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History of Chemical and Biological Detectors, Alarms, and Warning Systems
"The history of chemical agent analysis can be traced to the 17th century. The development of U.S. Army detectors, alarms, and warning systems dates back to World War I when chemical warfare was first introduced on a large scale. The next generation detectors, alarms, and warning systems will be revolutionary advancements in chemical and biological agent detection technology. This brief history will cover some of the highlights of the long history of chemical and biological agent detection technology."
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Smart, Jeffrey K.
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Electronics
As the 21st century begins, the electronics industry continues its strong growth worldwide. Semiconductors are emerging from a 3-year decline as new applications for their use emerge on the market. Increases in wireless communications, Internet storage capacity, and personal computing devices underpin the ongoing boom. Current challenges are in part a consequence of government policy. Immigration quotas, for example, have contributed to a critical shortage of skilled workers, and export licensing policies relative to high-speed processing capability have hampered U.S. industry exploitation of global markets. Moreover, the short life cycles of today's electronic products translate to difficulty in obtaining replacement parts, and the growing dependence of some domestic market sectors on foreign suppliers tends to jeopardize U.S. market share. The U.S. electronics industry continues to outperform other industrial sectors, however, due to its propensity for innovation, firm commitment to strong capital investment, and substantial funding for research and development.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Bio Technology
The rapidly emerging biotechnology industry is a critical element of national power. Advances in biotechnology are resulting in novel biomedical and pharmaceutical products and processes that are relieving human suffering, improving health, and increasing the quality of life for the world's citizens. Biotechnology is transforming agriculture, improving the productivity, quality, safety, affordability, and environmental compatibility of food and fiber production around the world. The application of biotechnology to fields as diverse as bioremediation, forensics, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology is similarly providing widespread benefits to humans and exciting new economic opportunities for entrepreneurs. As the preeminent global leader in this new industry, the United States is well positioned to maintain its competitive advantage in the future. Even so, there remain many challenges to this dominance, including a variety of ethical concerns and a growing public unease about genetically altered food.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Advanced Manufacturing
Advanced manufacturing is the making of a better product suitable for more immediate use at a cheaper cost. It is a critical aspect of many industrial sectors and an essential component of U.S. national defense. Manufacturers must cope with rapid changes in markets--including workforce, process, and technology changes--while operating in a dynamic, competitive, and global environment. They deal with this environment by selectively focusing their resources and efforts to sustain competitive advantage. They also pursue partnerships for research and development, for workforce enhancements, and for supply and production functions that they cannot efficiently accomplish themselves. These relationships create dependencies that can impede defense mobilization, however. The government can play a meaningful role in dealing with potential mobilization shortfalls and other major challenges facing the nation's domestic manufacturing sector.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Education
The performance of the education industry is vital to the national security and economic prosperity of the United States. The advent of the Information Age has significantly increased both the opportunities and the challenges presented to policymakers and educators. An examination of the education industry leads to three principal conclusions. First, high academic standards and effective assessments are vital to promote achievement and measure progress. Second, efforts to recruit, train, and retain high-quality teachers and administrators require special priority. Third, the United States should continue to implement policies that promote equal access and opportunity for all U.S. citizens. The overall assessment of the U.S. education industry at present produces mixed results. Primary and post-secondary schools are above average compared with those of international competitors; middle schools are average; and secondary schools are below average. The performance of the transitional sector (noncollegiate adult education) is marginal, and that of the workplace sector is satisfactory.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Construction
The U.S. construction industry is vibrant, healthy, and growing. United States firms dominate the domestic market and maintain a competitive advantage in the growing overseas market. However, the shortage of skilled workers, the impact of information technology, changes in the way projects are financed and executed, and the privatization of public infrastructure--especially overseas--have altered the construction landscape, forcing the industry to reevaluate the way it does business. The process of adapting to these changes in the conservative, risk-averse U.S. construction industry has been slow but steady.
The government has an important role to play in this transition, especially in light of the industry's vital contribution to U.S. economic strength, military power, and ultimately its national security. Coherent and consistent polices that create a favorable environment for industry growth at home and abroad should help nurture and extend the industry's competitive advantage and help maintain its "world-class" stature.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Agribusiness
Agriculture and the related agribusiness industry remain the foundation of U.S. commerce and society. Agribusiness plays a dominant role in both trade and foreign affairs in the United States. Perhaps the most striking aspect of the evolution of agriculture is the globalization of the industry. The United States is finding that it must address agribusiness issues in consonance with other nations. In fact, the nation has a vested interest in helping other countries deal with agribusiness problems and a responsibility to provide leadership in pressing for farming reforms, education, and the introduction of new technologies in growing, harvesting, and processing food. The national security posture of the United States is inextricably linked to global agribusiness. Understanding and appreciating the nuances of that linkage are essential tasks for U.S. national security planners and decision-makers.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Aircraft
The U.S. aircraft industry has long been a critical enabler of U.S. political and military power and remains one of the most pervasive industries within the U.S. economy. However, continued U.S. dominance in the global aircraft market is uncertain. After a decade of mergers and downsizing, the industry's four main sectors--commercial fixed-wing aircraft, military fixed-wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft, and jet engines--are entering a head-to-head competition with Europe from a strategically weakened position. To ensure profitability and maintain market dominance, aerospace manufacturing companies are striving to improve profit margins by streamlining production processes, reducing overhead costs, and entering into strategic partnerships to stimulate revenue-generating opportunities. Many of these innovations are indeed yielding new profit centers. Nevertheless, U.S. dominance of the global aircraft market has eroded to the point that vigorous action is required by industry and government to preserve this vital element of national power.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Research and Special Programs Administration: Guidelines for Transporting Anthrax and Anthrax-Contaminated Objects and Materials
This report describes regulations for transporting anthrax and anthrax-contaminated objects and materials. Included are transportation requirements, training requirements, transporting powder or other material forms of anthrax, transporting diagnostic specimens, anthrax-contaminated regulated medical waste, and transporting anthrax-contaminated mail. Additional information may be obtained from the following agencies: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; http://www.cdc.gov), 42 CFR Part 72 Interstate Shipment of Etiologic Agents; Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA; http://www.osha.gov), 29 CFR 1910.1030 Bloodborne Pathogens; and the US Postal Service (USPS; http://www.usps.gov), Hazardous, Restricted, and Perishable Mail.
United States. Department of Transportation
2001-12
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Strategy Essay Competition (2002)
Reflection involves not only reading, thinking
about, and discussing ideas with colleagues, but also communicating through the process of writing. Through the discipline of writing, one can examine and develop themes, concepts, and arguments in much greater detail.Writing is no easy feat--to which all who submitted papers in this year's essay competition can attest--but the rewards are substantial.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
2002
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Strategy Essay Competition (2001)
The winners of this 20th annual Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Strategy Essay Competition join an impressive line of gifted men
and women who have made significant academic contributions to U.S. national security. Each year the competition challenges students attending professional military education institutions to analyze key elements
of defense strategy and recommend areas in which changes or improvements are needed. As in past years, the winning essays are remarkable for
their insight and wisdom. Each author provides fresh ideas and thoughtprovoking suggestions that will stimulate the ongoing debate over defense strategy and priorities during this year of the Quadrennial Defense Review.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
2001
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Saddam is Iraq: Iraq is Saddam
"Identified as a member of the 'axis of evil' by President George W. Bush, Saddam Hussein's Iraq continues to pose a major threat to the region and to Western society. Saddam has doggedly pursued the development of weapons of mass destruction, despite U.N. sanctions imposed at the conclusion of the Gulf crisis. To deal effectively with Saddam Hussein requires a clear understanding of his motivations, perceptions, and decision-making. To provide a framework for this complex political leader, a comprehensive political psychology profile has been developed, and his actions since the crisis analyzed in the context of this political psychology assessment."
USAF Counterproliferation Center
Post, Jerrold M.; Baram, Amatzia, 1938-
2002-11
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Gathering Biological Warfare Storm -- Chapter 3: Surveillance and Detection: A Public Health Response to Bioterrorism
Chapter 3 of "The Gathering Biological Warfare Storm" addresses surveillance and detection in the case of a bioterrist attack: "Perhaps the most frightening apparition of our times is the possibility that a biological agent (bacterium, virus, or toxin) will be used to attack our unprotected civilian population and inflict mass casualties. Until the Fall of 2001, anthrax attacks delivered through the mail to various U.S. senators, to the Governor of New York, and to various media offices, the previously expected use of a weapon of mass destruction against the United States has been a nuclear device that explodes or a chemical cloud that is set adrift. However, today, of all the weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, and biological), the biological weapons are the most feared by many defense experts but these are the ones that our country is least prepared to deal with. Like the concept of a 'nuclear winter,' the potential destructiveness of a biological attack can come in many forms and is presently very hard to detect and control, and its results could be catastrophic. The unleashing of biological agents against an unprotected civilian population also, in some cases, constitutes the ultimate medical disaster with the capability to completely overwhelm the present health care system. Patients might go to health facilities in unprecedented numbers, and demands for intensive care could well exceed available medical resources. Discerning the threat of bioweapons and appropriate responses to them are critical if we are to prevent the devastating effects of bioterrorism."
USAF Counterproliferation Center
Bullock, Barbara F.
2002-04
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Smallpox: A Primer
Smallpox, is a virus that plagued humanity for millennia. It was the
first and only disease ever intentionally eradicated from the face of this
planet, a scourge defeated in a remarkable, never-before-attempted
campaign of generosity and cooperation by the nations of the world. Its
eradication was a triumphant symbol of science and dogged persistence
winning over nature. Moreover, its eradication was a gift of man to all
mankind.
Yet, is it possible that the same hand of man, that once rid the scourge
of smallpox from the world, will be used to unleash this terror again on its
unprotected citizens? This paper, by providing a thorough review of the
history, epidemiology, and current risks associated with this dreaded
disease, addresses that question and its implications for the American
public.
USAF Counterproliferation Center
McEleney, Brenda J.
2000-10
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Network Group Intrusion Detection Subgroup Report: Report on the NS/EP Implications of Intrusion Detection Technology Research and Development (1997)
The Intrusion Detection Subgroup (IDSG) conducted a study of intrusion detection technology R&D that included: (1) an examination of the role of intrusion detection in the
context of indications, assessment, and warning; (2) an overview of existing and planned intrusion
detection technology R&D initiatives; and (3) a high-level review of those attributes end users value in their intrusion detection systems. In addition, the subgroup analyzed
intrusion detection technology R&D in terms of meeting national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) requirements. This report focuses on the three areas requiring attention identified by the subgroup.
United States. President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee
1997-12
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Research and Development Exchange Proceedings: Transparent Security in a Converged and Distributed Network Environment
On September 28-29, 2000, the President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC), co-sponsored with the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), held its fourth Research and Development Exchange, in conjunction with the Telecommunications and Information Security Workshop at the
University of Tulsa. The purpose of the Exchange was to stimulate an exchange of ideas among representatives from industry, Government and academia on the challenges faced by the convergence of the traditional public switched network (PSN) and the Internet
into a Next Generation Network (NGN). During the dynamic dialogues, participants expressed a number of concerns to include: the shortage of qualified information technology professionals, increased litigation, new types of threats, increased
vulnerabilities arising from convergence and the need to enhance R&D efforts.
United States. President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee
2000-09
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President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee: Convergence Task Force Report
The President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC) Convergence Task Force (CTF) examined potential national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) implications of this indeterminate, developing public network infrastructure. The resulting information, provided in the CTF Convergence Report, is designed to enable the President and NS/EP entities to make informed recommendations to address the ability of the evolving public network (PN) to reliably support NS/EP
communications requirements. Specifically, the report addresses:
(1)Potential security vulnerabilities of converged networks including those of the control space;(2) The realistic possibility of widespread outages of converged networks (resulting from focused failures) and the associated implications; (3)Ongoing standards development efforts in support of NS/EP priority requirements in the converged network.
United States. President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee
2001-06
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'Last Mile' Bandwidth Availability Task Force Report
The National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee explores the factors surrounding the procurement and provisioning of high-bandwidth services at the local level, referred to as the "last mile," and offers recommendations for reducing the periods for obtaining such services. In November 2000, the President's National Security telecommunications Advisory Committee's (NSTAC) Industry Executive Subcommittee formed the "Last Mile" Bandwidth Availability Scoping Group, and later the "Last Mile" Bandwidth Availability Task Force, to undertake the following activities: (1)Examine how the provisioning process is affected by economic and technological factors;(2)Recommend how Government might work with industry to reduce provisioning times or to otherwise mitigate the effects of extended provisioning periods; (3) Examine what policy-based solutions can be applied to the provisioning of high bandwidth circuits for national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) services.
United States. President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee
2002-03
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Legislative and Regulatory Group Report (1997)
The National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee's (NSTAC) Industry Executive Subcommittee (IES) charged the Legislative and Regulatory Group (LRG) to examine legislative, regulatory, and judicial actions that might have an impact on national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) telecommunications services and information systems. In addressing this charge, the group established a framework for analysis to consider the implementation of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and the evolving telecommunications
environment. This report presents the results of the LRG's investigation of two issues. First, the LRG investigated the legal and regulatory obstacles that would hinder service restoration during a widespread telecommunications service outage. Second, the group investigated the need to involve the NS/EP community in planning and implementing of "National Services," as discussed
in the Network Reliability and Interoperability Council (NRIC) final report. Contained in this report are recommendations and proposed changes based on the deliberations and assessments of the group.
United States. President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee
1997-12
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Pending Crisis in North Africa
"The goal of the conference was to exchange views on regional security challenges, their underlying causes, and appropriate strategies for addressing them. Differing Tunisian and American perceptions of these challenges soon emerged. The American security concern is two-tiered: the shorter-term threat is the incremental spread of radical Islam, ultimately capturing the region, creating a tide of refugees in France, Italy, and Spain. The longer-term threat is the possibility that radical- leaning regimes would acquire weapons of mass destruction and that those regimes would disrupt the Middle East peace process. Other American concerns included controlling state-directed terrorism and the possible resurgence of dormant non-Islamic radicalism by anti- Western and anti-U.S. figures, such as Qadhafi. The Tunisian delegation emphasized three concerns: (1) the inherent vulnerability of Tunisia to unwanted external political and military influences, (2) the imperative of sustaining successful economic and social reform programs, and (3) the importance of playing a low-profile, intermediary role in regional affairs. "
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Lewis, William Hubert, 1928-
1994
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Security in the Information Age: New Challenges, New Strategies
Following the "Wired World: Cyber Security and the U.S. Economy" hearing in June 2001, individuals whose perspectives about critical infrastructure protection would be of value to the Congress were identified and a study was compiled. This compendium represents a range of perspectives on infrastructure protection, from definitions and strategies to business challenges and policy actions. Technology advancements and the information revolution have provided enormous benefits to our economy. At the same time, they have also exposed our nation to new vulnerabilities and security threats. Computer networks create new avenues for those with malicious intent. Because many critical activities rely upon telecommunications and computer systems, our economy can be crippled by information warfare and mass disruption of these systems. It is essential that we understand these threats and develop strategies to counter them. This collection of expert reports examines how networked technologies open up new vulnerabilities to terrorist acts and how, in response, America needs new strategies for protecting its critical infrastructure.
United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee
2002-05
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Information Systems
The Information Industry is a robust element of the U.S. economy. Information technology has 7% of the GDP and 10% of the U.S. workforce, and experienced an annual growth of 13%. The Internet, networks and information technology are changing the way we do business. But more importantly, the drivers of that change are the individual industries themselves, and how they utilize the technology - not the Information Industry itself.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Health Services
The health care industry is the United States' largest enterprise, accounting for more than $1 trillion in sales of goods and services each year. It is also the nation's largest employer--one of every 9 U.S. employees works in the health care industry.[i] The industry continues to transform itself as it seeks to find the proper balance among cost, quality, and access to care. Areas of concern in health care that affect U.S. national security include the negative trends that lead to an increased incidence of disease, the growing number of uninsured residents, and consolidation within the industry that may limit the nation's ability to respond to mass casualty situations.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Financial Services
The financial services industry of the United States is in excellent health. It is well capitalized, structurally sound, dynamic, and innovative. The industry faces challenges on both the domestic and international fronts. Recent legislation has repealed Depression Era restrictions on the industry, opening the door to increased domestic competition, consolidation, and restructuring of financial firms. Globalization of the financial system increases competition, principally among the three dominant economic powers: the United States, the European Union, and Japan. The U.S. industry will be able to maintain global leadership if it continues its historical trend of innovation and customer service.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Services
The services industry is a "revolution" impacting all industries. It affects not only non-manufacturing, non-farm producers, but even those industries that make goods. By restructuring work, manufacturers can outsource segments to service providers, including assemblers of products. The services industry permits the optimization of the supply or value chain and provides increased efficiency. Although its definition is unclear, its contributions to the economy are not. The industry provides three-fourths of the gross national product (GNP) and the nation's employment. It is the major growth engine for the U.S. economy, the primary source of new jobs in the next decade. It is a new way of doing business. The services industry provides solutions.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Land Combat
The land combat vehicle industry is characterized by contrast. While growth is foreseen for some sectors, others are in decline. Specifically, the tracked armored vehicle sector, with scant production orders, modernization, and re-capitalization programs, is in decline. Wheeled armored vehicles, however, in particular the medium- and lightweight categories, hold much promise for the short term, given U.S. Army plans to outfit its Brigade Combat Teams with Interim Armored Vehicles. Long-term prospects for these two sectors will depend greatly on the shape and form of the Army's Future Combat System. Major challenges include excess capacity and competition for capital and human resources; yet, opportunities are presented by initiatives such as the "Army Vision" as articulated by General Eric K. Shinseki, Chief of Staff. Focused research and development is essential to ensure that the United States maintains its competitive advantage on the battlefield, and foreign military sales are essential to industry vitality.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Munitions
When diplomacy fails, precision guided munitions (PGMs) will continue to be the weaponry of choice. Continuing improvements across the broad spectrum of munitions technology, including sensors, guidance, energetics, composites and fuzing have produced an impressive array of air, sea and ground launched weapons.
Precision guided munitions will make the Joint Vision 2010 objective of full spectrum dominance a reality. PGM technology, however, is still developing. To leverage that technology, industry and government must continue to pursue new and fundamentally different ways of producing such weapons.
Acquisition and other regulatory reforms, enhanced research and development efforts, and a fundamental shift in how we think about munitions production and management are all essential to an effective munitions industrial base in the 21st century.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Environment
The U.S. environmental industry is at a crossroads. With the slowdown of growth in the domestic market and the dominance of European and Japanese firms in the expanding non-U.S. markets, the U.S. industry and the U.S. government face some difficult choices. It is necessary to make these choices at a time of increased awareness that global environmental challenges pose a long-term threat to U.S. national security. Nonetheless, there is as yet no shared view in the United States on how to meet these challenges. Although the U.S. environmental industry's success may not be critical to U.S. national security interests, the United States has a stake in the industry's developing a greater global role in the period ahead.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: News Media
The news media informs, challenges, questions and aggravates. It affects the way we look at domestic and foreign policy and shapes our view of events and our ability to address the problems of the world. It is part of the national security structure of our country without being part of the government.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2000
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Egypt at the Crossroads: Domestic Stability and Regional Role
Egypt has a seminal role as a Middle East actor and is central in U.S. strategic planning on the Middle East. Because of Egypt's influence in the Arab and Islamic worlds, it is of paramount importance that Egypt remain a force for moderation. Any dramatic change in Egypt's position could alter the regional balance of power and the existing favorable security environment. Egypt's regional
role as a moderating element depends on its domestic tranquility
and its economic health. As authors in this volume emphasize, the
domestic and regional aspects of Egypt's policy are inextricably
linked. Without a reasonably sound economy and political stability,
Egypt will be unable to undertake an active regional role. The reverse is also true-an active peace process and a growing regional economy are essential for Egypt's stability at home. The combined essays tie together three essential components
of the U.S.-Egyptian equation. The first part addresses domestic
issues in Egypt and the prospects for Egypt's continued political stability. The second section concentrates on Egypt's regional role
in the new post-Cold War environment. The third part looks at the future of the U.S.-Egyptian partnership. Authors have probed the underlying factors likely to persist well into the 21 st century, rather
than dwelling on episodic changes that may dominate tomorrow's
headlines. It is hoped that exploration of these fundamental
aspects of Egypt and the U.S.-Egyptian relationship will provide a
sense of the forces at work in the region and of the issues with
which U.S. strategists will have to grapple over the next decade.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Marr, Phebe
1999
