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Fire Effects on Tree Overstories in the Oak Savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands Region
"Effects of cool-season and warm-season prescribed burning treatments and a wildfire on tree overstories in oak savannas on the Cascabel Watersheds of the Southwestern Borderlands Region are reported in this paper. Information on the initial survival, levels of crown damage, species compositions and densities, annual growth rates, and basal sprouting following these burning events is presented. Impact of the fires on spatial distributions of trees in the overstories is also described. These events were all of low fire severities. As a consequence, effects of the prescribed burning treatments and the wildfire on tree overstories of the watersheds were similar and, therefore, the data sets were pooled. Effects of these fires on the tree overstories were mostly minor and often insignificant in terms of management implications."
United States. Forest Service
Ffolliott, Peter F.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Stropki, Cody L.
2011-05
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Effects of Development of a Natural Gas Well and Associated Pipeline on the Natural and Scientific Resources of the Fernow Experimental Forest
"Development of a natural gas well and pipeline on the Fernow Experimental Forest, WV, was begun in 2007. Concerns were raised about the effects on the natural and scientific resources of the Fernow, set aside in 1934 for long-term research. A case study approach was used to evaluate effects of the development. This report includes results of monitoring projects as well as observations related to unexpected impacts on the resources of the Fernow. Two points are obvious: that some effects can be predicted and mitigated through cooperation between landowner and energy developer, and that unexpected impacts will occur. These unexpected impacts may be most problematic."
United States. Forest Service
Adams, Mary Beth; Edwards, Pamela J.; Ford, Mark W.
2011-01
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Policy Implications of Large Fire Management: A Strategic Assessment of Factors Influencing Costs
"In late summer of 1999, lightning would strike Northern and Southern California and begin a three-month odyssey of wildland fire fighting that would eventually consume over 227,000 acres and cost about $178 million to finally contain. This expenditure represents about 30 percent of the total Forest Service fire suppression budget in 1999. While initial reviews indicated sound reasons for the high costs, a more in-depth examination was called for. The subsequent examination did not identify anything that would have significantly reduced the costs of managing the Kirk and Big Bar Complexes. However, many factors might have improved the overall efficiency of fire suppression efforts, and thus reduce some costs, including fire planning tiered to land management planning, and improved integration of risk analysis in fire management decisions. Improved initial attack capabilities, while not a clear consensus-problem on the two Complexes examined, did surface as an issue of national importance based on many discussions. During the examination, several recommendations specific to the two Complexes and others of national concern were developed. The recommendations in this report reinforce recommendations made in several other past studies that have highlighted the need for important changes in the fire management program. The adequacy of recommendations is not the issue. Fundamental adjustments in fire management policy, funding, and organizational barriers, or in some cases the basic implementation of previous recommendations, must take place in order to redeem the role of fire management in the Forest Service for the 21st Century. Without these changes, the problems we face today will be the same ones we will experience well into the future with potentially greater costs and consequences."
United States. Forest Service
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Collaborative Approach to Community Wildfire Hazard Reduction
"This paper highlights the very successful collaborative approach to community wildfire hazard reduction being used in the 5 county NW [Northwest] Region of the Washington State Department of Natural Resources. NW Region cooperators have created a successful model to help affected communities reduce their risks to wildland fire. Identified high risk communities have been approached by a multi-agency team with Firewise education and hazard assessment methodology. Participating communities have received mini-Firewise workshops, community hazard assessments and hazard mitigation planning assistance. By working collaboratively with communities, local fire districts, County Conservation Districts, County Fire Marshal's Offices and Departments of Emergency Management, as well as other State and Federal fire managers, dramatic results in the Region have been achieved. The Firewise Communities/USA model has been used to guide communities through a nationally recognized process of risk assessment, mitigation planning and community specific outcome based solutions. Community fuels reduction efforts have focused on the creation of defensible space and shaded fuel breaks, reducing structural ignitability, as well as implementation of forest stewardship and greenbelt plans. Community recognition by the Firewise Communities/ USA program is the measure of success."
United States. Forest Service
Titus, Marc; Hinderman, Jennifer
2006
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Performance Scorecard for Implementing the Forest Service Climate Change Strategy
"The Climate Change Performance Scorecard is to be administered annually to each National Forest. The scorecard is a set of ten yes-or-no questions in four dimensions -- organizational capacity; partnerships and conservation education; adaptation; and mitigation. At least seven of the questions, with at least one in each dimension, must be answered yes each year to achieve compliance. The reply to each question will also contain evidentiary description of accomplishments and outcomes and/or plans for improvement toward a 'yes' answer. In 2010, the scorecard questions will be answered, but few if any forests are expected to be in compliance. Performance will be tracked and improved over the next five years. The national target is 100% compliance by 2015; individual forests and the national forests as an aggregate should show increasing scores yearly. Beyond compliance, the accompanying narratives provide an opportunity to demonstrate excellence."
United States. Forest Service
2010-07-09
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Accident Prevention Analysis Implementation Guide
"Accidents or unintended outcomes can serve as vital warnings to managers that we do not correctly understand or mitigate the risks associated with our work. There is no question that an accident can be interpreted as an invaluable opportunity to learn why an unexpected and unsafe outcome occurred. Because all accidents and serious near misses have inherent learning value to the entire organization, the Accident Prevention Analysis learning tool should be made aware and available to all Agency Administrators. In many cases, this process would be a more beneficial learning vehicle than the traditional 'Serious Accident Investigation'. (For help in choosing a learning review or investigation process, see Appendix A and the 'Decision Aid' graphic on page 36.) The foundational philosophy of the Accident Prevention Analysis process views an active failure as almost never actually being the primary cause of an accident. Rather, as revealed through the Accident Prevention Analysis learning process, these failures are triggers that--when examined through this analysis--expose specific systemic and latent weaknesses in the overall system. The impetus behind the Accident Prevention Analysis is the dissatisfaction with our current accident, injury and fatality rates. They rates are unacceptable; we must do better; we must organize for higher reliability. The essential step in organizing for high reliability is developing and nurturing a learning culture."
United States. Forest Service
2010-08
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Facilitated Learning Analysis Implementation Guide
"Industrial safety studies repeatedly show that people of all organizations will 'get away' with an unsafe act more than 300 times--before a serious accident or true tragedy occurs. In all workplaces, as many as 30 'near miss' events can happen, or even 10 minor accidents, before this eventual much more serious incident eventually occurs. Consider a recent tragedy fire in which firefighters did not have adequate lookouts nor adequately ground-proofed escape routes and safety zones. On their previous fires, did these same firefighters also perform without ensuring that these basic mitigations were in place? Were any of these firefighters troubled by this? Did they have an opportunity to speak up to address solutions--without any concern about repercussions or blame? The Facilitated Learning Analysis--FLA--process realizes that none of us are immune from making errors. The intent is to create a culture in which errors are openly identified and discussed. Without placing blame on anyone, the FLA provides employees--and, in turn, the entire organization--the necessary vehicle to perform this proactive learning process."
United States. Forest Service
2010-08
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Mount St. Helens Volcanic Activity Response Plan [2006]
"This revision of the Mount St. Helens Contingency Plan reflects the incorporation of 'Lessons Learned' from the 2004 eruption and an ongoing commitment to the management objectives and philosophies implemented during the past 25 years. The intention throughout the development and updating of this plan has been to keep it as brief as possible. The focus of this document is to define responsibilities of the U.S.D.A Forest Service in carrying out mandated policies. Effective management of volcano emergencies requires an effective team of cooperating agencies and organizations able to provide a coordinated response. This coordination with local, state and other federal agencies will be enhanced at all opportunities. The Forest Service has taken the lead in the updating of this plan. Continued coordination and maintenance of interagency working relationships needs to be supported by all agencies."
United States. Forest Service
2006
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National Roadmap for Responding to Climate Change
"The mission of the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the Nation's forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations. Americans rely on their forests and grasslands for a wide range of benefits--for provisioning services such as water, wood, and wild foods; for regulating services such as erosion, flood, and climate control; and for cultural services such as outdoor recreation, spiritual renewal, and aesthetic enjoyment. These services are connected and sustained through the integrity of the ecosystems on these lands. Climate change places those ecosystems at risk. Most of the urgent forest and grassland management challenges of the past 20 years, such as wildfires, changing water regimes, and expanding forest insect infestations, have been driven, in part, by a changing climate. Future impacts are projected to be even more severe. Managing America's forests and grasslands to adapt to changing climates will help ensure that they continue to produce the benefits that Americans need while helping to mitigate the effects of a changing climate and to compensate for fossil fuel emissions through carbon storage in healthy forests."
United States. Forest Service
2010-07
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Wildland-Urban Interface/Fire Management Specialist Report: Kiowa, Rita Blanca, Black Kettle and McClellan Creek National Grasslands Plan Revision, Environmental Impact Statement Analysis
"Alternative A would establish wildland fire use and prioritized fuel reduction treatments, provide for meeting Federal and state air quality regulations, select an appropriate suppression strategy on all fires, develop and annually update fire management plans, use unplanned fires to meet resource objectives, reduce the number of human-caused wildfires, and increase public awareness for the need to use fire as a management tool. Alternative B would emphasize reducing the threat of wildfire to communities by treating wildland-urban interface (WUI) areas and would provide for an annual treatment of 2,000 to 3,000 acres per year with prescribed fire, mechanical methods, and/or thinning to reduce fire hazard in the WUI areas. A standard would require that response to unplanned ignitions meet either protection or resource objectives. Coordination with other jurisdictions in response to unplanned ignitions should be emphasized. Future planned ignitions should mimic the historical role of fire to achieve resource objectives. Alternative C would provides the same WUI and fire management direction as alternative B and similar direction to alternative A. However, WUI would not apply in a wilderness, and planned and unplanned ignitions would be subject to directives in FSM 2320. Planned ignitions would be allowed when mimicking the historical fire regime for the vegetation type present in the potential wilderness (pinyon-juniper) and for fuel reduction."
United States. Forest Service
2011-05
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National Database of State and Local Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Programs
"The national database of state and local wildfire hazard mitigation programs serves as a clearinghouse of information about nonfederal policies and programs that seek to reduce the risk of loss of life and property through the reduction of hazardous fuels on private lands." The database is searchable, or may be viewed by state or program type in index view.
United States. Forest Service
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Wildland Fire Fatalities in the United States: 1990 to 1998
"Wildland fire operations are conducted in a high-risk environment. Individuals involved in all aspects of fire management are subject to the dangers of burnovers, vehicle and aircraft accidents, and medical emergencies. In the period between 1990 and 1998, 133 individuals died while involved in wildland fire activities. These deaths occurred on 94 separate events. Each year, the National Wildfire Coordinating Group's (NWCG) Safety and Health Working Team prepares a 'SafetyGram' documenting wildfire fatalities across the United States in all jurisdictions, including areas protected by Federal, State, city/county, rural, and volunteer firefighters. The SafetyGram contains specific information about each fatality (and nonfatal fire entrapments), but does not process, analyze, or interpret the data. This paper will analyze the data presented in the SafetyGrams for the years 1990 to 1998, looking for trends and making recommendations that may be important to fire managers in their efforts to reduce future fatalities. Specific information analyzed includes: cause of death, organization, and the geographic area of the fatality."
United States. Forest Service
1999-03
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Organizational Learning 'Lessons Learned' Analysis Options
"When there is an accident, near miss or close call, we want a safety investigation to tell us what happened and why it happened so that we can use this knowledge to prevent a future accident. There are two basic, but somewhat mutually incompatible, ways to approach the safety investigation process. The first and most common way is to approach the accident from the perspective that someone failed to perform as they should have. That is, our work or organization are presumed to be safe, therefore a human must have been unreliable for the accident to have happened. Or simply - someone erred; and that error caused the accident. The alternative way to approach an accident (or near-miss or unintended outcome) is to view the event as a signal or a warning that there are risks involved in our work that we (we as an organization and perhaps as individual practitioners) have not correctly understood or are not managing the way we imagine. This approach changes the nature and the goal of the accident analysis process. Accidents, and especially close calls, become essential organizational learning opportunities. It is no longer about finding human error to correct (or employees to correct) but about identifying conditions that make our employees vulnerable to the risks of the workplace. This approach is predicated on the recognition that a learning culture is a necessary component of a true safety culture."
United States. Forest Service
2010-08
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Fuel Treatments, Fire Suppression, and Their Interactions with Wildfire and Its Effects: The Warm Lake Experience During the Cascade Complex of Wildfires in Central Idaho, 2007
"During the summer of 2007, wildfires burned over 500,000 acres within central Idaho. Starting in 1996, fuel treatments were implemented to offer protection to over 70 summer homes and other structures located near Warm Lake, approximately 20 miles east of Cascade Idaho. The wildfires of 2007 burned through and around the treatment areas with a variety of intensities, resulting in a variety of burn severities. This paper examines how the Monumental and North Fork Fires behaved and interacted with fuel treatments, suppression activities, topographical conditions, and the short- and long-term weather conditions. Our research included a combination of site visits both during and after the fires, flights over the terrain, 22 interviews with people assigned to the Monumental and North Fork Fires, and the experiences of employees involved with the fuel treatments and fire suppression activities on the Boise National Forest. In addition, we used information such as, but not limited to, fire progression maps, remote automated weather station (RAWS) data, and daily action plans associated with the Monumental and North Fork Fires. Given all of the factors that influence wildfire behavior and burn severity, the inferences we present are based on the most accurate, unbiased, and complete information available."
United States. Forest Service
Graham, Russell T.; Jain, Theresa B.; Loseke, Mark
2009-07
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Wildland Fire and Fuels Research and Development Strategic Plan: Meeting the Needs of the Present, Anticipating the Needs of the Future
"This document presents the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service Wildland Fire and Fuels Research and Development (R&D) Strategic Plan for the next 10 years (through 2015). The plan provides a framework to implement a national program of research and science application that aligns with and anticipates the needs of land managers and other clients and stakeholders. It recognizes the need to coordinate research activities with partners in other organizations and responds to fire and fuels management and research priorities identified in numerous reports. This plan takes an integrated and nationally coordinated approach to focus on the most important research needs by identifying priorities in three major strategic goal areas."
United States. Forest Service
2006
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Forest Service Strategic Framework for Responding to Climate Change [Verions 1.0]
"The Forest Service has a unique opportunity and responsibility to sustain forests and grasslands in the United States and internationally. This responsibility includes: 1) stewardship of 193 million acres of national forests and grasslands, 2) partnerships with States, Tribes, and private landowners for assisting communities and owners of 430 million acres of private and Tribal forests, and with other federal agencies, 3) international cooperation, 4) research and development to provide science and management tools. These responsibilities make it imperative that we understand and be able to respond to the effects of climate change on the Nation's forest and grassland resources. This document provides a strategic framework for the Forest Service to guide current and future actions to meet the challenge of climate change. It incorporates the actions included in Chief Gail Kimbell's letter to the National Leadership Council of February 15, 2008."
United States. Forest Service
2008-10-02
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Towards a Collaborative Cost Management Strategy: 2006 U.S. Forest Service Large Wildfire Cost Review Recommendations
"The Panel was asked to focus on strategic decisions and actions, compliance with policy and law, and risk analysis and management. There were 20 such fires whose suppression cost approached $500 million in total, exclusive of burned area emergency rehabilitation costs and accounted for over 1.1 million burned acres. […]. A second purpose of the review was for the Panel to address cross-cutting cost management issues and potential strategies that could impact fire suppression costs at strategic levels. The panel acknowledged that current efforts by forests and their incident business advisors to ensure compliance with contracting and resource allocation procedures and to maintain a high level of fiscal vigilance for potential waste and abuse were important, but unlikely to affect spending levels by more than 10%. Four issue areas are addressed in the recommendations section that could, in the view of the Panel, potentially help contain suppression costs and future increases in wildfire costs at much higher levels. Recommendations are developed for: (1) Land Management and Resource Plans and Fire Management Plans as Strategic Frameworks for Managing Fire Suppression Investment (2) The Wildland Fire Situational Analysis and Delegation of Authority as Fire Suppression Management and Cost Factors (3) Incident Management Team Structure & Transitions As Fire Suppression Cost Factors (4) Formulating a New Collaborative Cost Management Strategy."
United States. Forest Service
Independent Large Wildfire Cost Panel
2007-05-15
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Nuttall Complex Fire Shelter Deployment Review: Factual Report and Management Evaluation Report
"In the dangerous business of wildland fire suppression, we call on fireline leaders to make the challenging decisions of providing for employee safety while taking appropriate suppression actions. The Nuttall Fire Shelter investigation finds that the firefighters relied on their experience and training to make good decisions. Strategy and tactics were guided by careful application of LCES (Lookouts, Communications, Escape Routes, and Safety Zones). While participants all felt they underestimated the potential fire behavior and had no way of anticipating a critical medical emergency, quality situational awareness and commitment to standard mitigations led to a positive outcome. The mitigations proved resilient. This was a big event-to the agency, to the firefighting community, and particularly to individuals involved. It is an opportunity to study and learn from a critical situation. This report will describe and document the relevant facts and recommend actions. These findings are largely positive and complimentary. The recommendations are neither career-ending nor policy-changing; however, particular findings will be of interest at all levels of the wildfire organization. This Investigation Team used the After Action Review / Lessons Learned format for interviews. The Nuttall Fire on the Safford Ranger District of the Coronado National Forest in Arizona was ignited by lightning on June 26, 2004 and escaped initial attack. A Southwest Area Incident Management Type 1 team assumed command on June 27, 2004. An indirect strategy along suitable ridges commenced, with a Firing Group assigned to 'bring the black' with the control line construction."
United States. Forest Service
2004-12-06
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Wildland Fire Shelter: History and Development of the New Generation Fire Shelter
"This presentation is designed to explain the history and development of the New Generation Fire Shelter."
United States. Forest Service
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Accident Investigation Guide: 2005 Edition
"The purpose of accident investigations is to provide management with information for accident prevention. The Accident Investigation Guide details information on the investigative process and associated tasks, such as gathering and maintaining custody of physical and photographic evidence, documenting witness statements, interviewing witnesses, managing records, preparing the investigation report (factual and management evaluation sections), and conducting accident review boards. The guide also includes the investigation protocol for wildland fire shelter entrapments, deployments, and fatalities, and aviation accidents and incidents with potential."
United States. Forest Service
Wolf, Jerry Taylor; Whitlock, Chuck
2005-05
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Forest Carbon Estimation Using the Forest Vegetation Simulator: Seven Things You Need to Know
"Interest in options for forest-related greenhouse gas mitigation is growing, and so is the need to assess the carbon implications of forest management actions. Generating estimates of key carbon pools can be time consuming and cumbersome, and exploring the carbon consequences of management alternatives is often a complicated task. In response to this, carbon reporting capability has been added to the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) growth and yield modeling system, allowing users to produce carbon reports along with traditional FVS outputs. All methods and computations are consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance and U.S. voluntary carbon accounting rules and guidelines. We briefly describe the FVS system, outline the carbon pools estimated, and provide an overview of the data requirements, capabilities, features, and limitations of the model and the carbon reports. We also review common questions and pitfalls encountered by users when running the model."
United States. Forest Service
Hoover, Coeli M.; Rebain, Stephanie A.
2011-02
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FireBGCv2 Landscape Fire Succession Model: A Research Simulation Platform for Exploring Fire and Vegetation Dynamics
"Fire management faces important emergent issues in the coming years such as climate change, fire exclusion impacts, and wildland-urban development, so new, innovative means are needed to address these challenges. Field studies, while preferable and reliable, will be problematic because of the large time and space scales involved. Therefore, landscape simulation modeling will have more of a role in wildland fire management as field studies become untenable. This report details the design and algorithms of a complex, spatially explicit landscape fire and vegetation model called FireBGCv2. FireBGCv2 is a C++ computer program that incorporates several types of stand dynamics models into a landscape simulation platform. FireBGCv2 is intended as a research tool. Descriptions of FireBGCv2 code, sample input files, and sample output are included in this report, but this report is not intended as a user's manual because the inherent complexity and wide scope of FireBGCv2 makes it unwieldy and difficult to use without extensive training. The primary purpose of this report is to document FireBGCv2 in adequate detail to interpret simulation results."
United States. Forest Service
Keane, Robert E.; Loehman, Rachel A.; Holsinger, Lisa M.
2011-03
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Rising Cost of Fire Operations: Effects on the Forest Service's Non-Fire Work
"The increasing cost of fighting wildland fire has had a negative and lasting impact on the Forest Service's non-fire, mission critical activities. In particular, the growth in fire expenditures has resulted in two significant and negative impacts on the Forest Service budget: (1) fire borrowing; and (2) a long-term shift of agency resources to fire expenditures. With respect to borrowing, in years when the base appropriation for suppression is insufficient to cover the cost of fighting wildland fire, the agency has the authority to transfer (or 'borrow') funds from non-fire activities to suppression. However, those non-fire activities are often those that improve the health and resilience of our forested landscapes and thus mitigate the potential for fire in future years. These fire transfers, while they are generally reimbursed in subsequent appropriations, are highly disruptive to agency operations and hinder the Forest Service's capacity to effectively restore the Nation's forests and grasslands. Continued reliance on fire transfers to ensure sufficient funds for suppression within a highly constrained agency budget is unsustainable. The second impact of rising fire expenditures has been to slowly shift agency financial resources away from forest management and restoration, research, recreation and other mission-critical objectives and towards firefighting and other expenses related to fire management. A few weeks ago, the Forest Service released a report detailing the types of projects that are delayed or cancelled as a result of fire borrowing. This report details the long-term shift of agency resources into the fire program and away from other mission critical programs."
United States. Forest Service
2014-08
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Angora Fire - Entrapment & Fire Shelter Deployment Accident Prevention Analysis Report
"On June 26, 2007, two Forest Service firefighters assigned to the Angora Fire were entrapped by fire and forced into their fire shelters. Fortunately, they were uninjured. This report tells what happened and examines the social and organizational causes that led to this outcome. In conducting an investigation, the review team learned of another story-that of a nearcatastrophic tragedy for dozens of other firefighters who were within minutes of also being entrapped. Accidents and near misses such as this are proof of the high risks of wildland firefighting as well as proof that our firefighting organization could better manage these risks."
United States. Forest Service
2008-01-17
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Network-On-Wheels: Thin Client Networking Kits for Incident Management
This is a technology tip offered by the US Forest Service on thin client networking kits used in incident management - specifically in the fire service for fighting wildland fires.
United States. Forest Service
2009-04
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Fire Operations Risk Management: Hazard Tree Risks and Mitigations
"Many areas in of our nation's forests are experiencing declining forest health conditions causing extreme hazard tree dangers. Broken tops, widow-makers, and root rot in many tree species are contributing to elevated hazard levels. Beetle infestations, wind events and abundant moisture have led to the creation of abnormally high safety hazards which are difficult to mitigate. This Hazard Tree safety advisory is designed to raise awareness among firefighters and all field going employees of the increasing risks from falling tree hazards in forested lands across the United States. One way to deal with this type of risk is to avoid working in these high-risk areas. If any individual feels an assignment is unsafe they have the obligation to identify safer alternatives, if any, for completing the assignment. Employees are empowered to turn down an assignment if it is identified that the risks involved cannot be safely managed (reference Incident Response Pocket Guide, page 17). This advisory serves as a 'Heads Up' to firefighters and employees working in or mobilizing to forested regions that are especially affected by mountain pine beetles. Millions of acres in the western United States are plagued with dead or dying trees, most infected by insects. In Forest Service Regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, pine beetle infestations and snags are an ever-increasing hazard after years of drought, fire exclusion, and bug kill."
United States. Forest Service
2010-08-03?
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Fire Blow-Up Modeling: Implications for Situational Awareness & LCES
This PowerPoint presentation by Jo Ann Fites examines the fire-behavior behind forest fires blow-ups and its importance in lookouts, communication, escape routes, and safety zones (LCES), and fatalities. The slideshow utilizes different models and geographic information systems to better predict the behavior of wildfires.
United States. Forest Service
Fites-Kaufman, Jo Ann
2007-01-01?
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Southwest Geographic Area Safety Alert: US-Mexico Border Fire Operations Safety
This safety alert discusses firefighter and public safety, drug smuggling, illegal immigration and border safety information.
United States. Forest Service
2011-05-05
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Lessons Learned: Eagle Trail IHC Saw Accident
This document provides a summary of the Eagle Trail IHC (Interagency Hotshot Crew) Saw accident, contributing factors, and recommendations to improve in the future.
United States. Forest Service
2010-06
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Shoshone National Forest Fire Management Plan
From the Introduction: "The Shoshone National Forest developed this fire management plan (FMP) as a decision support tool to help fire personnel and decision makers determine the appropriate management response to unplanned ignitions. Fire management plans do not make decisions. Instead, they provide information, organized by fire management units (FMUs), which provide a finer scale summarization of information than is possible at the forest level. These descriptions bring specific detail about the identifiable areas on the ground. FMPs are not static documents. They will evolve and be revised as conditions change on the ground and as modifications are made to the unit's LRMP [Land and Resource Management Plan]."
United States. Forest Service
2012-04-16?
