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Proceedings of the New England Methamphetamine Summit and Listening Post [July 24, 2009]
"The purpose of this 1-day meeting was to both identify the nature of the methamphetamine problem for law enforcement, prevention, and treatment in the New England states; and to examine promising strategies to stem the tide of this emerging drug abuse threat. The meeting was a 'listening post' for federal agencies and an opportunity to provide current data profiles and trends of methamphetamine use in the region. Participants received tools and resources to enhance and support their capacity to respond in a comprehensive and strategic manner. "
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
2010-01
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First-Line Supervision Under Compstat and Community Policing - Lessons from Six Agencies
"Over the last 25 years, Compstat and community policing have emerged as powerful movements in U.S. police reform. Despite their importance, there are virtually no studies on how they work together when implemented in the same police organization. This report, the third in a series studying this co-implementation issue, focuses on front-line supervision. Patrol sergeants play a key role in what the police organization does and how it does it, yet little is known about how this rank has adapted, if at all, to the co-implementation of Compstat and community policing. Both reforms are heralded for being strategic--that is, they are designed to help heighten the police organization's capacity to identify problems in its environment, detect any changes, reallocate resources, and respond effectively. Presumably this 'big picture' approach to handling an unstable and uncertain environment should materialize in the kind of guidance that first-line supervisors receive from their superiors, in how they make decisions about what crime and disorder problems to focus upon, and in the kind of direction they give to the organization's largest resource--its patrol officers. We conducted focus groups at six police agencies, differing in size and organization that reported fully implementing Compstat and community policing, to learn how sergeants made decisions and offered guidance on crime and disorder problems. This report describes how these reforms have affected supervisory practices unevenly."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Willis, James J.
2011-03-27
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Strategic Communication Practices: A Toolkit for Police Executives
From an online abstract: "Strategic Communication Practices: A Toolkit for Police Executives was developed to help police executives communicate more effectively with their communities and organizations. It addresses the changes in the news media and how that has affected the way people obtain information. It is designed to provide greater insight into communications strategies and planning. It will provide examples of strategic communications plans and how police have used various communications tools to more effectively reach their community. It is a companion piece and builds on the 2010 Major Cities Chiefs Association/COPS [Community Oriented Policing Services] Office white paper -- Key Leadership Strategies to Enhance Communication."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Stephens, Darrel W.; Hill, Julia; Greenberg, Sheldon
2011-09
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Making Police Reforms Endure: The Keys for Success
"Making Police Reforms Endure: The Keys for Success presents a framework that other police departments can use and test in their efforts to institutionalize police reforms. The points put forth are based on findings in the authors' 2007 study of problem oriented policing in the Charlotte Mecklenburg (North Carolina) Police Department, but have general applicability to various police reforms such as problem oriented policing, community policing, and accountability measures. In addition, the guide discusses the key issue of the importance of understanding a department's culture when attempting to institutionalize police reforms. Such an assessment consists of examining officer attitudes, knowledge, and behavior toward reform. If deficiencies are found in any of these three areas, and if officer and organizational buy in is not obtained, the likelihood of the reform becoming institutionalized is very low. The policy and procedural changes and recommendations outlined in this publication will help departments obtain officer buy in. Throughout the document, the authors present 11 recommendations that can be considered strategies for implementing and institutionalizing police reform."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Ikerd, Trent; Walker, Samuel, 1942-
2010-04
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Promoting Partnerships between Police and Community Supervision Agencies: How Coordination Can Reduce Crime and Improve Public Safety
"The past two decades have witnessed a period of revitalization for the field of law enforcement, marked by the emergence of a new paradigm of policing that embraces data-driven decision-making, emphasizes partnerships with the community, and underscores the belief that policing can be effective in making neighborhoods safer. During the same period, community supervision agencies have experienced a parallel shift in focus and philosophy, suggesting the potential for such agencies to enhance their role in improving public safety. The potential impact that these supervisees2 have on public safety is undeniable: over two-thirds of released adult prisoners are arrested for a new crime within three years of release. While supervised populations may pose significant challenges for police and community supervision agencies, a partnership between the two can help them improve public safety. A community policing orientation, with a focus on building partnerships and engaging in problem-solving efforts to address crime, social disorder, and the fear of crime proactively, provides a strong foundation for collaboration between police and community supervision agencies. The two are allies and partners in the work of reintegrating parolees into their communities and managing probationers so that they refrain from criminal activity."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Jannetta, Jesse; Lachman, Pamela
2011-05
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Homeless Encampments
"This guide addresses homeless encampments, also known as transient camps. It begins by describing the problem and reviewing factors that contribute to it. It then identifies a series of questions to help you analyze your local problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem and what is known about them from evaluative research and police practice. Homeless encampments are only one aspect of the larger set of problems related to homelessness, street life, and public disorder. This guide does not cover all aspects of homelessness, only those that pertain to the small proportion of homeless people who live in encampments. Throughout this guide, the term 'transient' is often used to refer to this small group. Further, it addresses only the particular harms created by homeless encampments, not the issues commonly associated with homeless people. These related problems, each of which requires separate analysis, include: 1) chronic public intoxication, 2) panhandling, 3) loitering, 4) trespassing, 5) shoplifting, 6) drug dealing, 7) mental illness, and 8) disorder at day laborer sites. A discussion of the broad economic and social conditions that give rise to homelessness and to homeless encampments is beyond the scope of this guide."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Chamard, Sharon
2010-01
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Asset Forfeiture
"This guide reviews the application of asset forfeiture to specific crime problems, examines the legal arrangements for its use, discusses the benefits and consequences to its use, and provides recommendations for launching an asset forfeiture program."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Worral, John L.
2008-11
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Sting Operations
"Sting operations have been part of the modern police response to crime for over 40 years, although artful deceptions and undercover operations have been part of police techniques for as long as policing has existed. This response guide for police by Graeme R. Newman, with the assistance of Kelly Socia, takes a broad approach to include a wide range of crime types, and the different sting operations that target them. This guide is intended to help law enforcement decide whether a sting operation would be right for them by reviewing both the benefits and negative consequences of sting operations."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Newman, Graeme R.; Socia, Kelly M.
2007-10
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Improving Street Lighting to Reduce Crime in Residential Areas
"This guide reviews the use of street lighting to help reduce crime in residential areas, discusses the factors to examine when considering upgrading or improving street lighting, and recommends steps to take when implementing a street lighting improvement plan. It explains why improved street lighting can help reduce fear of crime, summarizes the literature on the effectiveness of better lighting, and suggests measures that can be used to assess the effectiveness of lighting solutions that have been implemented."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Clarke, R. V. G.
2008-12
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Dealing with Crime and Disorder in Urban Parks
"Dealing With Crime and Disorder in Urban Parks reviews how a park's design, maintenance, and policing can affect its crime and disorder problems. This guide also makes recommendations to help police take an important leadership role in reclaiming an urban park and ensuring that its facilities can once again benefit a broad spectrum of citizens."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Hilborn, Jim
2009-05
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Crime Prevention Publicity Campaigns
"Developing innovative efforts to reduce crime and social disorder is an integral part of modern police work. Law enforcement agencies that undertake such interventions should consider advertising their work and ideas. This response guide shows how law enforcement agencies can help remove crime opportunities by teaching and encouraging the public to adopt better self-protection measures, or to warn offenders of increased police vigilance. When designed properly, publicity campaigns can offer law enforcement agencies another problem-solving tool in the fight against crime."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Barthe, Emmanuel
2006-06
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Methamphetamine Summit: A Process in Collaboration and Decision Making
"When the recent surge of methamphetamine use first appeared in the late 1990s, the nation was caught by surprise. Law enforcement officials, drug trend experts, and prevention and drug treatment specialists were unprepared to confront the highly addictive and easily 'homegrown' substance. Although the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) warned stakeholders that methamphetamine was no longer confined to the west coast but was rapidly moving into the Midwest and the South, few policymakers listened. Soon states other than California realized that methamphetamine could be easily produced using over-the-counter materials in makeshift clandestine labs. While methamphetamine was similar to other illegal drugs in generating violence, crime, and addiction, methamphetamine is distinct from other drugs in two aspects: meth labs pose nightmarish levels of long-lasting environmental damage, and there isn't a 'typical' methamphetamine user. Meth labs emit highly toxic fumes and involve volatile chemicals that cause severe injury or death if inhaled or touched, and are prone to fire and explosions. Once methamphetamine has been produced, the remaining waste and by-product residue pose an entire new level of hazard. The extensive environmental damage requires a response from biologists, ecologists, and toxic waste impact and disposal specialists."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Deutch, Heidi
2011-05
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Technologies for Public Safety in Critical Incident Response September 27, 2004
William F. Pelgrin of the New York Office of Cyber Security & Critical Infrastructure Coordination, gives this presentation on Technologies for Public Safety in Critical Incident Response at the 2004 National Institute of Justice Annual Technology Conference.
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Department of Homeland Security
Pelgrin, William F.
2004-09-27
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Interoperable Communications Technology Program (ICTP) Assessment: Best Practices and Lessons Learned
"From 2003 through 2006, the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) awarded 65 grants totaling $250 million to local law enforcement agencies across the United States under its Interoperable Communications Technology Program (ICTP). The purpose of these grants was to fund projects that explored uses of equipment and technologies to increase interoperability and data information sharing among the law enforcement, fire service, and emergency medical service communities. With thorough and rigorous planning, these projects helped to demonstrate how new technologies and operating methods could help communities achieve interoperability. This report describes the findings of an ICTP assessment study conducted by the Institute for Law and Justice (ILJ), in which they examined the grant implementation process of the ICTP grantees. The report describes successful practices to improve interoperability and build stronger multiagency and multidisciplinary partnerships. It also highlights ten best practices that could help improve agencies in both critical incident and day-to-day operations."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Webster, Barbara, 1947-; McEwen, J. Thomas
2012-03
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Violent Repeat Victimization: Prospects and Challenges for Research and Practice [audio]
In this audio presentation titled "Violent Repeat Victimization: Prospect and Challenges from Research and Practice," Dr. Janet Lauitsen, from the University of Missouri at St. Louis, presents on existing research, repeat victimization and the impact it has on violent crime rates. "Dr. Lauritsen summarizes existing research on repeat violent victimization, both here in the United States and abroad. She provides new findings from the National Crime Victimization Survey about the potential impact that reducing repeat victimization might have on rates of violence in the U.S. She discusses possible factors that can be used to predict whether victimization is likely to be repeated and suggest how such information can inform policy and practice. She also discusses several factors, such as persistent exposure to offenders, that appear to be unique to repeat victimization and most relevant to developing effective policies and practices.We also captured an interview with Dr. Lauritsen in which she discusses in three short segments: [1] What is the National Crime Victimization Survey? [2] Why is it so difficult to predict the likelihood of repeat victimization? [3] How should victim service providers be evaluated? This presentation requires Adobe Flash Player 11.2.202.235. The duration of the presentation is approximately 1:25:18. To find the transcript of the presentation and interview with Dr. Janet Lauritsen visit the following webpage: http://www.nij.gov/events/research-real-world.htm
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice
Lauritsen, Janet L.
2012-04
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Integration of Crime Analysis into Patrol Work: A Guidebook
"Reviews of over 30 years of policing research show that the most effective police strategies are those that are focused on areas, places, and offenders that contribute to a disproportionate amount of crime and disorder. The evidence suggests that when police target 'hot spots' of crime, they can have a significant impact on overall crime levels. A common component in effective police strategies is the use of systematic crime analysis to help guide and prioritize crime reduction efforts, as police agencies are continually challenged with limited resources, deployment issues, and other pressures that test their capacity to provide quality public safety service and implement crime reduction strategies. [...] This guidebook has been developed for mid-level managers and commanders of police agencies who are looking for guidance in fully incorporating crime analysis into their agency, particularly into patrol. The guide presents a series of considerations and recommendations for crime analysis integration, provides crime analysis product examples that have been implemented into innovative police agencies around the United States, discusses key issues of implementation, and outlines an implementation framework strategy. Notably, this guide is not a detailed plan that can be taken and immediately adopted by any one agency, but is a practical overview of the importance of crime analysis and its usefulness and offers recommendations and examples for crime analysis integration."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Taylor, Bruce G.; Santos, Rachel Boba; Egge, Jeff
2011-09
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Guidelines for Access, Retention, Use, and Dissemination by the National Counterterrorism Center and Other Agencies of Information in Datasets Containing Non-Terrorism Information
"NCTC's [National Counterterrorism Center] access to, and acquisition, retention, use, and dissemination of, information covered by these Guidelines will be for authorized NCTC purposes. Pursuant to Executive Order 13388 and consistent with the National Security Act of 1947, as amended, and the March 4,2003 Memorandum ofUnderstanding between the Intelligence Community, Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, and the Department ofHomeland Security Concerning Information Sharing, NCTC shall be afforded prompt access to all federal information and datasets that may constitute or contain terrorism information. NCTC may access or acquire datasets that may constitute or contain terrorism information, including those identified as containing non-terrorism information, such as information pertaining exclusively to domestic terrorism and other information maintained by executive departments and agencies that has not been identified as terrorism information, in order to acquire, retain, and disseminate terrorism information pursuant to NCTC's statutory authorities consistent with these Guidelines."
United States. Office of the Director of National Intelligence; United States. Department of Justice
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Developing Interoperability: Standard Operating Procedures
"Standard operating procedures are one of the five 'critical success factors' essential for interoperable communications. This Issue Brief will describe: 1) the public safety community's need for standard operating procedure (SOP) models; 2) the SOP models that are available for use; 3) the five-step SOP development and testing process; 4) the critical importance of involving end users to ensure operational utility (that the policies actually work in the real world); and 5) the expected operational benefits."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Krauss, Benjamin R.
2012-03
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Law Enforcement Analytic Standards 2nd Edition
"The intelligence analyst is critical to the planning, intelligence, and investigative activities of a law enforcement agency. In this environment, analysts require the relevant experience, expertise, and training to perform their jobs effectively. [...] As a result of a review of subsequent publications on analytical standards since 2004, Global and the CICC have published this 2012 version that reflects current progress toward institutionalizing the role of the analyst. In its entirety, this version describes management's role in shaping the analyst's environment-from hiring and supervising through producing professional products for investigators and decision makers."
United States. Department of Justice. Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative
2012-04
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Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA): Long Term Plan to Build and Enhance Tribal Justice Systems
In recent decades, Tribal Nations have faced significant problems in addressing public safety issues. Violent crime rates in Indian country are more than 2.5 times the national rate; some reservations face more than 20 times the national rate of violence. Some tribes lack the funding and infrastructure to address these problems. Indian country correctional facilities are inadequate in number and funding may not be sufficient for operations, maintenance and programming. In some Tribal Nations, there are insufficient alternatives to incarceration. In 2010 Congress passed the Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA) to address these problems. The goal of TLOA is to improve public safety and justice systems in Indian country. TLOA mandates that the Departments of Justice (DOJ) and the Interior (DOI) develop, in consultation with Tribal Leaders and tribal justice professionals, a long term plan to address incarceration and the alternatives to it in Indian country. DOJ and DOI obtained substantial input from tribal justice officials, including law enforcement, courts, and corrections. DOJ and DOI conducted a series of consultations with Tribal Leaders across the country; conducted focus groups with tribal justice officials; hosted webinars; created a multi-agency Work Group on Corrections ('Work Group') to provide recommendations on action steps; and drafted a Tribal Justice Plan (Plan) for public comment. Those comments were incorporated into the final Plan submitted to Congress.
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Department of the Interior
2011-08
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Impact of the Economic Downturn on American Police Agencies
"Faced with these dramatic budget contractions, law enforcement leaders have begun identifying the most cost conscious ways to deliver police services, and developing a new model of policing that will ensure that communities continue to receive the quality police protection they are entitled to. In a 2011 survey of police chiefs conducted by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), 94 percent of respondents agreed that they were seeing 'a new reality in American policing developing' (IACP 2011). Police agencies are some of the hardest hit by the current economic climate. Curtailing revenues nationwide have forced local governments to make cuts in spending across the board, which includes public safety operating budgets. While budget cuts threaten the jobs of law enforcement officers, the duties and responsibilities to ensure public safety remain. However, to date, there has been no systematic way of measuring the impact the economic downturn has had on police agencies across the country. This report intends to delve into the existing information, research the ways in which law enforcement agencies have been affected, and examine the ways they have responded."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
2011-10
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Drugs of Abuse: A DEA Resource Guide, 2011 Edition
"The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) places all substances which were in some manner regulated under existing federal law into one of five schedules. This placement is based upon the substance's medical use, potential for abuse, and safety or dependence liability. The Act also provides a mechanism for substances to be controlled (added to or transferred between schedules) or decontrolled (removed from control)."
United States. Drug Enforcement Administration; United States. Department of Justice
2011
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2011 National Drug Threat Assessment
"The illicit trafficking and abuse of drugs present a challenging, dynamic threat to the United States. Overall demand is rising, largely supplied by illicit drugs smuggled to U.S. markets by major transnational criminal organizations (TCOs). Changing conditions continue to alter patterns in drug production, trafficking, and abuse. Traffickers are responding to government counterdrug efforts by modifying their interrelationships, altering drug production levels, and adjusting their trafficking routes and methods. Major Mexican-based TCOs continue to solidify their dominance over the wholesale illicit drug trade as they control the movement of most of the foreign-produced drug supply across the U.S. Southwest Border."
National Drug Intelligence Center (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice
2011-08
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Stalking and Domestic Violence: Report to Congress
"The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), Title IV of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (Public Law 103--322), improved our country's response to violence against women, including domestic violence, stalking, and sexual assault. VAWA and its recent reauthorization, the Violence Against Women Act of 2000, have transformed criminal and civil justice system efforts to address these serious crimes, bringing communities together to move forward to end violence against women. Police officers, prosecutors, victim advocates, and members of the judiciary are collaborating to leverage the coercive power of the criminal justice system to enhance victim safety and hold offenders accountable. To help support these initiatives, the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (OJP), has provided tools and resources to implement coordinated community responses to violence against women and to fund basic research to expand understanding of stalking and domestic violence. This report to Congress is part of an ongoing commitment to share information about strategies that show promise in the field and about the development of laws addressing stalking. It is produced in response to Subtitle F of VAWA, which directs the U.S. Attorney General to submit a report on these issues."
United States. Department of Justice. Office on Violence against Women
2001-05
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Technology Assessment Program: Hand-Held Aerosol Tear Gas Weapons
"This document, NIJ [National Institute of Justice] Standard-0110.00, Hand-Held Aerosol Tear Gas Weapons, is an equipment standard developed by the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards. It is produced as part of the Technology Assessment Program of the National Institute of Justice. A brief description of the program appears on the inside front cover. This standard is a technical document that specifies performance and other requirements equipment should qeet to satisfy the needs of criminal justice agencies for high quality service. Purchasers can use the test methods described in this standard themselves to determine whether i particular piece of equipment meets the essential requirements, or they may have the tests conducted on their behalf by a qualified testing laboratory. Procurement officials may also refer to this standard in their purchasing documents and require that equipment offered for purchase meet the requirements. Compliance with the requirements of the standard may be attested to by an independent laboratory or guaranteed by the vendor. Because this NIJ standard Is designed as a procurement aid, it is necessarily highly technical. For those who seek general guidance concerning the selection and application of law enforcement equipment, user guides have also been published. The guides explain in nontechnical language how to select equipment capable of the performance required by an agency."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice
1985-09
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Building Productive Relationships with the Media: Dealing with New Media Culture During Crisis Situations
"The emergence of new media and social networking technology has dramatically changed law enforcement relations with the press. Not only has it added a new dimension to the skills already needed in today's 24/7 'all-news-all-the-time' media culture, but also it increases the chances of missteps--particularly in crisis or emergency situations. At the same time, it has created new opportunities for police managers in furthering police/community/media relations. Part I of this report offers general guidelines designed for police executives and public information officers operating in this new environment. It focuses on (1) dealing with the current media culture during crisis situations and (2) offers 'do's and don'ts' for using social media in communicating with the press. Both sets of guidelines should be considered essential components in any long-term strategy for building productive relationships with the media in your community. The guidelines are based on the real-world experiences of senior police managers and on research by media technology and law enforcement experts. For more detailed information and further reading, this report also provides a list of references and additional resources. Part II provides a real-world example of crisis management, which involved the use of both traditional and new media by then Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton following the 'May Day' 2007 confrontation involving LAPD [Los Angeles Police Department] officers, media, and demonstrators at Los Angeles' MacArthur Park."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Handelman, Stephen; Domanick, Joe
2012-02
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Essentials for Leaders: Operation Partnership: Trends and Practices in Law Enforcement and Private Security Collaborations
"Operation Partnership: Trends and Practices in Law Enforcement and Private Security Collaborations is intended to help law enforcement and private security organizations develop and operate effective partnerships to address issues of mutual concern. It provides guidelines and analysis which are supplemented with examples from partnerships throughout the nation of trends, innovative practices, obstacles, lessons learned, and results. These partnerships were formed or expanded to address a range of critical policing and private sector needs, including: terrorism preparedness and prevention, supporting neighborhood and downtown revitalization efforts, combating financial crimes, improving security at special events, improving security for the nation's critical infrastructure, and bringing community policing strategies to bear on crimes against businesses and the community."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
2012-02
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Navigating Your Agency's Path to Intelligence-Led Policing [April 2009]
"Navigating Your Agency's Path to Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) serves as an overview for implementing the ILP framework within a law enforcement agency. The ILP approach is a process for enhancing law enforcement agency effectiveness. It also provides an organizational approach to gather and use many sources of information and intelligence to make timely and targeted strategic, operational, and tactical decisions, thereby enhancing law enforcement effectiveness. This document provides information on how the ILP framework can support existing law enforcement policing strategies. The key elements of ILP include executive commitment and involvement; collaboration and coordination throughout all levels of the agency; tasking and coordination; collection, planning, and operation; analytic capabilities; awareness, education, and training; end-user feedback; and reassessment of the process. Overarching all of these factors are effective information sharing processes. Understanding each of these elements provides the planning, organizational, and administrative steps necessary to implement ILP. This document also provides insight regarding the challenges of ILP implementation. The issues outlined can be mitigated through proper planning and preparation."
United States. Department of Justice. Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative
2009-04
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Bringing Calm to Chaos: A Critical Incident Review of the San Bernardino Public Safety Response to the December 2, 2015, Terrorist Shooting Incident at the Inland Regional Center
"On December 2, 2015, at 10:59 a.m. the Inland Regional Center (IRC) in San Bernardino, California, came under attack. The incident began as what is now known to be two shooters, dressed in all black, entered the IRC --a building in which San Bernardino County Environmental Health Department employees were meeting--and began shooting. An intensive and chaotic search for the shooters began initially within the vast IRC complex and then in the city and surrounding areas. During the initial and subsequent witness interviews, law enforcement received differing accounts of the number of individuals--including shooters-- involved in the attack. Quick investigative work by a San Bernardo Police Department (SBPD) civilian analyst and the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department (SBCSD) Criminal Intelligence division developed an address for one of the shooters: Rizwan Farook (the male assailant). Before long, officers located the suspect vehicle and two suspects, which led to a midday shootout between the police and Rizwan and his wife Tashfeen Malik (the female assailant), as well as a search for a third subject some officers believed had fled the suspects' vehicle. Ultimately, law enforcement officers killed both assailants on a normally quiet residential street--but not before two officers were wounded. It was later determined that there was not a third suspect. The aftermath of the gun battle was witnessed in real time across the country as news helicopters hovered overhead. Press conferences were held throughout the day and evening as well as for several days following the attack as authorities attempted to quell rising fears and investigators scoured the region, as well as the Internet, in search of clues to determine why the couple had committed such a brutal attack that ultimately left 22 civilians wounded, 14 civilians dead, and 2 officers injured. Two days later, the answer came: a premeditated act of terrorism. San Bernardino had joined the ranks of New York City; Washington, D.C.; Paris; and Brussels as cities that have all dealt with extreme violence at the hands of terrorists."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Braziel, Rick; Straub, Frank; Watson, George . . .
2016
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Signs Within: Suicide Prevention Education and Awareness
"The goal of this document is to educate law enforcement leaders, raise awareness, and prevent officer suicides. With information, signs to look for, and resources to reach out to, this document ensures that law enforcement leaders can provide their officers with the proper support in order to prevent officer suicides."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
International Association of Chiefs of Police
2018
