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Pipeline Transportation of Hydrogen: Regulation, Research, and Policy [March 2, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Some in Congress have proposed hydrogen as an environmentally superior alternative to conventional fossil fuels for vehicles and electric power generation, among other applications. [...] This report discusses the physical characteristics of hydrogen, including its safety and how it is commercially produced. The report reviews the current status of hydrogen transportation in pipelines and options for expanding U.S. hydrogen pipeline infrastructure. The report examines relevant federal regulation of hydrogen pipeline siting, safety, commercial service, and security. It reviews federal support of hydrogen pipeline-related research programs since the 1960s and summarizes congressional actions to support U.S. hydrogen pipeline development. The report concludes with a discussion of selected policy issues for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Parfomak, Paul W.
2021-03-02
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Policing Reform Legislation: Conditions on Funding and New Grant Authorizations [Updated March 2, 2021]
From the Summary: "The death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, MN, while he was in the custody of law enforcement, combined with several other recent high-profile deaths of African Americans at the hands of the police, have generated congressional interest in legislation to reform state and local policing practices, and to require law enforcement agencies to collect more data on law enforcement actions and activities and share these data with the public. The George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020 (H.R. 7120, 116th Congress (was introduced and passed by the House in June 2020, but it was not taken up by the Senate. The legislation has been reintroduced in the current Congress as the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021 (JIPA, H.R. 1280). The legislation is an omnibus measure that would address a variety of policing reform topics and approaches. These include attempting to reform state and local policing practices through two means: placing conditions on existing Department of Justice (DOJ) grant programs, such as the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) or Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) programs; and authorizing new grant programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
James, Nathan
2021-03-02
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Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 Broadband Provisions: In Brief [March 2, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Access to broadband--high-speed internet access that is faster than traditional dial-up access, always on, and relies on high-speed transmission technologies (e.g., fiber optic cable, cable modem, wireless)--remains a key interest for Congress. Broadband is currently deployed throughout the United States, primarily by the private sector. While the number of new broadband subscribers continues to grow, studies and data indicate that the rate of broadband deployment in many urban, suburban, and high-income areas is higher than in rural and low-income areas. The term 'digital divide' is used to describe the gap between those who have access to broadband and those who do not. [...] This report discusses Division N, Title IX of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260) that contains supplemental appropriations for broadband programs. The report provides information on each broadband program or initiative grouped by lead agency, including background and history (if applicable), deadlines, appropriation amounts, and eligibility information."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rachfal, Colby Leigh; Figliola, Patricia Moloney; Gallagher, Jill C. . . .
2021-03-02
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Navy Light Amphibious Warship (LAW) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 2, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Navy's new Light Amphibious Warship (LAW) program, which envisions procuring a class of 28 to 30 new amphibious ships to support the Marine Corps, particularly in implementing a new Marine Corps operational concept called Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO). The Navy envisions the first LAW being procured in FY2022. [...] The LAW program poses a number of potential oversight matters for Congress. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's annual funding requests and envisioned acquisition strategy for the program. Congress's decisions regarding the program could affect Navy and Marine Corps capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-03-02
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Navy LPD-17 Flight II and LHA Amphibious Ship Programs: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 2, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on two types of amphibious ships being procured for the Navy: LPD-17 Flight II class amphibious ships and LHA-type amphibious assault ships. Both types are built by Huntington Ingalls Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding (HII/Ingalls) of Pascagoula, MS. The Navy's LPD-17 Flight II and LHA shipbuilding programs pose multiple oversight issues for Congress. Congress's decisions on the LPD-17 Flight II and LHA programs could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-03-02
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New U.S. Marine Corps Force Design Initiatives [Updated March 2, 2021]
From the Background: "On March 23, 2020, the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) announced a major force design initiative planned to occur over the next 10 years. The Marine Corps aims to redesign the force for naval expeditionary warfare and to better align itself with the National Defense Strategy, in particular, its focus on strategically competing with China and Russia. The Marines intend to eliminate or reduce certain types of units and eliminate some military occupational specialties (MOS). The Marines also plan to reorganize higher echelon Marine formations and get smaller--reducing forces by 12,000 personnel by 2030."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2021-03-02
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'Childless' EITC: Summary of Current Law and Proposed Expansion in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; H.R. 1319) [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "The earned income tax credit (EITC) is the largest need-tested antipoverty program that provides cash to families. Workers with 'qualifying children'--that is, dependent children who live with the taxpayer for more than half the year--receive the majority of EITC benefits. For 2018, 26.5 million taxpayers received a total of $64.9 billion from the EITC. Of that total, there were 6.9 million recipients without qualifying children (about 26% of the total) who received $2.1 billion (about 3% of the total dollars), receiving an average credit of $302. This Insight provides an overview of the current EITC for workers without qualifying children at home, often called the 'childless' EITC. The term 'childless,' however, may be misleading. Workers without qualifying children may have noncustodial children, live with children for less than six months of a year, or live with nonbiological children they cannot claim for the credit. This Insight also summarizes a proposal to expand the 'childless' EITC that was included in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; H.R. 1319), which passed the House on February 27, 2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crandall-Hollick, Margot L.
2021-03-01
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Medicare Accelerated and Advance Payments and COVID-19: Frequently Asked Questions [March 1, 2021]
From the Summary: "In rare situations, Medicare Part A providers (e.g., acute care hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and other inpatient care facilities) and Part B suppliers (e.g., physicians, nonphysician practitioners, durable medical equipment [DME] suppliers, and others who furnish outpatient services) face cash flow challenges due to specified circumstances beyond their control. Under such circumstances, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) can provide temporary relief through the accelerated payment program (Part A) and the advance payment program (Part B). CMS has offered these programs, collectively referred to as the Accelerated and Advance Payment (AAP) programs, in an attempt to alleviate some concerns about the financial challenges faced by Medicare suppliers and providers. These amounts eventually are recovered by Medicare, typically by withholding payment for subsequent claims up to the amount of the accelerated or advance payments. [...] This report addresses frequently asked questions about the Medicare AAP programs, including the terms and conditions of eligibility, payment amounts and sources of funds, recovery of payments, applicable interest charges, and administrative and legislative changes during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] PHE [public health emergency]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hahn, Jim; Villagrana, Marco A.
2021-03-01
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Reauthorizing Highway and Transit Funding Programs [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "Surface transportation reauthorization acts fund federal highway and public transportation programs, along with transportation research, intercity passenger rail, and other programs. The five-year Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act; P.L. 114-94) authorized federal spending on highways and public transportation for FY2016-FY2020. A one-year FAST Act extension, through September 30, 2021, was enacted as part of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021, and other Extensions Act (P.L. 116-159). Infrastructure legislation could be considered in conjunction with FAST Act reauthorization."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kirk, Robert S.; Mallett, William J.
2021-03-01
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Federal-Aid Highway Program (FAHP): In Brief [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "The federal government has provided some form of highway funding to the states for more than 100 years. The major characteristics of the federal highway program have been constant since the early 1920s. First, most funds are apportioned to the states by formula and implementation is left primarily to state departments of transportation (state DOTs). Second, the states are required to provide matching funds. Until the 1950s, each federal dollar had to be matched by an identical amount of state and local money. The federal share is now 80% for non-Interstate System road projects and 90% for Interstate System projects. Third, generally, federal money can be spent only on designated federal-aid highways, which make up roughly a quarter of U.S. public roads."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kirk, Robert S.
2021-03-01
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Highway and Public Transit Funding Issues [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "Federal highway and public transportation programs are funded in surface transportation authorization acts. The five-year Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) Act (P.L. 114-94) was enacted on December 4, 2015. The act was extended by the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021, and other Extensions Act (P.L. 116-159) for an additional year, through September 30, 2021. The FAST Act, as extended, has provided a modest increase in annual spending on surface transportation from the previous level. It funded this, in part, by transferring $86.3 billion from the Treasury general fund to supplement other revenues that are dedicated to the Highway Trust Fund (HTF), from which federal funds are distributed to state governments and public transportation operators. However, the FAST Act did not address the widening gap between the dedicated revenues flowing into the HTF and the costs of the highway and public transportation programs authorized by Congress. More money will be needed after FY2021 if Congress wishes to continue these programs at their current levels, adjusted for inflation. Congress is expected to address the persistent gap between projected HTF revenues and program costs in surface transportation reauthorization."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kirk, Robert S.; Mallett, William
2021-03-01
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Child Tax Credit: Proposed Expansion in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; H.R. 1319) [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "In recent years, there has been increased interest in providing direct benefits to families with children to reduce child poverty in the United States, sometimes in the form of tax benefits. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) included a 'child allowance' as part of a package of policies to reduce child poverty over 10 years. (Senator Romney has also proposed a child allowance.) Some research has suggested that increasing the amount of the child tax credit that low-income families receive would substantially reduce child poverty, boost future earnings, and potentially improve future health and education outcomes. In the 116th Congress, there were several legislative proposals to expand the child tax credit, especially for lower-income families that tend to receive little or no benefit from the current credit. In the 117th Congress, a temporary one-year expansion of the child credit (for 2021) is included in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; H.R. 1319). This Insight provides a summary of the current child tax credit and an overview of the proposal to expand it included in H.R. 1319, as passed the House on February 27, 2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crandall-Hollick, Margot L.
2021-03-01
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Transnational Crime Issues: Arts and Antiquities Trafficking [March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "Illegal trade in arts and antiquities, also referred to as trafficking of arts and antiquities or cultural property, is a long-standing practice through which criminal actors profit from the destruction, looting, or theft of culturally significant items. Estimates of the financial value of this illegal trade range from several hundred million to billions of dollars annually. Certain characteristics of the arts and antiquities industries - such as confidentiality, challenges in documenting the provenance (ownership history) of certain items, the use of intermediaries, and inconsistent due diligence practices - may contribute to the illegal trade and enable traffickers to gain access to the U.S. financial system. Congress has sought to strengthen U.S. responses to arts and antiquities trafficking through means including ratifying international agreements, directing executive branch initiatives, and regulating relevant industries."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Regan, Katarina C.
2021-03-01
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Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): Water System Security and Resilience Provisions [March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "The disruption of a safe and reliable water supply remains a long-standing concern related to the protection of public health. Several events have increased congressional attention to water system security and resilience from events that could disrupt the provision of water supply. [...]To address both intentional acts and extreme weather that may threaten water systems, Congress added several provisions to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) to support the safety of water supplies and resilience of water systems."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humphreys, Elena H.
2021-03-01
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Section 301 Investigations: Foreign Digital Services Taxes (DSTs) [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Background: "An international debate is occurring over the global taxing rights of revenues and profits earned by multinational corporations (MNCs) in certain 'digital economy' sectors. This debate is driven by concerns that these MNCs are not adequately taxed, and some governments argue that the right to tax some of the MNC profits should be reallocated from the jurisdiction where the MNC claims residence to the jurisdiction where the MNC's customers are located. Some countries have imposed unilateral digital services taxes (DSTs) on the gross revenues earned by digital economy MNCs. These taxes target certain MNC digital transactions with domestic businesses or online activities directed ultimately toward domestic users, even if the corporation does not have a physical presence in the country. Some Members of Congress and others contend that, based on their design, many of these DSTs disproportionately target large U.S. MNCs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwarzenberg, Andres B.
2021-03-01
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Senkakus (Diaoyu/Diaoyutai) Dispute: U.S. Treaty Obligations [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Summary: "Since 2012, tensions have increased between Japan and China over the disputed Senkaku islands in the East China Sea. These flare-ups run the risk of involving the United States in an armed conflict in the region. Each time a crisis has erupted over the Senkakus over the past decade, questions have arisen concerning the U.S. relationship to the islands. Japan administers the eight small, uninhabited features, the largest of which is roughly 1.5 square miles. Some geologists believe the features sit near significant oil and natural gas deposits. China, as well as Taiwan, contests Japanese claims of sovereignty over the islands, which Japan calls the Senkaku-shoto, China calls the Diaoyu Dao, and Taiwan calls the Diaoyutai Lieyu. Although the disputed territory commonly is referred to as 'islands,' it is unclear if any of the features would meet the definition of 'island' under international law. U.S. Administrations going back at least to the Nixon Administration have stated that the United States takes no position on the question of who has sovereignty over the Senkakus."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Manyin, Mark E.
2021-03-01
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Iran's Nuclear Program and U.N. Sanctions Reimposition [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015), which the council adopted on July 20, 2015, implements the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and contains other provisions concerning Iran's nuclear program, Tehran's development of missiles, and arms transfers to and from Iran. In August 2020, the United States has invoked the resolution's 'snapback' mechanism, which requires the Security Council to reimpose U.N. sanctions lifted pursuant to Resolution 2231 and the JCPOA. The JCPOA, finalized in July 2015 by Iran and China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively known as the P5+1), requires Iran to implement constraints on its uranium enrichment and heavy water nuclear reactor programs, as well as allow the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to monitor Tehran's compliance with the agreement. Prior to the JCPOA, these programs caused international concern because they could both have produced fissile material for use in nuclear weapons."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kerr, Paul K.
2021-03-01
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Cross-Cutting Issues in Cybersecurity: Financial Institutions [March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "Financial institutions remain a prime target for many types of malicious actors in cyberspace. The types of data these institutions hold make them a target, in addition to their role in managing money. As a result, government and industry have security requirements for these institutions. Because many financial institutions make significant investments in cybersecurity, the financial sector as a whole may provide insights into novel attacks and potentially cost-effective mitigation strategies. This Insight outlines the cybersecurity risk to the financial services industry and efforts by government and industry to address those risks."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jaikaran, Chris; Scott, Andrew P.
2021-03-01
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Europe, COVID-19, and U.S. Relations [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "Like most of the rest of the world, European governments and the European Union (EU) have struggled to manage the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. European leaders have characterized the pandemic as Europe's biggest challenge since the Second World War, with potentially far-reaching political, social, and economic consequences beyond the public health impact. Members of Congress may be interested in COVID-19's implications for U.S. relations with Europe, including in NATO and with the EU, and in how the pandemic might alter certain U.S.- European dynamics, especially vis-à-vis China."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Belkin, Paul; Garding, Sarah E. . . .
2021-03-01
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Operation Warp Speed Contracts for COVID-19 Vaccines and Ancillary Vaccination Materials [Updated March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "Operation Warp Speed (OWS) is an interagency partnership between the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Department of Defense (DOD) that coordinates federal efforts to accelerate the development, acquisition, and distribution of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] medical countermeasures. Collaborating HHS components include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). OWS is a Trump Administration initiative, and while the Biden Administration has indicated that the interagency response to COVID-19 will continue, it plans to restructure and rename the effort. Although the stated goals of OWS include therapeutics and diagnostics, most of the money awarded to date has focused on vaccines. This Insight summarizes OWS's vaccine-related contracts, including those for ancillary vaccination materials (e.g., needles and vials)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Siddalingaiah, Simi V.
2021-03-01
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New COVID-19 Defense Production Act (DPA) Actions: Implementation Considerations [March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "The Biden Administration has taken several executive branch actions under the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA) to address the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Those actions suggest a revised DPA approach and raise potential implementation issues. This Insight considers those issues and policy considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.; Hart, Nina M.
2021-03-01
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FY2021 Military Construction Appropriations: An Overview of Division J of P.L. 116-260 [February 26, 2021]
From the Document: "On December 27, 2020, then-President Donald Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), which included as Division J the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021. Division J provided funding to support the Department of Defense's (DOD) military installations and housing portfolio. [...] Division J provided $8.41 billion in discretionary budget authority for DOD military construction (MILCON) projects, family housing programs, and other activities. That figure includes funding for the base budget and Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO). Excluding onetime natural disaster relief provided in FY2020 for projects to replace or rebuild infrastructure damaged by Hurricanes Florence and Michael, flooding and earthquakes, the FY2021 enacted level reflects a decrease of $3.55 billion (30%) from the FY2020 enacted level. The FY2021 enacted level is $0.25 billion (3%) more than the President's budget request."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.; Herrera, G. James
2021-02-26
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Considering Legislation on the House Floor: Common Practices in Brief [Updated February 26, 2021]
From the Summary: "This brief overview explains the most common ways legislation is considered on the House floor, and it describes the types of questions most likely to be voted on and the opportunities for legislative debate that are most frequently used by Members."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rybicki, Elizabeth
2021-02-26
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Child Nutrition Reauthorization (CNR): An Overview [Updated February 26, 2021]
From the Introduction: "'Child nutrition reauthorization' (CNR) refers to Congress's process of making changes to the permanent statutes that authorize the child nutrition programs, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), and related activities: [1] the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act, [2] the Child Nutrition Act of 1966, and [3] (less often) Section 32 of the Act of August 24, 1935, which transfers funds to the child nutrition programs annually. The most recent CNR was the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-296). Some of the authorities created or extended in that law expired on September 30, 2015. However, the vast majority of program operations have continued with funding provided by appropriations acts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Billings, Kara Clifford; Aussenberg, Randy Alison
2021-02-26
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H.R. 1: Overview and Related CRS Products [Updated February 26, 2021]
From the Brief Overview: "H.R. 1 proposes major amendments to federal law governing campaign finance and elections. The bill's provisions, unless otherwise noted, would affect federal elections, although states would be responsible for implementing some provisions. H.R. 1 also proposes amendments to federal ethics and lobbying statutes. The bill generally proposes additional disclosure requirements, regulation, or both in each policy area it addresses. It would authorize federal funding for some activities. This CRS [Congressional Research Service] In Focus highlights major provisions in the bill and lists selected CRS products that provide related information. It does not address legal or constitutional issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Garrett, R. Sam, 1977-; Eckman, Sarah J.; Shanton, Karen L. . . .
2021-02-26
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GameStop-Related Market Volatility: What Happened? [February 25, 2021]
From the Document: "This Insight examines recent developments surrounding GameStop stock, online brokers (including Robinhood), stock market volatility, SEC [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission] inquiries, and trading restrictions. It is meant to complement CRS [Congressional Research Service] Insight IN11591, 'GameStop-Related Market Volatility: Policy Issues', by Eva Su."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Shorter, Gary W.
2021-02-25
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COVID-19 Testing Supply Chain [February 25, 2021]
From the Introduction: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] testing--including for diagnosis, screening, and surveillance--is a critical component of responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, and its implementation has posed numerous challenges. Issues have included those related to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation of tests, reimbursement and coverage for testing, equitable access to testing, and infrastructure and supply chain stressors, among others. In particular, the diagnostic testing supply chain has shown evidence of significant and ongoing stress since early in the pandemic, and problems persist with ascertainment, production, and distribution of almost all testing supply chain components."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sarata, Amanda K.; Siddalingaiah, Simi V.
2021-02-25
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Unauthorized Immigrants' Access to COVID-19 Vaccines [February 25, 2021]
From the Document: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccines have been widely viewed as a means of reducing the spread of COVID-19 and facilitating a return to work and school. In general, for COVID-19 vaccines to effectively reduce disease transmission, a large percentage of the population must be vaccinated. This includes anyone who resides in the United States regardless of their authorization to do so. This Insight covers the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine to unauthorized immigrants (sometimes referred to as 'undocumented') in the United States--a population that may face barriers to vaccine access."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heisler, Elayne J., 1976-; Kolker, Abigail F.
2021-02-25
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Climate Change Adaptation: Department of the Interior [February 25, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report does not analyze climate change science, the causes of multidecadal climate change, or the experienced or projected effects of climate change. Rather, this report describes activities related to climate change adaptation within the Department of the Interior (DOI). The information in this report reflects the state of climate change adaptation activities within DOI and its agencies as of the end of 2020 and does not address activities undertaken under the Biden Administration. Climate change adaptation activities described herein have been implemented both through administrative actions (e.g., executive and secretarial orders and actions taken within agencies' discretion under existing statutory authorities) and pursuant to statutory requirements. This report provides an overview of selected DOI departmental and agency policies, programs, and actions (herein collectively referred to as 'activities') aimed at adapting to experienced and projected effects of climate change. This report focuses on activities related to 'adaptation' to climate change rather than activities related to the 'mitigation' of climate change. For the purposes of this report, 'adaptation' includes activities undertaken to adjust to and prepare for, including through research, the experienced or projected effects of climate change; 'mitigation' includes activities directed at reducing the magnitude of climate change."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crafton, R. Eliot; Comay, Laura B.; DeSantis, Mark K. . . .
2021-02-25
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Impact of COVID-19 [Updated February 25, 2021]
From the Document: "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having widespread economic, social, and political effects on Latin America and the Caribbean, a region with strong congressional interest because of deep U.S. linkages. As of February 22, 2021, the region had almost 20.8 million confirmed cases (18.6% of cases worldwide) and over 661,000 deaths (26.7% of deaths worldwide). Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, and Peru had the highest numbers of deaths in the region, and Brazil had the second-highest death toll worldwide, after the United States. The regional rankings change in terms of per capita deaths-- Mexico had the highest recorded deaths per capita, followed by Peru, Panama, Colombia, and Brazil. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) reported on February 24 that although infections were declining in many countries in the region, there were increased outbreaks in Peru along the border areas with Brazil and Colombia and several Caribbean countries were reporting a rise in infections. A University of Washington COVID-19 projection model (updated February 20, 2021) forecasts deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean could reach over 924,000 by June 1, 2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Beittel, June S.; Meyer, Peter J. . . .
2021-02-25
