data privacy are complex and technical, and lack uniformity at the federal level. This In Focus provides an introduction to data protection laws and an overview of considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mulligan, Stephen P.; Linebaugh, Chris D.; Freeman, Wilson C.
2019-05-09
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2019 European Parliament Elections [June 5, 2019]
From the Document: "Between May 23 and 26, 2019, the 28 member states of the European Union (EU) held elections for the 751 members of the next European Parliament (EP). The only directly elected EU institution, the EP represents the bloc's roughly 513 million citizens. The EP has accumulated more power over time within the EU, and through such entities as the Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue, Congress is likely to engage the EP, including on certain aspects of U.S.-EU relations. Some analysts suggest that gains for parties considered 'euroskeptic'--that is, critical of the EU or anti-EU to varying degrees--may influence the functioning of the EP, the EU, and the conduct of U.S.-EU relations. (See also CRS [Congressional Research Service] In Focus IF11211, 'The European Parliament and U.S. Interests'.)"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2019-06-05
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Global Human Rights: The Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices [Updated March 16, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The State Department's 'Country Reports on Human Rights Practices' are an annual U.S. government account of human rights conditions in countries around the globe. The reports characterize countries on the basis of their adherence to 'internationally recognized human rights,' which generally refer to the civil, political, and worker rights set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948) and other international human rights agreements. The most recent reports cover calendar year 2019 and were issued on March 11, 2020. They provide individual narratives for nearly 200 countries and are available on the Department of State website. As with prior reports, the 2019 reports do not compare countries or rank them based on the severity of human rights abuses documented. Although the reports describe human rights violations in many countries, in introducing the reports Secretary of State Michael Pompeo specifically noted violations in China, Iran, Venezuela, and Cuba. Some critics contended that the Secretary's singling out of these nations, generally perceived as U.S. diplomatic adversaries, risked politicizing the reports. In response to a related media question, Robert Destro, the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, stated that the reports were 'hard-hitting across the board.' Some changes in emphasis and terminology in the 2019 reports were also noted in U.S. and international media coverage."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weber, Michael A.
2020-03-16
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EU Data Protection Rules and U.S. Implications [Updated April 14, 2020]
From the Document: "U.S. and European Union (EU) policymakers are focused on protection of personal data online with recent and proposed legislation and enforcement actions. Data breaches at companies such as Facebook, Google, and Marriott have contributed to heightened public awareness. The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)--which took effect on May 25, 2018--has drawn the attention of Congress, U.S. businesses and other stakeholders, prompting debate on U.S.federal and state data privacy and protection policies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fefer, Rachel F.; Archick, Kristin
2020-04-14
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United Nations Issues: U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [March 13, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR, or the Office) is the primary U.N. administrative body that addresses human rights. The United States generally funds the Office through assessed contributions to the U.N. regular budget (between $18- $20.5 million a year), and voluntary contributions (between $5-$15 million over the past five years). Since FY2018, the Trump Administration has withheld assessed U.S. funding from the Office, possibly due to concerns regarding its activities related to the Palestinians and its work with the U.N. Human Rights Council (the Council). (The United States withdrew from the Council in 2018 due to concerns about its disproportionate focus on Israel and perceived inability to effectively address human rights issues.) Some Members of Congress agree that the withholding is merited; others view OHCHR as an important mechanism for preventing and responding to human rights violations worldwide. Some are also concerned that the withholding was not authorized by Congress. The United States has continued to provide voluntary funding to the Office as specified by Congress in annual appropriations bills ($14.5 million in FY2020)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa; Weber, Michael A.
2020-03-13
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Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008: Security Assistance Restrictions [Updated March 25, 2020]
From the Document: "The recruitment and use of children in armed conflict is broadly viewed as a human rights problem, a form of trafficking in persons, among the worst forms of child labor, and a war crime. The United Nations (U.N.) has identified the recruitment and use of child soldiers as among six 'grave violations' affecting children in war and has established numerous monitoring and reporting mechanisms and initiatives to combat this practice. The U.N. Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict affirmatively verified over 7,000 children as having been recruited and used as soldiers in 2018 alone; the total number of children serving as soldiers around the world is believed to be significantly higher. U.S. efforts to eradicate this phenomenon internationally are guided largely by the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (CSPA, Title IV of P.L. 110-457), which defines the term 'child soldier' under U.S. law and restricts certain security assistance to countries that recruit or use child soldiers, among other provisions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weber, Michael A.
2020-03-25
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European Parliament and U.S. Interests [Updated April 13, 2020]
From the Document: "The European Parliament (EP) is the only directly elected institution of the 27-country European Union (EU). The EP's 705 members represent the EU's roughly 445 million citizens. The most recent EP elections were in May 2019. The EP has accumulated more power over time as part of EU efforts to improve democratic accountability and transparency in EU policymaking. Enhanced powers since the 2009 Lisbon Treaty have made the EP a more important actor on several issues of U.S. concern, including trade, data privacy, and counterterrorism. Congress-EP ties are long-standing, and Congress may be interested in EP activities given the EP's potential to influence key aspects of U.S.-EU relations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2020-04-13
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EU Climate Action and Implications for the United States [February 14, 2020]
From the Document: "The European Union (EU) has sought to play a leading role on international climate action for decades. The EU and the United States worked closely to negotiate the 2015 Paris Agreement (PA) to combat greenhouse gas (GHG)-induced climate change. The EU reacted negatively to President Trump's 2017 decision to withdraw the United States from the PA, scheduled to take effect in November 2020. The EU remains committed to the PA and seeks to enhance its climate policies in light of increasing political pressure throughout Europe for more robust action. Still, the EU faces challenges in reaching consensus on more ambitious EU-wide measures. Despite U.S. withdrawal from the PA, many Members of Congress are interested in the possible geostrategic and economic implications of climate change and international mitigation efforts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Procita, Kezee; Archick, Kristin; Leggett, Jane A.
2020-02-14
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FY2020 Foreign Operations Appropriations: Targeting Foreign Corruption and Human Rights Violations [Updated April 17, 2020]
From the Document: "To promote anti-corruption and human rights, the United States prohibits foreign corrupt actors and human rights violators from entering the United States. Currently, Congress provides for such a visa restriction in Section 7031(c) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2020 (SFOPS, Division G, P.L. 116-94; 8 U.S.C. 1182 note). A variation of this provision has been in annual foreign operations appropriations since FY2008."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosen, Liana W.; Weber, Michael A.
2020-04-17
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Countering Corruption Through U.S. Foreign Assistance [May 27, 2020]
From the Summary: "Foreign corruption has been a growing U.S. foreign policy concern in recent decades and is viewed as intersecting with a variety of issues that are of congressional interest, including promoting democracy and human rights, deterring transnational crime and terrorism, and advancing economic development. This report focuses on one tool that the United States uses to combat corruption: foreign assistance. As a component of U.S. efforts to foster transparent and accountable governance overseas, the United States seeks to utilize foreign assistance to address corruption both within target countries and transnationally. Congress has expressed particular interest in these issues as the United States reflects on the arguable role of corruption in undermining U.S. efforts to rebuild Afghanistan, and as corruption continues to afflict major U.S. aid recipients, such as Ukraine and Haiti. Several bills proposed in the 116th Congress articulate the interests of Members in corruption issues related to foreign assistance, such as preventing the corrupt misappropriation of aid, ensuring greater coordination of good governance and anticorruption assistance, combating corruption in particular countries, and broader anti-corruption foreign policy issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weber, Michael A.; O'Regan, Katarina C.; Brown, Nick M.
2020-05-27
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Huawei and U.S. Law [February 23, 2021]
From the Summary: "Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (Huawei) has grown to be the world's largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer since its founding in 1987 by a former engineer in China's People's Liberation Army. The Shenzhen, China-based company has become the focus of a host of legal actions that seek to protect the United States' national security and economy. In 2012, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) released a report describing the potential counterintelligence and security threats posed by Huawei's access to U.S. telecommunications systems. Senior officials in the Trump Administration asserted that Huawei's products present an inherent security threat because the Chinese government can force Huawei to share confidential information or create 'backdoors' by which the Chinese government could access Huawei systems. Huawei denies that its products create a security threat, and third-party analysts have not reached uniform conclusions about the security of Huawei systems. [...] This report outlines recent Huawei-related legal activities and examines the statutory authorities underlying each action."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mulligan, Stephen P.; Linebaugh, Chris D.
2021-02-23
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Northern Ireland: The Peace Process, Ongoing Challenges, and U.S. Interests [Updated March 5, 2021]
From the Summary: "Between 1969 and 1999, roughly 3,500 people died as a result of political violence in Northern Ireland, which is one of four component 'nations' of the United Kingdom(UK). The conflict, often referred to as 'the Troubles,' has its origins in the 1921 division of Ireland and has reflected a struggle between different national, cultural, and religious identities. Protestants in Northern Ireland largely define themselves as British and support remaining part of the UK ('unionists'). Most Catholics in Northern Ireland consider themselves Irish, and many desire a united Ireland ('nationalists'). Successive U.S. Administrations and many Members of Congress have actively supported the Northern Ireland peace process. For decades, the United States has provided development aid through the International Fund for Ireland (IFI). In recent years, congressional hearings have focused on the peace process, police reforms, human rights, and addressing Northern Ireland's legacy of violence (often termed 'dealing with the past'). Some Members also are concerned about how 'Brexit'--the UK's withdrawal as a member of the European Union (EU) in January 2020--is affecting Northern Ireland."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2021-03-05
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Europe, COVID-19, and U.S. Relations [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "Like most of the rest of the world, European governments and the European Union (EU) have struggled to manage the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. European leaders have characterized the pandemic as Europe's biggest challenge since the Second World War, with potentially far-reaching political, social, and economic consequences beyond the public health impact. Members of Congress may be interested in COVID-19's implications for U.S. relations with Europe, including in NATO and with the EU, and in how the pandemic might alter certain U.S.- European dynamics, especially vis-à-vis China."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Belkin, Paul; Garding, Sarah E. . . .
2021-03-01
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Information and Communications Technology and Services (ICTS) Rule and Review Process [February 12, 2021]
From the Introduction: "On January 19, 2021, the Department of Commerce (Commerce) issued an interim final rule (86 FR 4909) implementing Executive Order 13873, which created a new process for the Secretary to review transactions involving information and communications technology and services (ICTS) and determine whether those transactions present certain national security and economic risks. When a transaction in ICTS involves foreign persons or governments designated as 'foreign adversaries' and presents certain 'undue or unacceptable risks' to the United States, the new rule (ICTS Rule) allows Commerce to either block the transaction or negotiate risk-mitigation measures. The ICTS review process regulates individual 'ICTS transactions'--broadly defined as 'any acquisition, importation, transfer, installation, dealing in, or use of any [ICTS].' As such, it could subject a wide range of commercial interactions to a new federal approval process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mulligan, Stephen P.
2021-02-12
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Terrorism in Europe [Updated February 10, 2021]
From the Document: "European governments and the European Union (EU) have grappled with domestic and foreign terrorist groups for decades, but numerous attacks since 2014 have renewed concerns about terrorism and violent extremism in Europe. Despite variances in how terrorist events are defined and tracked, studies indicate that terrorism poses a security threat in many European countries. [...] European countries and the EU are key U.S. partners in the fight against terrorism, and Members of Congress may be interested in European counterterrorism efforts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Martin, Rachel L.
2021-02-10
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Brexit: Overview, Trade, and Northern Ireland [March 24, 2021]
From the Summary: "The United Kingdom (UK) withdrew from the European Union (EU) on January 31, 2020. Under the withdrawal agreement negotiated by the two sides, the UK continued to apply EU rules during a transition period lasting to the end of 2020. In December 2020, UK and EU negotiators concluded a Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) that sets out terms of the future relationship, including on trade, economic relations, and cooperation on a range of other issues. The agreement left numerous questions and issues unresolved, however, meaning many aspects of the UK-EU relationship may evolve over time and through subsequent negotiations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.; Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Archick, Kristin
2021-03-24
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Human Rights in China [Updated April 6, 2020]
From the Document: "Over thirty years after the June 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, the Communist Party of China (CCP) remains firmly in power. People's Republic of China (PRC) leaders have maintained political control through a mix of repression and responsiveness to some public preferences, delivering economic prosperity to many citizens, co-opting the middle and educated classes, and stoking nationalism to bolster CCP legitimacy. The party is particularly wary of unsanctioned collective activity related to sensitive groups, such as religious and labor groups, ethnic minorities, political dissidents, and human rights activists. PRC authorities have implemented particularly harsh policies against Tibetans, Uyghurs, and followers of the Falun Gong spiritual exercise."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Weber, Michael A.
2020-04-06
