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Meeting the Homeland Security Challenge: A Principled Strategy for a Balanced and Practical Response
"Homeland Security" appears poised to be the next growth industry in the National Security realm. So what happened? How did it get this way? More important: What are the threats? What can the United States reasonably do about them? Complete answers to these questions are beyond the scope of this article. Some aspects of the Homeland Security topic are so complex that entire volumes would be necessary to explore narrow issues in anything like the depth necessary. Rather than succumb to the temptation to jump right into details on areas of particular concern to the Coast Guard, we have chosen to step back, to look at Homeland Security in a more comprehensive, holistic
manner to see if there aren't some higher order principles to guide the nation. Our analysis reveals an existing but discounted National Security "Lever of Power" - Civil Authority - that must be used creatively if America is to successfully meet the Homeland Security challenge. We also identify four principles essential to crafting an effective and affordable response to this multi-faceted problem. Among these are adherence to the Constitution and the Rule of Law, as well as the use of Risk Management concepts in selecting those actions and capabilities to implement.
United States. Coast Guard
Loy, James M., 1942-; Ross, Robert G.
2001
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New Normalcy... and the Way Ahead: Understanding the Coast Guard's Maritime Homeland Security and National Defense Missions
A presentation from the World Wide Chemical Conference XIX by representatives from the U.S. Coast Guard outlining the organizations new role in maritime homeland security as a result of the September 11 terrorist attacks.
United States. Coast Guard
O'Dell, Mike
2002-09
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Guidelines for Port Security Committees, and Port Security Plans Required for U.S. Ports
The purpose of this Circular is to provide guidance to field commanders on how to develop Port Security Committees (PSC's) and Port Security Plan (PSP's). The specific goal of this guidance is the formal creation of PSC's and PSP's for U.S. ports. A secondary purpose is to provide Commanding Officers of Coast Guard Activities, Marine Safety Offices and Captains of the Port (COTP) with a document that addresses port security issues to be shared with the port and maritime community. The U.S. Coast Guard is the lead federal agency for the Maritime Homeland Security mission. In this capacity, the Captains of the Port, as the Coast Guard's lead entity in the port is responsible, through the Port Security Committee for developing a Port Security Plan. The PSP defines the government's (local, state and federal) obligation and the other port stakeholder's contributions to the Maritime Homeland Security mission. The PSP is designed to capture the information necessary to coordinate and communicate security procedures at each Maritime Security (MARSEC) level. The plan's goal is to enhance awareness for the detection of terrorist threats, to deter attacks, and reduce vulnerabilities through coordinated security procedures and communication. The PSP will complement facility and vessel security plans. Because the PSP's purpose is prevention, it must also integrate with (and may cause revisions to) existing plans for response (e.g. Area Contingency Plans (ACP), 9700/9800 series Operational Plans (OPLANs)) and consequence management (e.g. Federal Response Plan (FRP) when incident response and consequence management are necessary.
United States. Coast Guard
2002-09-30
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Maritime Trade & Transportation 99
The U.S. water transportation industry serves the needs of both international and domestic commerce. It comprises companies that carry freight or passengers
on the open seas or inland waterways as well as companies that offer lighterage and towing services, operate canals and terminals, charter vessels, handle cargo, and build and repair ships. A variety of public agencies at all levels of government affect the water transportation industry, including port authorities, state departments of transportation, and national and international regulatory bodies. This report describes major trends in the 1990s that affect the commercial water transportation industry, which provides vital freight and passenger travel services in international and domestic markets and port and cargo-handling services. It also describes the role and performance of the U.S. shipbuilding and repair industry and discusses the water transportation industry's contribution to the U.S. economy. Considerable attention is devoted to maritime safety and environmental goals of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and its lead agency in these areas, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). In addition, the critical roles of the U.S. maritime industry and certain DOT programs, particularly those of the Maritime Administration (MARAD) in meeting our national security requirements, are explored in chapter 5. Advances in navigation technology and relevant cooperative research programs are described in chapter 6. Reflecting the axiom that good analysis requires good data, the final chapter highlights relevant data issues.
United States. Coast Guard
1999
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Maritime Strategy for Homeland Security
The U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Homeland Security Strategy links the objectives of the National Security Strategy and the National Strategy for Homeland Security to the U.S. Maritime Domain and serves as a capstone document for Coast Guard homeland security operations. The strategy articulated in this document describes how Coast Guard forces will achieve the national objectives for homeland security. The United States National Security Strategy has shifted focus from traditional concepts of deterrence which dominated defense policies during the Cold War to a forward-reaching, pre-emptive strategy against hostile states and terrorist groups. The purpose of the National Strategy for Homeland Security is to mobilize and organize our Nation to secure the U.S. homeland from terrorist attacks. It provides direction and a framework for action to the federal government departments and agencies that have a role in homeland security. This Maritime Strategy follows the direction of both higher level strategies while acknowledging the uniqueness of the U.S. Maritime Domain, including the complexity associated with shared use of the oceans and waterways, long-standing international respect for freedom of navigation, and the transitional seams among America's air, land, sea, and subsurface borders.
United States. Coast Guard
2002-12
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DHS Information Sharing Agreements Process and Tools - Implementing the 'OneDHS' Policy
"The DHS [Department of Homeland Security] mission to detect, interrupt and prevent international and domestic threats to homeland security is ever critical. As such, timely, broad, and unfettered, sharing and access to terrorism, homeland security, law enforcement, intelligence information and/or data between DHS Components is one of the high priorities for the Department. As stated by DHS Secretary Napolitano's congressional testimony, earlier this year, 'It is important that we develop an identity for DHS that is centered on the department's mission and that we build a 'one DHS' culture among the different components of the department.' So then, notwithstanding statutory or other legal prohibitions to the contrary, whenever DHS personnel, acting on behalf of a Component in furtherance of the DHS mission, has satisfactorily demonstrated an authorized need to obtain and access certain information and/or data, of which another DHS Component has stewardship, such information and/or data shall be disseminated without delay to the requestor. This is known as the DHS Policy for Internal Information Exchange and Sharing, commonly referred to as the 'One DHS' policy, issued in 2007. In a nutshell, the OneDHS policy is an acknowledgement that while DHS is comprised of multiple Components, it is nevertheless a single unified entity wherein all relevant information generated and received by individual entities within DHS is to be accessible to and shared amongst and between all other DHS Components that have a demonstrated need to know. The 'One DHS' policy replaces the former 'need to know' criterion for information and intelligence sharing with the new 'responsibility to share,' providing DHS personnel a powerful resource and establishing DHS as a leader in the information-sharing efforts vital to protecting the nation."
United States. Coast Guard
Moffatt, Irene Hoffman
2010-01-14
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What are the Effects of Oil on the Environment
"Coastal areas are particularly susceptible to oil pollution. When a large spill drifts ashore, a fraction of the oil may become trapped in sediments and persist, in some cases, for years. This is in contrast to conditions in the open sea, where currents and diffusion usually rapidly reduce the concentration of oil. The immediate effects of heavy oiling of the shore zone can be evidenced by the death of plants and animals due to smothering and toxicity. In the longer term, the effects are more variable and subtle. Key factors influencing the fate of oil on the shore are the porosity of sediments and the waveerosion activity acting on them. In high energy environments, (such as rocky shores) the stranded oil may coat the rocks and gradually harden by weathering into a tough tarry "skin". The oil is gradually removed by wave erosion, although pools of oil are likely to collect in hollows among the rocks, protected by a skin of weathered oil, and may remain for a long time."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Use of Volunteers at Oil Spill Cleanup
"Contamination of waters, beaches, shorelines, and wildlife after oil spills is the subject of increasing public concern. In many areas, members of the local communities have demonstrated their concern by arriving at the sites of oil spills and volunteering to participate in efforts to clean up affected areas. The volunteers often arrive in large numbers and are usually untrained in oil spill response and clean up. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) specifies that a designated federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) coordinate and direct federal activities at the site of certain response and removal actions, including the way in which volunteers will be used."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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What are the Effects of Oil on Marine Mammals?
"Marine mammals are a highly diverse group that includes whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, walruses, sea otters, manatees, and polar bears. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is vested with trusteeship responsibilities over these organisms under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the National Contingency Plan. As the sole trustee or co-trustee, NOAA is authorized to manage or protect marine mammals during oil and hazardous materials spills."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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What are the Effects of Oil on Mangroves?
This pamphlet offers information regarding oil spills on mangroves. This pamphlet identifies what a mangroves is, why they are important, how oil effect mangrove, clean up options, booming, flushing, oiled debris removal, and natural recovery.
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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What are the Effects of Oil on Coral Reefs?
This pamphlet offers information regarding the effects of oil spills on coral reefs. This pamphlet contains sections on What are coral reefs, the importance of coral reefs, oils effect on reefs, clean up options, booming, chemical dispersants, and natural recovery.
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Sector St. Petersburg: Area Contingency Plan
"The Area Contingency Plan (ACP) is a plan prepared by the Area Committee (AC) that is developed to be implemented in conjunction with the National Contingency Plan (NCP) and the Regional Contingency Plan (RCP), to address removal of oil and hazardous substances. The boundary of the area this plan covers includes those areas within the jurisdiction of the U.S. Coast Guard Sector St. Petersburg. The area contingency planning process is based on the premise that proper planning is essential to a safe and effective response. In keeping with the Coast Guard Commandant's motto, 'Preparation Equals Performance', the Area Committee seeks to enhance the response community's ability to successfully mitigate substantial threats or actual incidents through an effective and coordinated planning process. The purpose of the plan is to define roles, responsibilities, resources and procedures necessary respond to a myriad of spill response evolutions. It is important to note that the ACP is a plan for use in responding to an incident. Information found in the plan relating to such items as response resources should not be viewed as performance standards. These are planning criteria based on a set of assumptions that may not exist during an actual incident."
United States. Coast Guard
2009-01
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Oil Spill Shoreline Assessment and Cleanup
"As it is almost impossible to fully prevent shoreline oiling during a spill. The responders approach to the cleanup of an oiled shoreline is as important as how they approach the containment and protection priorities. The need for responders and planners to think through cleanup methods in advance of a moving oil slick is critical. Several considerations must be made before a proper cleanup plan can be initiated. First, the type and quantity of the oil that will likely impact the shore must be determined. Oil types vary greatly and have a major influence on the degree of impact, ease of cleanup, and persistence of the contamination. For example, lighter fuels (diesel, home heating fuel and light crude oils) will evaporate quickly, but tend to be more toxic and penetrate the shoreline sediments to a greater degree. Heavy oils (bunker C, #6 fuel and heavy crude oils) are less toxic to shoreline ecosystems and do not penetrate finer sediments, but they are very persistent, difficult to clean, and may smother shoreline organisms. Second, the type of shoreline which is predicted to be impacted must be identified and mapped. Both state and federal mapping projects have successfully categorized much of the U.S. shoreline in terms of habitat sensitivity to spilled oil. The most widely used characterization scheme for shorelines is the NOAA Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI)."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Special Forces Available for Pollution Response
"The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Response System (NRS) is the federal government's mechanism for emergency response to discharges of oil into navigable waters of the United States, and releases of chemicals into the environment. The system provides a framework for coordination among federal, state, and local responders and responsible parties."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Pollution Notification Requirements
This pamphlet offers information regarding the "National Response Center (NRC). Created by the National Contingency Plan , Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 3000 (NCP), the National Response Center is charged with receiving notifications of all chemical, radiological, oil , and biological releases regulated by the CWA, as amended by OPA 90. Located in the Coast Guard Headquarters Command Center, the NRC immediately relays reports to the cognizant, predesignated On-Scene Coordinator."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Tar Balls in the Coastal Environment
This pamphlet provides information for the public on what to do if you encounter a tar ball. "Tar Balls are fragments or lumps of oil weathered to a semi-solid or solid consistency, feel sticky, and are difficult to remove from contaminated surfaces. They are formed through the combining of viscous hydrocarbons with debris that is present in the water column. They range in size from a pinhead to approximately 30 centimeters in diameter."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Region IV Regional Response Team
This pamphlet provides information on the Region IV Regional Response Team (RRT). "The RRT is comprised of 24 federal agencies and agencies from the States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Meetings and functions are open to the public."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Special Monitoring of Advanced Response Technologies (SMART)
"Special Monitoring of Advanced Response Technologies or SMART is a cooperatively designed monitoring program for in-situ burning and dispersants. SMART relies on small, highly mobile teams that collect real-time data using portable, rugged, and easy- to-use instruments during dispersant and in-situ burning operations."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Group V Oils and the Environment
"Group V oils are by regulation categorically separate from other oils based on their specific gravity. Any oil that has a specific gravity higher than 1.0 or API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity value of less than 10 is a Group V oil. This classification is based on concerns that these oils have characteristics and behaviors that may be very different from other typical lighter oils. Some of these differences may lead to non-floating behavior of these heavier oils or fractions of these oils thereby presenting very different concerns with regard to environmental impacts and response capabilities."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Bioremediation in Oil Spill Response [2004]
This pamphlet offers information on bioremediation during an oil spill. "Persons seeking to use in-situ bioremediation as a remedial countermeasure should check with applicable state or local regulatory requirements. Federal requirements are in Subpart J of the National Contingency Plan (NCP) which requires the federal On-scene Coordinator (OSC), in the case of an inland release the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and for a coastal release the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), to approve the use of bioremediation agents on spills not threatening human life. The federal OSC must have the concurrence of the Region IV Regional Response Team (RRT) for any in-situ bioremediation use unless specifically delegated to a state/local agency."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Incident Command System in Oil Spill Response
"Significant oil spills involve numerous agencies and hundreds, possibly thousands, of people conducting and supporting cleanup efforts. To promote effective and quick coordination during oil spill responses, the Coast Guard and the Environmental Protection Agency use a management system called the Incident Command System (ICS), a part of the National Interagency Incident Management System (NIIMS). ICS provides a comprehensive framework for managing emergency and non-emergency events. Originally created to coordinate fire fighting efforts at forest fires, it has been expanded to an all-hazard, all-risk management system. Many applications exist for ICS because of its flexibility, including: 1. Oil spill response 2. Fires, hazardous material, and multi-casualty incidents 3. Multi-jurisdictional and multi-agency disasters 4. Wide area search and rescue 5. Transportation incidents Because NIIMS ICS is a public-domain system, training and implementation costs are minimized. Many agencies and companies involved in emergency response have adopted ICS, resulting in improved coordination of response efforts."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Oil Spill Removal Organization Classification Program
"The Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) classification process was developed to facilitate the preparation and review of Vessel and Facility Response Plans (VRPs & FRPs). Section 4202 of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) amended the Clean Water Act (CWA) to require the preparation and submission of response plans for all vessels defined as .tank vessels. under Title 46 of U.S. Code, Part 2101 and for certain oil-handling facilities. An owner or operator who is required to submit a response plan must, among other things, identify and ensure by contract, or other approved means, the availability of private personnel and equipment necessary to remove, to the maximum extent practicable, a worst case discharge (including a discharge resulting from fire or explosion), and to mitigate or prevent a substantial threat of such a discharge. The magnitude of the investment in specialized oil recovery equipment, temporary storage capacity, transporting oil for disposal, and in training sufficient numbers of personnel to remove such a discharge, in all foreseeable locations and operating environments, is unprecedented for marine environmental response preparation. The system for assembling, mobilizing, and controlling these resources is extremely complex. To meet the statutory requirements, each response plan must identify the means for accomplishing these tasks."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Oil Spills and Seafood Tainting
"An issue of concern that arises at nearly every oil spill incident of any significance is potential contamination of seafood resources in the affected area. Real and potential contamination of seafood can have substantial impacts on commercial and recreational fishing and subsistence seafood use."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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Oil Spills and Pollution from Recreational Vessels
"The Refuse Act of 1899 prohibits throwing, discharging, or depositing any refuse matter of any kind (including trash, garbage, oil, and other liquid pollutants) into waters of the United States. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), also known as the Clean Water Act (CWA) as amended by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) prohibits the discharge of oil or hazardous substances which may be harmful into U.S. navigable waters, adjoining shorelines, or into or upon the waters of the Contiguous Zone, or the Exclusive Economic Zone."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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U.S. Coast Guard Logistics Handbook
"The purpose of this Manual is to document and show an overview of logistics support to Coast Guard assets. This Manual is intended to be a stepping stone in the development of future logistics support to aircraft, boats, cutters, C4I, ATON, and facilities. […]. Throughout the history of the Coast Guard, logistics support has evolved from the ship's carpenter to a multimillion dollar support structure. Today, the Coast Guard's many faceted missions, geographic diversity, and broad range of platforms make logistics support extremely complex. The support structure is an array of organizations using processes and systems that cut across virtually every Coast Guard program and discipline. In addition, Coast Guard logistics support continually evolves as technology, politics and mission requirements dictate. For these reasons, it is often not apparent to field or program level customers how the system works or what the roles of the participants are. […]. This Manual describes and documents existing logistics systems in use throughout the Coast Guard today, and will become the baseline for future improvements. The U.S. Coast Guard Logistics Handbook provides a broad overview of logistics throughout the Coast Guard in support of aircraft, boats, cutters, C4I, ATON and facilities platforms. It is non-directive in nature and not intended to change processes currently in place. This Manual is intended to be a living document, and will be updated annually or as required."
United States. Coast Guard
2001-05-20
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Region IV Regional Response Team: Operations Manual
"The Region IV Regional Response Team (RRT) Operations Manual was developed to provide members and associated organizations or individuals guidance, by-laws, and standard operating procedures of the RRT. These procedures and processes support the RRT's vision, objectives, strategies, and tactics. This document also provides a one-stop medium for member and other organization/individual contact information, standing committee membership, policies and guidance, the RRT's Strategic Plan, and fact sheets."
United States. Coast Guard
2007-05
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Southeast Louisiana: Area Contingency Plan
"This plan provides a mechanism for coordinated responses to discharges of oil or releases of hazardous materials within the Captain of the Port Morgan City's Area of Responsibility. The Southeast Louisiana Area Committee developed this ACP [Area Contingency Plan], in accordance with the OPA 90 [Oil Pollution Act of 1990].[...]. This edition of ACP has been changed to incorporate the Incident Command System (ICS) format using the guidelines of National Interagency Management System (NIMS) ICS. This ACP also utilizes the United States Coast Guard's Template and Management System."
United States. Coast Guard
2003-02-06
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NPFC Fund Use Reference Guide: Supplement to the Coast Guard Marine Safety Manual
"The NPFC [National Pollution Funds Center] Fund Use Reference Guide was designed to provide a single source for reference information to be used by a variety of groups that may need to access the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) or the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation Liability Act (CERCLA) fund (also known as the 'Superfund'). This is the seventh edition of the National Pollution Funds Center Fund Use Reference Guide. As updates are issued, they should be inserted into this three-ring binder to replace outdated materials. The Reference Guide is divided into a series of major chapters separated by tabs, as described in the table below. (Some chapters are further divided into subchapters, as described at the beginning of each chapter.)"
United States. Coast Guard
2000-05
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What are the Effects of Oil on Wildlife?
"Because of the wide variety of wildlife species, seasonal variation, and the range of oil types, each oil spill will be different. The two principal causes of harm to wildlife are toxicity and coating. Oil is most toxic during the initial phases of a release, before the lighter components have dissipated. Since these lighter, more toxic elements are also usually more soluble in water, fish swimming through the area, or (if the water is sufficiently shallow) shellfish in the immediate neighborhood of the spill, will be most at risk from toxic exposure. There may be an initial "surge" of toxic effects that become less significant over time. In addition, the stress of oiling may render wildlife vulnerable to other, natural threats."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
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What Is Oil?
"Oil is defined as oil of any kind or in any form, including, but not limited to, petroleum, fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed with wastes other than dredged spoil. There are literally hundreds of different kinds of petroleum products and other oil that travel the oceans of the world in tankers and also transit U.S. coastal waters in tankers and barges and across the country by pipeline and truck. The proper identification of the specific kind of oil involved in a spill is one of the first tasks of effective spill response. Sometimes this is relatively straightforward - samples of the oil can be taken from the tanker or barge involved. Other times it is not as straight forward and analyses need to be performed on the distinct product to determine detailed information about its physical and chemical properties."
United States. Coast Guard
2004
