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COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options [Updated April 23, 2021]
From the Summary: "The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters; loan guaranty and venture capital programs; management and technical assistance training programs; and contracting programs. Congressional interest in these programs has become especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's widespread adverse economic impact on the national economy. This report provides a brief description of the SBA's programs and examines congressional action to assist small businesses during and immediately following the Great Recession (2007- 2009) and during the COVID-19 pandemic[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Lowry, Sean; Lindsay, Bruce R.
2021-04-23
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Issues in Autonomous Vehicle Testing and Deployment [Updated April 23, 2021]
From the Summary: "Autonomous vehicles have the potential to bring major improvements in highway safety. Motor vehicle crashes caused an estimated 36,096 fatalities in 2019; a study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has shown that 94% of crashes involve human error. For this and other reasons, federal oversight of the testing and deployment of autonomous vehicles has been of considerable interest to Congress. In the 115th Congress, autonomous vehicle legislation passed the House as H.R. 3388, the SELF DRIVE [Safely Ensuring Lives Future Deployment and Research In Vehicle Evolution] Act, and a separate bill, S. 1885, the AV START [American Vision for Safer Transportation through Advancement of Revolutionary Technologies] Act, was reported from a Senate committee. Neither bill was enacted. Comprehensive legislation concerning autonomous vehicles was not introduced in the 116th Congress, but the America's Transportation Infrastructure Act of 2019, S. 2302, which was reported by the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, would have encouraged research and development of infrastructure that could accommodate new technologies such as autonomous vehicles. Comprehensive legislation has not been introduced in the 117th Congress as of the date of this report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Canis, Bill
2021-04-23
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Energy Credit or Energy Investment Tax Credit (ITC) [Updated April 23, 2021]
From the Document: "Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 48 provides an investment tax credit (ITC) for certain energy-related property. This In Focus summarizes the current renewable energy ITC and reviews its legislative history."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sherlock, Molly F.
2021-04-23
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Congressional Staff: Duties, Qualifications, and Skills Identified by Members of Congress for Selected Positions [Updated April 23, 2021]
From the Summary: "The roles, duties, and activities of congressional staff are matters of ongoing interest to Members of Congress, congressional staff, and observers of Congress. Members of the House and Senate establish their own employment policies and practices for their personal offices. It is arguably the case that within Member offices, a common group of activities is executed for which staff are necessary. Accordingly, a group of job advertisements for those positions from a number of different offices can shed light on the expectations Members have for position duties, as well as staff skills, characteristics, experience, and other expectations. This report provides a set of 41 widely expected job duties, applicant skills, characteristics, prior experiences, and other expectations based on a sample of ads placed by Members of Congress between approximately December 2014 and March 2021 seeking staff in their offices for 35 position titles[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Petersen, R. Eric; Burgat, Casey
2021-04-23
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Ghost Guns, Stabilizing Braces, and Red Flag Laws: Overview of Recent Executive Actions on Firearms [April 23, 2021]
From the Document: "On April 8, 2021, in the wake of mass shootings in Georgia [hyperlink] and Colorado [hyperlink], President Biden announced [hyperlink] six executive actions seeking to address gun violence. One of the actions makes changes to federal funding streams across existing grant programs and seeks additional funding to promote investment in community violence intervention programs--for example [hyperlink], programs that 'deploy trusted messengers [to] work directly with individuals most likely to commit gun violence, intervene in conflicts, and connect people to social and economic services to reduce the likelihood of gun violence as an answer.' Two of the other [hyperlink] actions (1) direct the Department of Justice (DOJ) to issue a report on firearms trafficking, which has not been undertaken since 2000, that is to be comprehensive and annually updated; and (2) announce the President's nomination for Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). In addition to the actions mentioned above, the President's recent announcement signals three further actions [hyperlink] in areas of firearms regulation that have been of interest to Congress in recent years: (1) the proliferation of so-called 'ghost guns'; (2) the availability of handguns with stabilizing or arm braces; and (3) the passage of 'red flag' laws. This Sidebar provides a brief overview of, and legal context for, the three announced actions in these areas, as the specifics of proposed regulatory actions are expected [hyperlink] in the coming months."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Foster, Michael A. (Legislative attorney)
2021-04-23
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Export Restrictions in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic [Updated April 23, 2021]
From the Document: "In response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, countries all over the world, including the United States, imposed temporary restrictions on exports of certain medical goods and some foodstuffs in order to mitigate potential shortages of key supplies. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO), for G-20 [Group of 20] countries, export bans accounted for more than 90% of trade restrictions related to the pandemic. Many measures are not explicit bans, but vary from licensing requirements to a right of first refusal for the government of the exporting country. These restrictions have raised debate about the consistency of such actions with WTO rules and the potential impact on the global trading system. Some markets depend heavily on countries that have implemented trade restrictions. Most leading exporters are also major importers of critical supplies, which put integrated supply chains at risk. The proliferation of such measures prompted some countries to lift restrictions or to abide by certain principles in their temporary application."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Casey, Christopher A.; Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.
2021-04-23
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Lobbying Registration and Disclosure: The Role of the Clerk of the House and the Secretary of the Senate [Updated April 22, 2021]
From the Summary: "On September 14, 2007, President George W. Bush signed the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-81), into law. The Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (HLOGA) amended the Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA) of 1995 (P.L. 104-65, as amended) to provide, among other changes to federal law and House and Senate rules, additional and more frequent disclosures of lobbying contacts and activities. This report explains the role of the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the Secretary of the Senate in the implementation and administration of lobbying registration and disclosure requirements and summarizes the guidance documents they have jointly issued."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straus, Jacob R.
2021-04-22
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Defense Primer: Army Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) [Updated April 22, 2021]
From the Document: "As an operational concept, Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) influence what types of weapon systems and equipment the Army procures, what types and numbers of soldiers are needed, and what type of training is required-- significant legislative concerns for Congress. In this regard, an understanding of MDO could prove beneficial for congressional oversight activities. [...] According to the U.S. Army's Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC): Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) describes how the U.S. Army, as part of the joint force [Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines] can counter and defeat a near-peer adversary capable of contesting the U.S. in all domains [air, land, maritime, space, and cyberspace] in both competition and armed conflict. The concept describes how U.S. ground forces, as part of the joint and multinational team, deter adversaries and defeat highly capable near-peer enemies in the 2025-2050 timeframe. MDO provides commanders numerous options for executing simultaneous and sequential operations using surprise and the rapid and continuous integration of capabilities across all domains to present multiple dilemmas to an adversary in order to gain physical and psychological advantages and influence and control over the operational environment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2021-04-22
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Disaster Resilience Investments: Community Development Block Grant Authorities for Mitigation (CDBG-MIT) [April 22, 2021]
From the Document: "In response to disasters, Congress has provided supplemental appropriations under Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) authorities that include funding for long-term disaster recovery, or CDBG-DR. In some recent cases, these investments have included targeted funding for mitigating future disaster risks, or CDBG-MIT. This In Focus considers CDBG-MIT's background, purpose, and structure, as well as policy considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jaroscak, Joseph V.; Cecire, Michael H.
2021-04-22
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Climate Change: Selected Federal Economic Development Tools and Policy Considerations [April 22, 2021]
From the Document: "Social, economic, and ecological risks associated with climate change, such as those documented in the U.S. Fourth National Climate Assessment and by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, have significant economic development implications. These include increased demand for federal economic development interventions, such as for infrastructure resiliency, and support for labor and economic dislocations resulting from energy transition. This In Focus considers potential federal economic development tools to help address climate change, as well as policy considerations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael; Leggett, Jane A.
2021-04-22
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Central American Migration: Root Causes and U.S. Policy [Updated April 22, 2021]
From the Document: "According to a model developed by academics at the University of Texas at Austin, an estimated 311,000 people, on average, left the Northern Triangle region of Central America annually from FY2014 to FY2020, with the majority bound for the United States. Flows have varied from year to year, however, with an estimated 709,000 people leaving the region in FY2019 followed by an estimated 139,000 people leaving the region in FY2020. Surveys conducted in 2020 found that many potential migrants in the region had postponed their plans in the midst of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic but intended to undertake their journeys once governments lifted cross-border travel restrictions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Meyer, Peter J.
2021-04-22
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Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress [April 22, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report presents background information and issues for Congress concerning the Navy's force structure and shipbuilding plans. The current and planned size and composition of the Navy, the annual rate of Navy ship procurement, the prospective affordability of the Navy's shipbuilding plans, and the capacity of the U.S. shipbuilding industry to execute the Navy's shipbuilding plans have been oversight matters for the congressional defense committees for many years. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's proposed FY2022 shipbuilding program and the Navy's longer-term shipbuilding plans. Decisions that Congress makes on this issue can substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-04-22
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Sanctions Programs Targeting Human Traffickers: In Brief [April 22, 2021]
From the Document: "This CRS [Congressional Research Service] In Brief describes the role of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (hereafter Treasury) in combating trafficking in persons, and addresses the extent to which sanctions programs administered by the department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) target foreign human traffickers."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosen, Liana W.; O'Regan, Katarina C.
2021-04-22
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U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims: A Brief Introduction [Updated April 22, 2021]
From the Document: "The U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (CAVC) provides the exclusive forum for veterans and other claimants, such as veterans' surviving spouses, to appeal U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) decisions denying various veterans' benefits. This In Focus describes the CAVC's creation, jurisdiction, authority, and procedures before identifying several issues that may interest the 117th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gaffney, Jonathan M.
2021-04-22
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Deeming Resolutions: Budget Enforcement in the Absence of a Budget Resolution [Updated April 21, 2021]
From the Summary: "The budget resolution reflects an agreement between the House and Senate on a budgetary plan for the upcoming fiscal year. Once agreed to by both chambers in the exact same form, the budget resolution creates parameters that may be enforced by (1) points of order and (2) using the budget reconciliation process. [...] Since the creation of the budget resolution, there have been 11 years in which Congress did not come to agreement on a budget resolution. In each of those years, one or both chambers employed at least one deeming resolution to serve as a substitute for a budget resolution. While referred to as deeming resolutions, such mechanisms are not formally defined and have no specifically prescribed content. Instead, they represent the House and Senate, often separately, engaging legislative procedures to deal with enforcement issues on an ad hoc basis. As described below, the mechanisms can vary significantly in content and timing. This report covers the use of deeming resolutions pertaining to fiscal years for which the House and Senate did not agree on a budget resolution."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lynch, Megan Suzanne
2021-04-21
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Presumptive Service Connection: Former Servicemembers of Camp Stronghold Freedom at Karshi-Khanabad (K2) Airbase [April 21, 2021]
From the Document: "In recent years, exposure to potentially toxic hazards, like open-air burn pits, has gained congressional attention. In the 117th Congress, the House and Senate Veterans' Affairs Committees have indicated ongoing interest in examining the association of illnesses with exposure to certain toxic hazards during military service. It is possible that Congress may debate legislative proposals to establish 'presumptive service connection' for veterans potentially exposed to toxic hazards while conducting military operations or while stationed at specific military installations. One in particular includes those formerly stationed at Camp Stronghold Freedom and who have since developed certain health issues or disabilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.; Salazar, Heather M.
2021-04-21
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Kyrgyz Voters Approve Strong Presidential System in Constitutional Referendum [April 21, 2021]
From the Document: "On April 11, 2021, voters in the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan) approved a new constitution that returns the country to a system of strong presidential rule after 10 years as Central Asia's only parliamentary republic. According to preliminary data [hyperlink], 79% voted in favor; turnout was 37%, meeting the 30% threshold for the referendum to be considered valid. While a strong presidency may appeal to Kyrgyz voters frustrated with the existing parliamentary system, international observers and Kyrgyz civil society activists warn that the new constitution may threaten Kyrgyzstan's democracy and move the country in a more authoritarian [hyperlink] direction. Human Rights Watch criticized [hyperlink] the document as 'undermin[ing] human rights norms and weaken[ing] checks and balances necessary to prevent abuses of power.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blackwood, Maria A.
2021-04-21
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Coup-Related Restrictions in U.S. Foreign Aid Appropriations [Updated April 21, 2021]
From the Document: "Events over the past year in Burma and Mali have brought attention to a provision that has appeared in annual State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations legislation since 1986 that restricts U.S. foreign assistance following a coup d'état."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Lawson, Marian Leonardo; Chesser, Susan G.
2021-04-21
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Youth Provisions in the Supporting Foster Youth and Families Through the Pandemic Act (Division X of P.L. 116-260) [April 21, 2021]
From the Summary: "This report focuses on the youth provisions in the Supporting Foster Youth and Families through the Pandemic Act, enacted as Division X of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2021 (P.L. 116-260). The act includes provisions that make temporary changes to child welfare and home visiting policies in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The youth policies are intended to assist foster youth during the pandemic, including those who are no longer in care. Compared to their peers generally, current and former foster experience poor outcomes in education, employment, housing stability, and other markers of adulthood. Such challenges appear to be heightened because of the pandemic, as reported in news publications and surveys of youth."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fernandes-Alcantara, Adrienne L.
2021-04-21
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Health Care for Dependents and Survivors of Veterans [Updated April 21, 2021]
From the Summary: "The Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs (CHAMPVA) was established by the Veterans Health Care Expansion Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-82). CHAMPVA is primarily a health insurance program where certain eligible dependents and survivors of veterans receive care from private sector health care providers. [...] To be eligible for CHAMPVA benefits, the beneficiary must be the spouse or child of a veteran who has a total and permanent service-connected disability, or the widowed spouse or child of a veteran who (1) died as a result of a service-connected disability; or (2) had a total, permanent disability resulting from a service-connected condition at the time of death; or (3) died while on active duty status and in the line of duty; and does not qualify for health care under the Department of Defense (DOD) TRICARE program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Panangala, Sidath Viranga
2021-04-21
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Senate Powersharing Agreement of the 117th Congress (S.Res. 27) [April 21, 2021]
From the Summary: "In the 117th Congress, Senate membership is evenly divided between the two political parties, with 50 Republicans, 48 Democrats, and 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats. This is often referred to as a '50-50 Senate.' On February 3, 2021, the Senate approved S.Res. 27, a measure to provide the organizational basis for powersharing in the Senate when the parties are equally divided. Except for minor formatting changes, the resolution is identical to the one agreed to in 2001 when the Senate was most recently equally divided. The key provisions of the resolution are outlined [in the report]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rybicki, Elizabeth
2021-04-21
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Smart Cars and Trucks: Spectrum Use for Vehicle Safety [Updated April 21, 2021]
From the Background: "Increasing the autonomy of cars and trucks is seen as an effective way to reduce the 94% of vehicle-related accidents that involve human error. While some semiautonomous safety technologies, such as automatic braking, are in use today, many autonomous technologies under development would require cars and trucks to communicate wirelessly with one another (vehicle-to-vehicle, or V2V) and with their surroundings (vehicle-to-infrastructure, or V2I). V2V communication is expected to reduce the number of accidents by improving detection of oncoming vehicles and providing driver warnings. V2I communication is expected to help highway operators monitor and manage traffic and provide drivers with information such as weather and traffic conditions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Canis, Bill; Gallagher, Jill C.
2021-04-21
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Lebanon [Updated April 21, 2021]
From the Summary: "Since having its boundaries drawn by France after the First World War, Lebanon has struggled to define its national identity. Its population then included Christian, Sunni Muslim, and Shi'a Muslim communities of roughly comparable size, and with competing visions for the country. Seeking to avoid sectarian conflict, Lebanese leaders created a confessional system that allocated power among the country's religious sects according to their percentage of the population. Since then, Lebanon's demographics and political dynamics have shifted, exacerbating tension among groups. Sectarian divisions have stoked violence, such as during the 1975-1990 civil war, as well as political gridlock on issues that require dividing power, such as government formation. These dynamics are intensified by external actors--including Syria and Iran--that maintain influence in Lebanon by backing Hezbollah and its political allies. Other states, such as Saudi Arabia, have backed Sunni communities as part of a broader effort to curtail Iran's regional influence. The United States has sought to bolster forces that could serve as a counterweight to Syrian and Iranian influence in Lebanon, providing more than $2 billion in military assistance to the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) since 2006, with the aim of creating a national force strong enough to counter nonstate actors like Hezbollah and secure the country's borders against extremist groups operating in neighboring Syria, including those affiliated with Al Qaeda and the Islamic State."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humud, Carla E.
2021-04-21
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Climate Change Risk Disclosures and the Securities and Exchange Commission [April 20, 2021]
From the Summary: "Potential risks to the U.S. financial system from climate change have attracted growing attention in government, academia, and media, raising questions about the roles of financial regulators in addressing such risks. [...] The Securities and Exchange Commission's(SEC's)mission is to protect investors; maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets; and facilitate capital formation. As part of this mission, the SEC issued 'Guidance Regarding Disclosure Related to Climate Change' in 2010 to assist publicly listed companies in evaluating when climate change risks require disclosure."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Miller, Rena S.; Vanatko, Nicole; Shorter, Gary W.
2021-04-20
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China's New Semiconductor Policies: Issues for Congress [April 20, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Many Members of Congress and U.S. policymakers are concerned that China's state-led semiconductor policies, if successful, could lead to the loss of U.S. technological leadership and significantly shift global semiconductor production and related design and research capabilities to China. Chinese semiconductor competencies could support a range of technology advancements, including military applications. Although some countries, including the United States, support their domestic semiconductor industry, the scope and scale of China's state-led efforts are unprecedented when considering the amount of state funding involved, the Chinese government's ambitions to lead across the entire semiconductor value chain, the targeting of U.S. and foreign capabilities, and the particular methods that China is using, which appear to challenge current global rules and norms."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sutter, Karen M.
2021-04-20
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Bahrain: Unrest, Security, and U.S. Policy [Updated April 20, 2021]
From the Summary: "Bahrain is a small island nation, ruled by a hereditary monarchy, that is in a partnership with other Arab monarchies of the Persian Gulf called the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman). Bahrain is led by King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, who succeeded his father, Shaykh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, upon his death in 1999. U.S.-Bahrain ties are long-standing and have deepened over the past four decades as the Gulf region has become highly volatile. The country has hosted a U.S. naval command headquarters for the Gulf region since 1948, and the United States and Bahrain have had a formal Defense Cooperation Agreement (DCA) since 1991. In 2004, Bahrain was designated by the United States as a 'major non-NATO ally.' There are nearly 5,000 U.S. forces, mostly Navy, serving at the naval facility and other bases in Bahrain, and the country is a significant buyer of U.S.-made arms. In 2014, Bahrain joined the U.S.-led coalition combatting the Islamic State and flew strikes against the group's fighters in Syria that year."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2021-04-20
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Staff Pay Levels for Selected Positions in Senators' Offices, FY2001-FY2020 [Updated April 20, 2021]
From the Summary: "Levels of pay for congressional staff are a source of recurring questions among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. There may be interest in congressional pay data from multiple perspectives, including assessment of the costs of congressional operations, guidance in setting pay levels for staff in Member offices, or comparison of congressional staff pay levels with those of other federal government pay systems. This report provides pay data for 24 staff position titles that are typically found in Senators' offices. The following table provides the positions, and the change in median pay levels between FY2019 and FY2020 for those positions, in constant 2021 dollars."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Petersen, R. Eric
2021-04-20
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LIBOR Transition [Updated April 19, 2021]
From the Document: "LIBOR [London Interbank Offered Rate] is a key benchmark interest rate underpinning many financial contracts, but it is scheduled to be discontinued starting at the end of 2021. This In Focus discusses efforts to transition away from the use of LIBOR in financial products in order to avoid disruption if LIBOR disappears"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Labonte, Marc
2021-04-19
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Handguns, Stabilizing Braces, and Related Components [Updated April 19, 2021]
From the Document: "On April 7, 2021, the White House announced that the Department of Justice has been directed to issue a proposed rule within 60 days (by June 6, 2021) to clarify when a device marketed as a stabilizing brace might turn a pistol into a short-barreled rifle. On December 18, 2020, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) published guidance in the 'Federal Register' for public comment that indicated that it was preparing to reclassify certain 'heavier, larger handguns (pistols) equipped with stabilizing braces' as more stringently regulated 'short-barreled rifles.' Such a reclassification would retroactively trigger the more extensive paperwork and background check requirements of the 1934 National Firearms Act (NFA), and require registration of the owner and firearm with ATF. While this guidance was withdrawn on December 23, 2020, the proposed rule could address some of the same issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Krouse, William J.
2021-04-19
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International Discussions Concerning Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems [Updated April 19, 2021]
From the Document: "Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS), or weapons designed to independently select and engage targets without the need for manual human control, could enable military operations in communications-degraded or -denied environments where traditional systems may not be able to operate. LAWS are not yet in widespread development. However, as technology advances--particularly artificial intelligence (AI)--a larger number of countries may consider developing and operating LAWS. This could hold potential implications for congressional oversight, defense investments, military concepts of operations, treaty-making, and the future of warfare. As has been the case throughout history, incorporation of new technology into weapons systems creates a number of potential legal, ethical, strategic, and operational problems. For this reason, some members of the international community seek through international discussions to constrain--if not ban--LAWS."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sayler, Kelley M.
2021-04-19
