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Recovery and Identification of Civilian: Victims of War in Croatia
This article is designed to aid the development of forensic anthropology in Croatia by demonstrating techniques and instrumentation employed in the discovery, excavation, and examination of human remains. It includes first responder experiences and recommendations to improve emergency response.
United States. Department of the Interior
Owsley, Douglas W.; Strinovic, Davor; Slaus, Mario . . .
1996-12-16
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Nullifying the Effectiveness of Weapons of Mass Destruction (NBC) Through Integrated Land, Air, and Space-Based Sensors and Analysis
"Despite the best-combined efforts of the world's five major powers (United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and China), third world countries, rogue radical groups, and potential terrorist organizations continue their alarming proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) technologies. According to Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are 'the most overriding security interest of our time.' Supporting her statement, in recent testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee, the directors of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency agreed that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is the biggest threat to national security. LTG Patrick M. Hughes, director of the DIA, explained 'because chemical and biological weapons are generally easier to develop, hide, and employ than nuclear weapons,' they will be 'more widely proliferated and have a higher probability of being used over the next two decades."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
King, William E.
1996-12-16
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DoD Combating Terrorism Program
This Directive: (1) Reissues reference (a) to update DoD policies and responsibilities for implementing the DoD Combating Terrorism Program, pursuant to reference (b). (2) Assigns responsibilities for the protection of DoD personnel and their families, facilities, and other material resources from terrorist acts. (3) Continues to authorize the publication of reference (c), as the DoD standard for force protection against acts of terrorism, in accordance with reference (d). (4) Establishes the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as the principal advisor and focal point responsible to the Secretary of Defense for all Department of Defense force protection issues. (5) Expands the responsibilities of the Combatant Commanders to ensure the force protection of all Department of Defense activities in their geographic area of responsibility.
United States. Department of Defense
1996-12-15
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Department of Defense Directive 5200.1: DoD Information Security Program
This Directive: 1. Reissues reference (a) to update policy and responsibilities for the DoD Information Security Program under references (b) and (c). 2. Replaces references (d) through (f) . 3. Continues to authorize the publication of DoD 5200.1-R (reference (g)), in accordance with DoD 5025.1-M (reference (h)).
United States. Department of Defense
1996-12-13
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ASEAN Regional Forum: Asian Security Without an American Umbrella
"The United States is an Asian power, but its role and credibility lack clear definition in the minds of many Asian leaders. Some mistrust the United States, thinking it harbors chiefly economic, even 'imperialist,' motives. Others have little faith in U.S. commitments, recalling our about-face in Vietnam. U.S. Asian policy today is a curious blend of seemingly firm bilateral commitments and occasionally startling ambiguities. The latter, while preserving American flexibility, run the risk of signalling weakness when friends and potential adversaries probe for clarity of purpose. This American 'inscrutability' in Asia is all the more troubling in a region lacking a strong web of multilateral institutions, as exists across the North Atlantic. Indeed, if the United States is to maintain regional stability in Asia, Colonel Larry Wortzel, the U.S. Army attache in Beijing, argues, it must make multilateral dialogues like the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum a major tenet of its Asian policy. The problems that need to be addressed by the United States in conjunction with its Asian friends, allies and potential foes-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, ethnic conflict, territorial issues, trade relations, and the future of democracy throughout the region-are every bit as important to U.S. security in the Asian context as they are in Europe, where they receive intensive, continuous, multilateral scrutiny. Therein lies the value of Colonel Wortzel's monograph. It calls our attention to the nascent ASEAN Regional Forum and causes us to consider its potential to enable a highly diverse group of nations to enhance their mutual understanding, stability, and security as they enter the 21st century."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Wortzel, Larry M.
1996-12-13
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Executive Order 13031: Federal Alternative Fueled Vehicle Leadership
"The purpose of this order is to ensure that the Federal Government exercise leadership in the use of alternative fueled vehicles (AFVs). To that end, each Federal agency shall develop and implement aggressive plans to fulfill the alternative fueled vehicle acquisition requirements established by the Act. The Act generally requires that, of the vehicles acquired by each agency for its fleets, subject to certain conditions specified in section 303(b)(1) of the Act, 25 percent should be AFVs in fiscal year (FY) 1996, 33 percent in FY 1997, 50 percent in FY 1998, and 75 percent in FY 1999 and thereafter. These requirements apply to all agencies, regardless of whether they lease vehicles from the General Services Administration (GSA) or acquire them elsewhere. That section also defines which Federal agency vehicles are covered by the AFV acquisition requirements; this order applies to the same vehicles, which are primarily general-use vehicles located in metropolitan statistical areas with populations of 250,000 or more."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1996-12-13
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Does the Army Have an Effective Doctrine for the Conduct of Rear Area Security and the Protection of Support Troops?
"This monograph examines US Army doctrine for the conduct of Area Security. It concludes that current doctrine is ineffective and should be changed to prevent needless casualties in future conflicts. The monograph examines the threat to US forces across the spectrum of conflict from MOOTW to High Intensity Conflict. It determines that the most likely threat to US forces will be small groups of light infantry operating against US Combat Support and Combat Service Support units. Next the monograph examines the current doctrine for conducting area security. It determines that the doctrine is inadequate in that it does not provide for building the required combat power to defeat the expected threat. The doctrine does not provide adequate mobility, firepower, protection or leadership to either the support units, the response forces or the tactical combat force. The monograph suggests possible methods of correcting these deficiencies. These methods include properly resourcing support units so that they can defend themselves and forming a dedicated Area Security Force. The Area Security Force would provide a single organization and chain of command to replace both the MP units which from the level II response force and the TCF which is the level III response force."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Szabo, Ernest A.
1996-12-09
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Blue Grass Community CSEPP Exercise 2-96 [Richmond, KY; October 23, 1996]
"The Blue Grass CSEPP EX 2-96 was conducted on October 23, 1996, and provided the opportunity to demonstrate the emergency response capabilities of the Blue Grass CSEPP Community and to validate correction of findings identified during the Blue Grass Community CSEPP Exercise 1-96, which was held on January 31, 1996. […] The Blue Grass CSEPP Exercise Planning Team was responsible for all aspects of the Blue Grass CSEPP EX 2-96 design. Efforts of the planning team focused on the development of jurisdictional extent of play agreements and the review and approval of exercise documentation. All participating jurisdictions were represented on the team, under the joint leadership of FEMA Region IV and the CSEPP Office of the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization (PMCD). Table 1 summarizes the CSEPP exercise objectives that were demonstrated by the Blue Grass Community during the exercise. In some cases, only specified evaluation elements of an objective were selected and agreed upon for demonstration. The scope and substance of play for each jurisdiction are described in the extent of play agreements (see summary in Annex B, EXPLAN). Certain capabilities planned for implementation were not yet completely in place for demonstration. These included a tone alert radio system, the Federal Management Information System, enhanced personal protective and decontamination equipment, a comprehensive reception center process, and a mobile personnel decontamination trailer (at BGAD)."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. Department of the Army
1996-12-06
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Foreign Missile Threats: Analytic Soundness of National Intelligence Estimate 95-19: Statement of Richard Davis, Director, National Security Analysis, National Security and International Affairs Division before the Select Committee on Intelligence
The principal finding of a recent national intelligence estimate that no new foreign power will develop or acquire ballistic missiles that could threaten North America during the next 15 years was worded with 100 percent certainty. GAO found that because of intelligence gaps, this level of certainty was overstated--one of a number of shortcomings in the estimate. This testimony is based on an August 1996 GAO report (GAO/NSIAD-96-225) that evaluates National Intelligence Estimate 95-19, "Emerging Missile Threats to North America During the Next 15 Years."
United States. General Accounting Office
1996-12-04
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Fire Service Planning in Montgomery County to Manage the Consequences of Terrorism Involving Chemical Warfare Agents
"The problem identified for this applied research project was that Montgomery County's fire service had not been evaluated to determine its capability to manage the life-threatening consequences of terrorism involving a chemical warfare agent (CWA). It was the purpose of this project to evaluate the state of preparedness of the County's fire service and also to identify and recommend measures to improve the fire services's capability. The historical research method was used for data collection and analysis. The procedures used to collect specific data included literature review and a 35-item survey. References were obtained from the National Fire Academy's Learning Resource Center and from attendance at meetings, conferences, and training seminars (programs). Five research questions were identified: How prepared was Montgomery County's fire service to manage the life-threatening consequences of terrorism involving chemical warfare agents (CWAs)? How did Montgomery County's fire service state of readiness compare with similar fire departments in the United States? What lessons were learned by fire departments that had conducted CWA-related training exercises? What were the views of fire departments on the future threat of terrorism in the United States? What methods were found to remove or neutralize a liquid contamination caused by a CWA contacting the clothes, skin, or both of a victim? The author constructed a 35-item survey that was used to gather information from 94 fire departments that served populations of more than 200,000 people. Forty-nine of these fire departments completed and returned surveys. Although several limitations were identified with the survey, interesting and useful information was obtained."
National Fire Academy
Jarboe, Theodore L.
1996-12
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Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism: Proliferation by Nonstate Actors
From the thesis abstract: "In the wake of the Cold War, a new world disorder seems to be emerging wherein the legitimacy of many states is being challenged from within by increasing non-state calls for self-determination from the likes of religious cults, hate groups, isolationist movements, ethnic groups, and revivalist movements. These movements often prey on the insecurities of the population, offering to fill psychological, sociological, political, or religious security needs of those who would join them. Of note: religious oriented groups appear to share a common ideological thread that rejects existing social, economic, and political structure demanding a structural revision of the world, a world where they become the authoritarian, dominant influence. These are the Post Modern Terrorists who possess a 'ripeness' to threaten use of weapons of mass destruction. Executive Order No. 12938 signed by President Clinton on November 14, 1994 declared a national emergency with respect to the unusual and extraordinary threat proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (those weapons categorized as nuclear, chemical or biological) posed to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. This study presents an argument suggesting that terrorist groups operating under a veneer of religion are truly the most likely candidates to threaten use of weapons of mass destruction in a mass casualty causing terrorist act."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Campbell, James K.
1996-12
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Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, 1995
"During 1995 about three-fourths of the campus law enforcement agencies serving U.S. 4-year colleges and universities with 2,500 or more students employed sworn police officers with general arrest powers granted by a State or local government. The remainder relied on nonsworn security personnel. As of March 15, 1995, these agencies employed about 20,000 persons full time, including nearly 11,000 full-time sworn officers. Campuses with 15,000 or more students accounted for more than 40% of these employment totals. This information comes from the 1995 Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, the largest study of police and security services at institutions of higher education ever conducted. The eight-page, mail survey asked about wide range of topics including agency functions, hiring practices, employee characteristics, types of equipment used, computers and information systems, expenditures, salaries, policies, and special programs."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.); Goldberg, Andrew L.
1996-12
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Class A Foam for Structural Firefighting
"The increasing use of class A foam systems by urban and suburban fire departments for structural fire suppression has created a demand for information on this technology. While class A foams have been used extensively by wildland and rural fire departments, their application to structural fire suppression is a recent trend. This report discusses the use of class A foaming agents in conjunction with water for fire suppression (conventional or nozzle-aspirated class A foam systems); it also provides additional information on the use of class A foam agents with water and compressed air (compressed air foam systems, or CAFS [compressed air foam system])"
United States. Office of Homeland Security; United States Fire Administration
1996-12
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Manager's Handbook: Handling Traumatic Events
From the foreword: "Many of us are ill-prepared to handle the traumatic events discussed in this handbook-suicides, assaults, threats, natural disasters, etc. And yet these events can and do occur in our workplaces. They are events for which preparation helps, and this handbook tells us how to prepare. In addition to using this handbook for preparation purposes, it is an invaluable guide to follow should a traumatic event occur at your workplace. It is a good idea to keep it handy just in case. It will give you practical ideas on what to say to your employees and approaches to take to facilitate recovery."
United States. Office of Personnel Management; United States. Office of Personnel Management. Office of Workforce Relations
Tyler, Mary
1996-12
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India's Nuclear Weapons Posture: The End of Ambiguity?
"This thesis examines the future of India's nuclear weapons posture. Since testing a nuclear device in 1974, India been able to produce weapons material within its civilian nuclear power program. Despite having this nuclear weapons capability, India prefers to maintain an ambiguous nuclear posture. New pressures in the post-cold war era - the loss of the Soviet Union as a strategic ally, the indefinite extension of the nuclear nonproliferation treaty, the rise of Hindu nationalism, and India's growing participation in the global economy - have the potential to derail India's current nuclear policy. This thesis identifies the domestic and international pressures on India, and assesses the prospects for India to retain its ambiguous policy, renounce the nuclear option, or assemble an overt nuclear arsenal."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Davies, Scott D.
1996-12
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DTIC Review: Surviving Chemical and Biological Warfare
"Faced with a new era of warfare DoD is engaged in both active and passive defense strategies to respond, defend and survive in a chemical or biological environment. Potential threats require effective protection against attack. DoD training centers emphasize and include chemical and biological training in a realistic manner along with instruction in specific equipment and technology. The authors of the following papers inform readers of the plans and tactics taken to protect the United States Armed Forces and civilian populations against chemical and biological warfare."
Defense Technical Information Center (U.S.)
1996-12
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Risk Management Practices in the Fire Service [December 1996]
The manual is designed as a comprehensive guide that helps fire and emergency service providers understand the concepts that form the foundation of risk management principles and practices, In addition, the manual directs the reader to sources of additional information and operational examples. The manual focuses on the practical application of risk management principles to fire department operations.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1996-12
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Developing a Law Enforcement Stress Program for Officers and Their Families
From the Foreword: "Law enforcement has always been a stressful occupation. However, there appear to be new and more severe sources of stress for law enforcement officers than ever before. Some of these stresses are related to increased scrutiny and criticism from the media and the public and to anxiety and loss of morale as a result of layoffs and reduced salary raises. Even positive changes in law enforcement have increased stress for some officers: while community policing can increase officer job satisfaction and overall departmental efficiency and morale, the transition to this approach can cause apprehension. Furthermore, in recent years there has been increased recognition of longstanding sources of stress, including those that some police organizations themselves may inadvertently create for officers because of their rigid hierarchical structures, a culture of machoism, minimal opportunities for advancement, and paperwork requirements."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Finn, Peter; Tomz, Julie Esselman
1996-12
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Interactive On-Site Inspection System: An Information Management System to Support Arms Control Inspections
"The increasing use of on-site inspection (OSI) to meet the nation's obligations with recently
signed treaties requires the nation to manage a variety of inspection requirements. This
document describes a prototype automated system to assist in the preparation and management of these inspections."
Sandia National Laboratories
DeLand, Sharon M.; Widney, Tom W.; Horak, Karl E.
1996-12
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report 96-0107-2613; Dartmouth Police Department Dartmouth, Massachusetts
"In March 1996, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) request from the Dartmouth Chief of Police to evaluate lead exposure during firearms training. Although no adverse health effects had been reported, some of the officers were concerned about potential lead exposure in the indoor range. Police from Dartmouth, New Bedford, and nearby towns, conduct firearms training at an outdoor range that is owned and operated by the New Bedford Police Department. Within the past year, an indoor facility was added to the range for providing instruction in night firing and fire/no-fire decision making. The facility is located in an old, unrenovated office trailer which was moved onto the site. Inside the trailer, audiovisual equipment is used to project a variety of scenarios that could be encountered by police officers. During training, officers fire at the video images, and the bullets pass through the end of the trailer and into a dirt berm."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Sylvain, David
1996-12
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Army Science and Technology Master Plan, Volume II
From the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) abstract: "This volume 2 includes the following annexes: (A) Science and Technology Objectives (STOs); (B) Advanced Technology Demonstrations (ATDs); (C) Interaction with TRADOC [ U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command]; (D) Space, Strategic, and Theater Missile Defense Technologies; (E) International Armaments Strategy and Near-Term Foreign Opportunities; (F) U.S. Special Operations Command Technology Overview."
United States. Department of the Army
1996-12
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1997: Information
The ability to access and use information is a prerequisite for economic
prosperity and national power. As information systems permeate all aspects
of business, society, and warfare, they enhance the productivity of U.S.
industry, change the way people live, and contribute to a revolution in
military affairs. Maintaining U.S. leadership will require the utmost in
technology and business acumen in a dynamic economy with accelerating
product life cycles and increasingly sophisticated global competition.
Projections indicate the information industry is well poised for the
challenges of the 21st century, facilitated by government advocacy of open
markets, deregulation, privatization, establishment of global trade rules, and
a vision for the future. However, additional effort is required in developing a
world class education system for the 21st century work force and
establishing policies for data assurance. The industry is well prepared to
support U.S. security needs. The nation that leads the information revolution
will also be a most powerful nation.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Abbott, Gerald
1997
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1997: Health Care
A healthy population is a national resource that contributes to the
overall productivity of the American economy. Health care is part of the
service sector and an instrument of national power--a fundamental
support of the national security strategy for the citizens and the Armed
Forces. The challenges facing the health care industry in the public and
defense sectors are congruent. Access to affordable, quality care is
fundamental to any health care delivery system. In this era of constrained
and competing resources, the need arises for a general public policy
debate about the future of health care and the possibility for, and
direction of, a gradual, but comprehensive reform. The greatest
challenge to military medical capability is maintaining the resources,
structure, modernization, and sustainability of medical assets, including
the right people, training, and equipment. But an even greater challenge
to the industry is to remember that the patient and human need are its
"raison d'etre."
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Abbott, Gerald
1997
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1997: Environment
For the past twenty years, the energy picture in the United States has
been colored largely by the oil shortages of the 1970s. The next twenty
years are likely to be framed by an increasingly difficult clash between
economic growth and environmental protection. This report recommends
scientific study to better estimate the health and environmental effects of
energy production methods and use, including a reevaluation of nuclear
energy; public debate on the alternatives, and taxes to compensate for
adverse environmental effects. Moreover, to ensure the global
effectiveness of these measures, we suggest treating them as national
issues first. We propose a concentration of federal research and
development in basic energy research and development in basic cnergy
research with greater international collaboration; and we urge
government to discontinue the strategic petroleum reserve and accelerate
the deregulation of natural gas and electricity. Finally, we suggest
alternative strategies for supplying the nation's defense energy needs.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Abbott, Gerald
1997
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1997: Land Combat Systems
The end of the Cold War and consequent easing of international
tension suggests that the United States now faces less possibility of long-
term or large-scale military conflict. This perception and the call for
reaping a "peace dividend" from the fall of Communism in Europe
convinced decisionmakers to reduce the defense budget and the size of
U.S. military forces commensurate with the perception of a reduced
requirement for armed forces. This general demobilization and the
accompanying shift of resources away from defense procurement results
in a significantly smaller Land Combat Systems industrial base that must
look to government for a rationale to ensure its survival. In the absence
of a strong vision, this industry will continue to shrink--possibly at the
risk of extinction.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Abbott, Gerald
1997
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1997: Munitions
Current defense planning is predicated on the overlap of two short
(less than 90 days) major regional contingencies. We believe the current
U.S. munitions stockpile, coupled with the production of precision
weaponry, appears marginally adcquate to meet this requirement.
However, trends point to a time in the near future when the U.S. Munitions
Industrial Base (MIB) might not be capable of sustaining the quality and
quantity of munitions required in a prolonged national emergency such as
a short war "gone long." Clearly, the munitions industry is at a critical
juncture. It can be allowed to atrophy or, in partnership with government,
adapt and remain a viable element of our nation's defense. Prudent ways
must be found to keep a minimal MIB capability aimed at producing
preferred munitions, leveraging the stockpile through weapons
enhancements and streamlined logistics systems, aggressive research and
development (R&D) funding, greater global competitiveness, and ensuring
a postconflict rapid munitions replenishment.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Abbott, Gerald
1997
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1997: Financial Services
With an innovative and competitive financial services industry and
with the nation's public finances in their best condition since the 1960s,
the financial underpinnings of the U.S. economy and national defense
are secure. The U.S. industry is the preeminent and worldwide leader in
financial services, a technological pacesetter and market innovator. The
government can ensure continued U.S. leadership in the global economic
community by pressing for more open markets and legislating increased
harmony among regulatory regimes. It also has an important leadership
role to play in the coming international struggle to regulate trade and
electronic cash on the Internet. Financial markets are operating in a new
economy marked by technologies and global boundaries that are
increasingly beyond the scope of regulatory authorities to understand or
control.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Abbott, Gerald
1997
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1997: Space
Space systems facilitate a multitude of services and applications for
government, industry, and consumers. The possibilities increase as the
space industry shifts from a government to a market dominated industry.
Efficiency, economy of scale, standardization, and "better, cheaper, faster"
products are characteristic of the industry's new space systems
development, production and operation. Services provided by space
systems today (e.g., telecommunications), are driving change and market
demand. New applications are envisioned for the future as access to space
becomes more reliable and affordable. Such access will eventually be
routine. International cooperation between nations on civil programs, and
international partnerships in commercial ventures, are becoming the rule
for space activities, that increasingly serve political and social as well as
economic purposes. The industry has come of age.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Abbott, Gerald
1997
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1997: Shipbuilding
United States shipyards build the best military ships in the world.
However, the demand for naval vessels is currently very low, and it is
unlikely to increase. Large military oriented yards have substantial
capacity beyond national security requirements. Historically, political
influence has ensured their survival, but future budgetary constraints
may supersede this political influence. Several yards are attempting to
reestablish themselves in the commercial market, but excessive
overhead, lack of market identity, inefficient management, outdated
production, and marginal capital investment and foreign subsidies make
it difficult for them to compete in the international marketplace. The
United States must choose between continued reliance on reduced
military procurement and government support or on efforts to create a
level playing field. On such a field, U.S. shipbuilders could improve
productivity and efficiency as needed to develop a competitive position
in a nonsubsidized international environment.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Abbott, Gerald
1997
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1997: Construction
The construction industry, a vibrant, healthy, and stable component
of our nation's economy, is characterized by many small firms, fierce
competition, and domestic market dominance. The industry is beginning
an international expansion into new areas of economic opportunity. U.S.
high technology, new construction methods, engineering design, and
management are key strengths in obtaining a significant international
market share.
Our nation's infrastructure is in need of substantial repair and
capital development. Our roads, bridges, and facilities need
improvement to support future U.S. economic strength. Faced with
declining domestic and international resources, governments are
employing new methods to finance infrastructure development.
Privatization and Design-Build-Operate variations are vital to solving
capital shortfalls. Using automated technology can enhance construction
design, management, processes, and equipment, while simultaneously
reducing bureaucracy and overhead.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Abbott, Gerald
1997