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Investigation Report: Chemical Waste-Mixing Incident, New York, NY, April 25, 2002
"This investigation report examines a chemical waste-mixing incident that occurred on April 25, 2002, at the Kaltech Industries Group, Inc., sign manufacturing facility in the Chelsea district of New York City. An explosion and fire in a confined basement workspace in a mixed-occupancy building injured several employees, members of the public, and six firefighters. This report identifies the root and contributing causes of the incident and makes recommendations on hazard communication, hazardous waste handling, and municipal oversight."
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2003-09
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Investigation Report: Vent Collection System Explosion, Cranston, Rhode Island, February 7, 2003
"The CSB investigation determined the following root causes: Technic did not conduct a process safety review to identify and evaluate the hazards associated with installing a vent collection system to handle the exhaust from multiple processes. Such a review would have likely included a process hazard analysis to identify and evaluate reactive chemical hazards. Competent reviewers would have evaluated and verified the design prior to and after installation; Technic did not identify and evaluate the hazards created by changes to facility processes and equipment (i.e., management of change). Significant changes made to the vent collection system were not envisioned in the original design and significantly deteriorated its performance. Such modifications should have been accompanied by a design and engineering review, a process hazard analysis, and before-and-after performance testing to ensure that the system was operating as intended. In addition, the following contributed to the incident and its consequences: Neither Technic nor CFD adequately planned for this type of emergency; and Technic did not have process and equipment integrity procedures or training to inspect or maintain the vent collection system." Key issues discussed include: incompatible chemical mixing, process safety review, management of change, preventive maintenance, and emergency planning and response.
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2004-08
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Case Study: Fire and Explosion: Hazards of Benzoyl Peroxide, Gnadenhutten, OH, January 2, 2003
"This Case Study describes a benzoyl peroxide (BPO) explosion and fire that occurred at the Catalyst Systems, Inc., production facility in Gnadenhutten, Ohio. At 11:55 am on January 2, 2003, a vacuum dryer holding nearly 200 pounds of BPO exploded. Employees were drying granular 75 percent BPO to make 98 percent BPO when the material explosively decomposed. One employee was slightly injured, and the BPO processing building was significantly damaged."
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2003-10
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Case Study: Explosion at Biochemical Facility: Liquid Nitric Oxide Release, Miami Township, Ohio, September 21, 2003
"This Case Study describes an explosion in a cryogenic nitric oxide (NO) distillation process at the Isotec facility in Miami Township, Ohio. Remarkably, only one employee was injured. More than 2,000 local residents were evacuated for 24 hours." Key issues discussed include: process hazards analysis, incident investigation, land use management, and emergency response.
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2004-08
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Investigation Report: Dust Explosion, Kinston, North Carolina, January 29, 2003
"This investigation report examines a dust explosion at West Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in Kinston, North Carolina. Six workers were killed and 38 others were injured, including two firefighters. The Kinston plant manufactured rubber drug delivery components. This report identifies the root and contributing causes of the incident and makes recommendations on hazard recognition and communication, good engineering practice, and local amendments to fire codes." Key issues discussed include: hazard recognition and communication, good engineering practice, and local amendments to fire codes.
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2003-01-29
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Building School Resilience in an Era of Multiple Threats
From the thesis abstract: "There is a lack of attention towards the process of recovery in U.S. schools despite their vulnerability to natural and intentional threats with the potential of creating mass casualties. By promoting resilience as a component of recovery as similarly modeled in Israel and the UK, the U.S. can empower children and the at-large community, enabling a quicker recovery. Case studies from past mass casualty incidents from a variety of threat mechanisms involving schools were analyzed to assess (1) time criticality, (2) lack of information sharing, (3) family reunification, (4) lockdown considerations, and (5) first responder considerations. Regardless of threat mechanism, most variables will factor in a school's ability to recover, including the reality that the longer the exposure to the trauma, the greater the psychosocial impact and greater difficulty in recovery. School administrators and first responders, primarily from public health and law enforcement, should collaborate on efforts in the pre-event phase to mitigate both physical and psychological impacts from trauma. The success of fire prevention education has promoted resilience for decades. Similar strategies should focus on all hazards and the term "resilience" should become a natural term in the American lexicon."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Van Sparrentak, Kenneth J.
2008-09
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Investigation Report: Combustible Dust Hazard Study
"Following three catastrophic dust explosions that killed 14 workers in 2003, the US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) initiated a study of dust explosions in general industry and what can be done to reduce their risk. The CSB has concluded that combustible dust explosions are a serious hazard in American industry, and that existing efforts inadequately address this hazard. The CSB recommends that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issue a comprehensive combustible dust standard for general industry that addresses hazard assessment, engineering controls, housekeeping, and worker training. The OSHA standard should be based on the well-recognized National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) voluntary consensus standards. As interim measures during the lengthy rulemaking process, the CSB further recommends that OSHA conduct outreach and implement a special emphasis inspection program targeting industries particularly at risk for dust explosions, such as aluminum casting, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and wood products. Last, the CSB recommends that OSHA revise the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) so that it explicitly applies to combustible dusts and that it requires MSDSs to include clear hazard warnings and information on safe handling practices, and that the American National Standards Institute amend Z400.1 to provide specific guidance on preparing MSDSs for combustible dusts."
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2006-11
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Building a New Storyline for Florida's Domestic Security to Provide Future Resiliency for the State
"Quickly after the 9/11 event, the state of Florida drafted one of the Nation's first comprehensive counterterrorism strategies to aid in the protection of the state's visitors and citizens. This strategy was drafted early in the new paradigm of Homeland Security. The strategy had several modifications over the years but has not had a comprehensive review since its inception. Many things have changed in the arena of Homeland Security since that first step after the 9/11 event. The analysis of interviews from Florida Homeland Security Leaders, and other states' homeland security strategies in combination with the Government Accountability Office (GAO) six desirable characteristics demonstrates the need for Florida to develop the next iteration of its domestic security strategy. This thesis recommends using the strengths of Florida's Regional Domestic Security Task Force, the Department of Homeland Security Target Capability List, and the GAO desirable characteristics combined with traditional elements of strategic planning to be the pillars of this new iteration of the strategy. A new vision and mission statement based on a traditional strategic planning tool will be the first step in building a new storyline for Florida's Domestic Security Strategy."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Pape, Dominick D.
2008-09
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Investigation Report: Vinyl Chloride Monomer Explosion, Illiopolis, Illinois, April 23, 2004
"The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) determined that this incident occurred when an operator drained a full, heated, and pressurized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) reactor. The CSB believes that the operator cleaning a nearby reactor likely opened the bottom valve on an operating reactor, releasing its highly flammable contents. On April 23, 2004, an explosion and fire at the Formosa Plastics Corporation, Illiopolis, Illinois, (Formosa-IL) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing facility killed five and severely injured three workers. The explosion and fire destroyed most of the reactor facility and adjacent warehouse and ignited PVC resins stored in the warehouse. Smoke from the smoldering fire drifted over the local community, and as a precaution, local authorities ordered an evacuation of the community for two days. As of the date of this report, the facility is shut down and has not been rebuilt." Key issues discussed include: human factors, hazard evaluation, incident investigation, and emergency response.
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2007-03
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Investigation Report: Chlorine Release, Glendale, Arizona, November 17, 2003
"On November 17, 2003, a chlorine gas release at DPC Enterprises (DPC) in Glendale, Arizona, led to the evacuation of 1.5 square miles of Glendale and Phoenix. Five residents and 11 police officers sought medical attention for symptoms of chlorine exposure and were treated and released. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) determined that excess chlorine vented to the scrubber, where it completely depleted the active scrubbing material (caustic) and over-chlorinated the scrubber. The resulting bleach decomposition reaction released a cloud of toxic gases into the surrounding community. Emissions continued at a decreasing rate for about six hours. The incident ended when workers injected additional caustic into the scrubber to stop the decomposition reaction." Key issues discussed include: matching safeguards to risk, operating procedures, reactive hazards, and emergency response.
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2003-11-17
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Investigation Report: Methanol Tank Explosion and Fire, Daytona Beach, Florida, January 11, 2006
"On January 11, 2006, an explosion and fire occurred at the City of Daytona Beach, Bethune Point Wastewater Treatment Plant (Bethune Point WWTP) in Daytona Beach, Florida, killing two employees and severely burning a third. The Bethune Point WWTP processes wastewater using a treatment that requires the addition of methanol, a highly flammable liquid. The methanol is stored in an above-ground storage tank. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) determined that maintenance workers using a cutting torch on a roof above the methanol storage tank accidentally ignited vapors coming from the tank vent. The flame flashed back into the storage tank, causing an explosion inside the tank that precipitated multiple methanol piping failures and a large fire that engulfed the tank and workers." Key issues discussed include: hazard communication, hot work control, plastic pipe in flammable service, flame arrester maintenance, and Florida public employee safety programs.
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2007-03
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Education in Action: Educating USNORTHCOM's Critical Stakeholders at the Away Game
"This thesis is a customizable strategy to educate United States Northern Command's Critical Stakeholders utilizing a Mobile Education & Training Team, educating key stakeholder personnel at their location. After providing background on the United States Northern Command (NORTHCOM) and discussing why it is important for stakeholders to have an understanding of the unit's missions, organizations, capabilities and limitations, the thesis poses a research question: "How can NORTHCOM change its outreach and education policies and practices to more effectively educate its key interagency stakeholders, at the stakeholder location, in order to improve response efforts during a crisis?" Stakeholders are identified ("WHO to Educate"), a customizable education package is presented ("WHAT to Educate"), several delivery options are discussed ("HOW to Educate"), and several courses of action are considered regarding Educator Options ("WHO Should Educate"). A methodology called the Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) is utilized to assist in identifying the most effective courses of action, developing evaluation criteria, ranking each course of action utilizing those criteria, and using a quantifiable system to determine the most effective courses of action. These chapters are augmented with a discussion on developing and implementing measures of effectiveness, along with recommended areas for future study."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Osterholzer, Steven
2008-09
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Archivist of the United States Establishes 'Controlled Unclassified Information Office'
This press release from the National Archives announces the establishment of the "Controlled Unclassified Information Office" (CUI Office)within the National Archives and Records Administration and names William J. Bosanko as the head of the office. It explains the background for creation of the office and lays out the responsibilities of the Director of the CUI.
United States. National Archives and Records Administration
2008-05-22
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 6456: An Act to Provide for Extensions of Certain Authorities of the Department of State, and for Other Purposes
"H.R. 6456 would extend U.S. broadcasting service to Asian countries and amend or extend other provisions of current law affecting personnel in international broadcasting and at the Department of State. CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 6456 would cost $34 million over the 2009-2013 period, assuming appropriation of the estimated amounts. Enacting the bill would not affect direct spending or revenues."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2008-10-01
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Stability Operations and State Building: Continuities and Contingencies
This is a report from the Strategic Studies Institute at the Army War College on stability operations and state building. "The current age of state building may be traced back at least to U.S. involvement in the various Balkan conflicts. But with the advent of the Global War on Terror and the subsequent interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq, the U.S. military, especially the Army and the Marines Corps, has been faced with an unprecedented challenge to reestablish entire countries and rebuild their institutions. […] The Department of Defense published its Directive 3000.05, 'Military Support for Stability, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction (SSTR) Operations,' in November 2005, to address this area of state building and stability operations. The process of arriving at this point, however, indicates that no consistent view of the state-building mission area exists as yet. The Strategic Studies Institute's collaboration with Austin Peay State University allowed for academics, governmental and nongovernmental practitioners, and military personnel to step back and review the entire spectrum of state-building needs as theorized and practiced by modern societies."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Browder, Dewey A.; Kaufmann, Greg
2008-10
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DCI Task Force on the National Reconnaissance Office, Report to the Director of Central Intelligence, Final Report
"In March 1992, Director of Central Intelligence Robert Gates requested that a task force, which was headed by Lockheed Corporation COO Robert Fuhrman, examine a variety of issues concerning the future of the National Reconnaissance. Their recommendations concerned, inter alia, the NRO's role in the development and operation of overhead intelligence systems, its organizational structure, and the location of its program offices. The panel also recommended that the "fact of" the NRO be declassified." This is an unclassified extract from the complete document.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence
1992-04
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Martin C. Faga, Director, National Reconnaissance Office, Memorandum for Secretary of Defense, Director of Central Intelligence, Regarding Changing the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) to an Overt Organization
"This is the memo that NRO director Faga actually signed to the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence. In it, Faga notes the recommendation of the Fuhrman panel as well as the view of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in favor of declassification. Faga also provides his recommendations concerning changing the NRO to overt status. While some of his recommendations (a.-c., e., g.) were accepted, others (d., f, primarily concerning SIGINT) were not. Attachment 2 concerns the implications of the proposed changes in ten different areas."
United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence
1992-07-30
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Memorandum for the Record Regarding Board of Directors Overt/Covert Guidance
"In contrast to previous recommendations that the NRO's existence be declassified, the Fuhrman panel's recommendations helped set in motion a process that would result in declassification of that information. This May 1 memo provides guidance from the NRO board of directors on the process of moving the NRO from a covert to an overt organization. It focuses on a number of topics - the unclassified description of the NRO's mission, the identification of NRO officials, staffing of the office, its location, the National Reconnaissance Program, and the Freedom of Information Act." See "DCI Task Force on the National Reconnaissance Office, Report to the Director of Central Intelligence" for more information.
United States. National Reconnaissance Office
1992-05-01
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3136: Fugitive Information Networked Database Act of 2008
"S. 3136 would authorize the appropriation of $400 million over the 2009-2015 period for the Department of Justice (DOJ) to make grants to states and Indian tribes to improve the execution of criminal warrants and increase the extradition of fugitives. The bill also would authorize the appropriation of $253 million over the 2009-2015 period for the U.S. Marshals Service to create new regional task forces to apprehend fugitives, increase the number of high-level investigators at existing task forces, and assist states in transporting fugitives. Assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts, CBO estimates that implementing S. 3136 would cost about $400 million over the 2009-2013 period, with remaining amounts spent in subsequent years. Enacting the legislation would not affect direct spending or revenues. S. 3136 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2008-09-29
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Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense Regarding Declassification of Specified Information Relating to the National Reconnaissance Office
This memorandum from the Director of Central Intelligence regarding the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) "represents another step in the declassification process - with the DCI informing the Secretary of Defense of information about the NRO that 'no longer requires ... protection' and recommending declassification of that information."
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
1992-09-03
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Altering the Mission Statement: The Training of Firefighters as Intelligence Gatherers
This NPS thesis investigates the role of firefighters as intelligence gatherers in the War on Terrorism. "The fire service is one of the premier emergency response agencies in the United States. As our nation strives to expand and enhance its homeland security efforts, firefighters have been recognized as an underutilized asset. The opportunity for firefighters to act as 'first preventers' in the war on terrorism is unmatched by any other emergency response agency. This, coupled with the warrantless search provisions afforded firefighters by the Constitution, makes firefighters the logical choice for training and inclusion into an expanded terrorism awareness initiative. Expansion of the intelligence-gathering capabilities of first responders, specifically firefighters, will not be without difficulty. The lack of training and educational opportunities afforded firefighters in this area, the changes in firefighting culture, the status of firefighters as an integral part of the community, are all obstacles that must be addressed. Firefighters respond to homes and businesses with unprecedented frequency. A multi-faceted approach involving training, community involvement, and operational awareness will streamline the utilization of firefighters in the area of threat recognition. Trained firefighters will help shoulder some of the burden placed on law enforcement while the utilization of a current asset will put forth a new best practice for the safety of our communities."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Blatus, Richard J.
2008-09
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Hazards Analysis, On the Move, SARA Title Ill (EPCRA) and Conducting a Commodity Flow Study
This document is a report from the Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, for local planners to protect their communities from risks resulting from transporting hazardous materials. "The purpose of this document is to help […] local planners (e.g., tribal and state LEPCs, and other planners) and responders, develop a method to determine what hazardous materials are being transported through [the] community and the priority areas of risk that warrant further analysis and study. By doing so, [local planners] can assess and improve existing strategies to minimize risk (both public and private) and the response capabilities within [their] jurisdiction."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
1993-10
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Fact Sheet: Rewards for Justice Program
This fact sheet provides an overview of the Rewards for Justice Program, one of the most valuable U.S. Government assets in the fight against international terrorism. The fact sheet discusses how the program operates both domestically and overseas and summarizes its effectiveness over the past seven years by offering the total amount paid since the inception of the program.
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs
2001-12-13
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Water Security Initiative: Interim Guidance on Developing Consequence Management Plans for Drinking Water Utilities
"The purpose of this document is to assist drinking water utilities with planning, designing, implementing, and maintaining an effective Consequence Management Plan (CMP) as part of a contamination warning system. This is based on the model developed under EPA's WS initiative. Consequence management is a key aspect of a contamination warning system and consists of actions taken to plan for and respond to potential drinking water contamination incidents in the distribution system. These actions are meant to minimize response and recovery timelines through a pre-planned, coordinated effort. Investigative and response actions initiated upon determination of a possible contamination threat are used to establish credibility, minimize public health and economic impacts, and ultimately return the utility to normal operations. The CMP serves as a guide for the utility that describes the actions that should be taken upon discovery of a possible contamination threat, as detected by one of the contamination warning system monitoring and surveillance components. In the event of a confirmed contamination incident, the plan provides information on remediation and recovery steps to return the utility to normal operation. The CMP relies on extensive pre-planning efforts to both establish clear roles and responsibilities with local, State, and Federal response organizations and define strategies for communicating with the public."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
2008-10
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Water Security Initiative: Interim Guidance on Developing an Operational Strategy for Contamination Warning Systems
"This document provides guidance for developing, implementing, and maintaining an operational strategy for a drinking water contamination warning system based on EPA's recommended approach. It provides details and background on the content of EPA's recommended operational strategy; a framework or approach for developing, implementing, and testing the operational strategy; and discusses how to align routine operations of a contamination warning system with existing utility operations to achieve a sustainable system that realizes dual-use applications. Throughout the document, tips and success stories from the initial contamination warning system pilot in Cincinnati are highlighted to draw attention to useful points for consideration."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
2008-09
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Leveraging Service Oriented Architecture to Enhance Information Sharing for Surface Transportation Security
"This thesis determines the technology and architecture best suited for sharing security information among mass transit systems (MTS), their security partners, and TSA. The architecture would enable TSA to enhance the security of MTS and surface transportation. It incorporates existing security practices between MTS, their regional security partners, and TSA. Existing practices were determined through interviews and case reviews of regional information sharing networks. These were analyzed to identify gaps in information sharing practices and technology. Requirements for the architecture were established to close the gaps, accounting for the variability in size, capability, risk and ownership characteristics of MTS. A scalable architecture, adaptable to evolving homeland security requirements, and capable of exchanging information among disparate databases and formats was needed. Characteristics of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) were analyzed and found to fulfill these requirements. Technologies underlying SOA, including XML and web services, were reviewed to develop the understanding needed to create the architecture. An architecture was created for TSA consistent with its organization and business practices, and that of MTS and their stakeholders. Data exchange standards being developed by DHS were incorporated in the architecture. Collaboration and governance considerations for implementing SOA were briefly discussed."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Chatterjee, Ash
2008-09
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EPA/OSHA Joint Chemical Accident Investigation Report, Shell Chemical Company, Deer Park, Texas
This report from the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration discusses the explosion and fire at the Shell Chemical Company Complex in Deer Park, Texas, that occurred on June 22, 1997, response to the accident, the investigation, analyses, and identifies the root causes and the contributing factors of the accident. "An explosion and fire took place at the Shell Chemical Company Complex in Deer Park, Texas, on June 22, 1997, resulting in injuries, public sheltering, closure of transportation routes, and property damage both on and off site. EPA and OSHA undertook an investigation of this accident because of its severity, its effects on workers and the public, the desire to identify those root causes and contributing factors of the event that may have broad applicability to industry, and the potential to develop recommendations and lessons learned to prevent future accidents of this type. This investigation was conducted in conjunction with an investigation by OSHA to determine if violations of occupational safety and health laws had occurred. […] The JCAIT developed recommendations addressing the root and contributing causes to prevent a recurrence or similar event at this and other facilities."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency; United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1998-06
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TSA's Management of Aviation Security Activities at Jackson-Evers International and Other Selected Airports (Unclassified Summary)
"This is one of a series of audit, inspection, and special reports prepared as part of our oversight responsibilities to promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness within the department. In response to a congressional request from U.S. Representative Bennie Thompson, Chairman of the House Committee on Homeland Security, our report addresses the Transportation Security Administration's (TSA) management of its aviation security activities at the Jackson-Evers International Airport in Mississippi. We also addressed the aviation security activities at five other airports as a means of comparison. We based this review on interviews with TSA employees, federal, state, and local law enforcement officers, commercial airline carrier employees, airport authority staff, direct observations, statistical analysis, and a review of applicable documents. The recommendations herein have been developed to the best knowledge available to our office, and have been discussed in draft with those responsible for implementation. It is our hope that this report will result in more effective, efficient, and economical operations."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2008-09
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President Bush's Radio Address [October 25, 2008]
This document is a White House transcript of President Bush's radio address on October 25, 2008 that focuses on the financial crisis. Bush announces: "this week, I consulted with leaders from throughout the world and announced that I would convene an international summit in Washington on November the 15th" to address the financial crisis.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2008-10-25
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40 CFR Part 197: Public Health and Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada, Final Rule
"We, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are promulgating amendments to our public health and safety standards for radioactive material stored or disposed of in the potential repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Congress directed us to develop these standards and required us to contract with the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to conduct a study to provide findings and recommendations on reasonable standards for protection of the public health and safety. The health and safety standards promulgated by EPA are to be 'based upon and consistent with' the findings and recommendations of NAS. Originally, these standards were promulgated on June 13, 2001 (66 FR 32074) (the 2001 standards)."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
2008
