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Combating WMD Journal [Issue 5 Spring/Summer 2010]
This issue of the Combating WMD [Weapons of Mass Destruction] Journal contains the following articles: "Defining Weapons of Mass Destruction"; "The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accident & Incident Program in Europe"; "Making Foreign Consequence Management Harder"; "Pandemics of the Past: A Learning Opportunity"; "Nuclear Medical Science Officers: Army Health Physicists Proudly Serving and Defending Their Country around the Globe"; "The Need to Redefine Electromagnetic (EM) Protection: 'A Think Piece'"; "Nuclear Power Plants on Military Installations: "A Think Piece'"; "USANCA Launches Army CWMD Information Portal (ACIP)"; "The Mission that Drove World History"; "Historical Development of the Nuclear Weapons Accident Response Procedures"; "Sea Power - Deterrence from the Sea."
United States. Army Nuclear and CWMD Agency
Gomes, Stephen A.
2010
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Law of War Deskbook
"This Law of War Deskbook is intended to replace, in a single bound volume, similar individual outlines that had been distributed as part of the Judge Advocate Officer Graduate and Basic Courses and the Operational Law of War Course. Together with the Operational Law Handbook and Law of War Documentary Supplement, these three volumes represent the range of international and operational law subjects taught to military judge advocates. These outlines, while extensive, make no pretence of comprehensively covering this complex area of law. Our audience is the beginning and intermediate level practitioner; our hope is that this material will provide a solid foundation upon which further study may be built."
Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School (United States. Army). International and Operational Law Department
2010-01
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Army Capstone Concept: Operational Adaptability: Operating under Conditions of Uncertainty and Complexity in an Era of Persistent Conflict: 2016-2028
This document describes "the broad capabilities the Army will require in 2016-2028. It provides a guide to how the Army will apply available resources to overcome adaptive enemies and accomplish challenging missions. TRADOC Pam 525-3-0 articulates how to think about future armed conflict within an uncertain and complex environment. It provides a foundation for a campaign of learning and analysis that will evaluate and refine the concept's major ideas and required capabilities. Ultimately, prioritized capabilities that emerge from this concept and subordinate, more detailed concepts will guide changes in doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leader development and programs related to the human dimension for our Army. The aim of Army operations is to set conditions that achieve or facilitate the achievement of policy goals and objectives. Future enemies will constantly adapt and seek ways to overcome Army strengths and capitalize on what they perceive as our vulnerabilities. We operate where our enemies, indigenous populations, culture, politics, and religion intersect and where the fog and friction of war persists. The U.S. Army must maintain its core competency of conducting effective combined arms operations in close combat to employ defeat and stability mechanisms against a variety of threats. The U.S. Army must also hone its ability to integrate joint and interagency assets, develop the situation through action, and adjust rapidly to changing situations to achieve what this concept defines as operational adaptability."
United States. Army Training and Doctrine Command
2009-12-21
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Alliance for NanoHealth Competitive Research Program
"Through the work performed within the T5 program, Houston will become well prepared for the adverse effects of terrorism and natural disasters. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston has organized a highly qualified team within the Texas Medical Center for addressing the plurality of concerns that arise during public health crises. The ultimate goal of the T5 program will be to solve a wide variety of public health, scientific, and medical issues that will eventually lead to enhanced community preparedness. As part of the T5 program, training and education as well as predictive strategies will be explored to enhance disaster response. Diagnostic and therapeutic measures will be developed to assess and treat injury and disease. Fundamental scientific research will also be performed in order to better understand the physiological response to injury and disease. No other comprehensive program matches the combined technology, medical expertise, fundamental science, and training that encompass the T5 program. Under the direction of Dr. S. Ward Casscells and other leaders of the Texas Medical Center, the T5 program will provide the blueprint that other cities will use to better prepare their communities for public health disasters."
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; United States. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
Conyers, Jodie L
2009-10-28
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USACE National Flood Risk Management Program Initial Guidance
The purpose of this memorandum is to provide initial guidance for implementing the USACE [United States Army Corps of Engineers] National Flood Risk Management Program.
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
2009-10-05
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Ethical Basis for Autonomous System Deployment
From the abstract provided by the United States Army Research Office: "This project investigated and implemented an ethical basis for deployment of lethality in autonomous robotic systems. Two main thrusts were explored. The first addresses the ethical dimensions of robotic weaponry in two contexts: the robot as an extension of the warfighter and the robot as an autonomous agent acting on behalf of the warfighter. A formal survey has been completed among a broad population of relevant parties including military personnel, the public, policymakers, and roboticists. The results characterize the decision-making space for the deployment of intelligent robotic weaponry, whereby the military can judiciously determine its most effective and appropriate usage. The second component involved the generation of an artificial 'conscience' for an intelligent autonomous robotic agent, which applies limits and constraints on its actions as required by the bounds of ethical decision making. These limits are generated from the Laws of War, rules of engagement, and other requirements. The intent is to yield robots that can perhaps act more humanely than humans do under highly stressful conditions; provide warnings in the field to military decision-makers about the potential ethical consequences of tactical actions regarding the use of this technology; and to ensure that accountability is engineered into these systems from the onset."
United States. Army Research Office
Arkin, Ronald C., 1949-
2009-09-24
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Modeling and Calibrating a 4-Wheel Skid-Steer Research Robot
"This report describes the calibration of a commercial Roboteq motor controller which was installed in an iRobot ATRV Jr research robot as part of a system upgrade. The objective of the calibration was to determine the transfer function between a command issued to the robot control system and the path followed by the robot and all relevant parameters. Implicit in the calibration is validation of the model on which the transfer function is based, which is a kinematic model of a 4-wheel skidsteer vehicle."
United States. Army Research Laboratory. Vehicle Technology Directorate
Haas, Gary
2009-09
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Stabilization of Buildings Workshop
"Because science and technology are crucial to mitigating natural and manmade effects on critical infrastructure and ensuring the continuity of their services, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate has established a goal to accelerate the delivery and understanding of enhanced technological capabilities. In support of this goal, the DHS S&T Infrastructure and Geophysical Division (IGD) is creating a program to investigate the enhancement of building stabilization after an improvised explosive device (IED) attack. To that end, the DHS S&T Directorate was pleased to sponsor the Stabilization of Buildings Workshop. Through white paper discussions and breakout sessions, participants in the workshop explored topics such as monitoring and assessing buildings that are near failure, real-time decision making methods, first responder access during an emergency, and cost-effective stabilization techniques that could be implemented immediately following an IED attack. The Stabilization of Buildings Workshop sought to: 1) Discuss search and rescue issues facing first responders to the scene of the building attacked by an IED 2) Explore hazard mitigation techniques for first responders 3) Review case studies of building performance of buildings subjected to blast loads 4) Investigate methods of monitoring and assessing the structural integrity of damaged structures 5) Introduce innovative materials to be implemented in building stabilization 6) Expose and learn of state of the art equipment, techniques, and strategies for stabilizing buildings 7) Bring together private organizations, federal agencies, and universities to discuss research, techniques, and future needs for improving building resiliency against blast threats and protecting first responders".
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate; United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
2009-08-27
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Corps Hurricane Response: Task Force Hope Status Report [August 14, 2009]
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers remains committed to its goal of achieving "100-Year Level Protection" for the greater New Orleans area by 2011. Task Force Hope Director Karen Durham-Aguilera describes the goal as "ambitious and aggressive, but achievable." This newsletter describes responsibilities for the Corps, the State of Louisiana, the levee authorities and the parishes, and provides samples of project complexities and challenges to the schedule.
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
Spaht, Susan
2009-08-14
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Complexities Associated with Mass Fatality Incident Response & Catastrophic Planning [presentation]
This presentation achieves the following four objectives related to the complexities associated with mass fatality incident (MFI) response and catastrophic planning: "[1] Relate foundational disaster planning concepts to Mass Fatality Management (MFM). [2] Identify MFM Command & Control (C2) structure for both the county coroner and the multiagency jurisdiction response. [3] Identify agencies involved in MFI response and planning and how these agencies coordinate their approach during an MFI. [4] Consider what 'tools' should be your 'disaster tool box' that supports dealing with catastrophic events."
United States. Army
2009-08
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Comprehensive Lessons Learned White Paper
"This white paper provides a comprehensive summary of Lessons Learned from seven years of War in Iraq and Afghanistan. […]. What have we learned in this period? We have learned that this conflict is a competitive learning battle against adaptive adversaries who fight by their own rules amongst the local population. The environment drives the Army to continuously adapt in order to succeed. In warfare, the side that learns faster and adapts more rapidly-the better learning organization-usually wins. Throughout this conflict, there have been numerous non‐lethal and lethal challenges to cope with. As we contemplate today's and tomorrow's operational environment and adversaries, we must translate fact‐based lessons into actions to make them lessons learned. No military can remain stagnant and expect to prevail on today's battlefield. The active solicitation and validation of lessons learned directly affects our Army's ability to adapt and succeed. Key insights derived from lessons learned help to shape our Nation's perspective, strategic direction, and necessary improvements to both the Operating Force and Generating Force. During this era of Persistent Conflict, several sources of information provide relevant and competing insights on lessons from the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as insights gleaned from operations by other land forces. We must be cognizant of the wide variety of sources, recognize divergent perspectives, and seek to assess the numerous strategic, policy, programmatic, operational, tactical, and analytical lesson learned inputs that could potentially inform and influence our decisions."
United States. Army Training and Doctrine Command. Army Capabilities Integration Center
2009-06-09
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Operational Environment
"While we can only make projections about the characteristics of warfare in 2025, we can say with full confidence that the next war will not be like any the US has fought before. Warfare has changed -- no concrete battle lines exist, technology is an ever-changing friend or foe, and globalization brings myriad players into the equation that did not exist even a decade ago. In order to best prepare the US Army for what lies ahead, we must begin by admitting that we can only predict a fraction of what we will face. Yet, the US Army must prepare and train for these many, and unseen, possibilities. Such preparation requires the use of an adaptable framework that looks not only at the military dimension of an [Operational Environment (OE)] -- but of all the relevant variables. This OE White Paper examines the strategic environment, global drivers, trends and relevant variables to provide a framework to help identify and train for innumerable anticipated strategic, operational, and tactical designs. This document does not state who the next enemy will be, but describes the operational environment of the future to enable the US Army to focus on and train against the capabilities of the next adversary."
United States. Army Training and Doctrine Command. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence
2009-05
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Protecting Secure Facilities from Underground Intrusion Using Seismic/Acoustic Sensor Arrays
"The necessity to detect tunnels that penetrate secure facilities such as detention centers, government offices, borders, or forward operating bases (FOBs) has developed from the need to deter or counter underground exploitation along the southern United States border, Iraq, and other facilities. The United States Army has been in the tunnel detection business for many years, to include providing support to other government agencies in locating tunnels along our southwest border. Iraq became an issue with the nearly successful escape from a tunnel constructed over several months by detainees in an Iraqi center. A team of researchers was sent to Iraq to investigate the utility of several technologies that perhaps could detect voids as small as 1 meter in diameter. A third technology investigated was a passive seismic/acoustic array. The team built a 7-meter-deep tunnel at the same depth as the escape tunnel. The array was tested around the camp to garner the seismic and acoustic characteristics of the typical vehicles and machinery and their interactions with the soil and each other. The in-tunnel tests were conducted using typical digging tools available to the detainees. All of these signals were then used to 'train' the computer algorithms. Plans were laid for a larger study and more detailed sediment and mineral studies. There is a definite requirement to thoroughly understand the interactions between sound propagation and the local geology and geochemistry of the sediments."
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
Tucker, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1952-; Rowan, James R.; McKenna, Jason R.
2009-05
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Guidelines for Landscape Planting and Vegetation Management at Levees, Floodwalls, Embankment Dams, and Appurtenant Structures
"This ETL [Engineering Technical Letter] provides guidelines to assure that landscape planting and vegetation management provide aesthetic and environmental benefits without compromising the reliability of levees, floodwalls, embankment dams, and appurtenant structures. It is important to note that all minimum guidelines presented herein are just that--minimums. The dimensions of the vegetation-free and root-free zones defined in this document provide the minimum acceptable buffer between vegetation and flood damage reduction structures. For each individual project, the design team must consider whether or not these minimums are adequate to the specific needs and conditions of the project."
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
2009-04-10?
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United States Army Concept Capability Plan for Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction for the Future Modular Force 2015-2024 [Version 1.0]
"TRADOC Pamphlet (Pam) 525-7-19, The U.S. Army Concept Capability Plan for Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction for the Future Modular Force 2015-2024 provides amplification to the Army's capstone and operating concepts and nests with the joint publication, Joint Integrating Concept for Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). It describes capabilities required for the future Modular Force to implement effectively the National Military Strategy to combat WMD (NMSCWMD) during 2015--2024. This concept incorporates the guiding principles active, layered defense in depth and situational awareness and command and control from the NMSCWMD. It serves as a reference guide for future combat development efforts designed to provide relevant and ready land power that is neither coerced nor attacked by enemies using WMD; able to rapidly mitigate effects of WMD across full spectrum operations."
United States. Army Training and Doctrine Command
2009-03-25
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Flood Risk Management Newsletter [March 2009, vol. 2, no. 3]
"In October 2008 the Chief of Engineers approved the establishment of a Directorate of Contingency Operations (Provisional) that serves to integrate the Civil Disaster and Military Contingency planning and response organizations and functions at HQ [headquarters]. There remains a Homeland Security Office in Civil Works that includes the Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies, National Emergency Preparedness Program and Flood Risk Management Programs."
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
2009-03
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Climate Change and Water Resources Management: A Federal Perspective
"Many challenges, including climate change, face the Nation's water managers. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has provided estimates of how climate may change, but more understanding of the processes driving the changes, the sequences of the changes, and the manifestation of these global changes at different scales could be beneficial. Since the changes will likely affect fundamental drivers of the hydrological cycle, climate change may have a large impact on water resources and water resources managers. The purpose of this interagency report prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is to explore strategies to improve water management by tracking, anticipating, and responding to climate change."
United States. Bureau of Reclamation; Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . . .
Olsen, J. Rolf; Kiang, Julie E.; Brekke, Levi D.
2009
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Inter-governmental Plans [website]
"This website [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Inter-governmental Plans] is designed to provide state, federal and local governments with planning and execution guides for commodities distribution, emergency temporary power, and debris removal. Also included in this site are the USACE [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers] planning models for ice, water, and debris. These models are for planning purposes only and have a +/- 30% error factor."
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
2009
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6th Ranger Training Battalion Hurricane Helper: Preparation Key to Hurricane Safety
"Hurricane season spans the months of June through November, and we all need to be prepared. The more you prepare, the better your chances of reducing suffering and risk for yourself and your family.
This newsletter includes a series of checklists to complete now, while no imminent threat exists. While the checklists might look daunting at first glance, they are really quite easy to complete."
United States. Army
2009
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Combating WMD Journal [Issue 3, 2009]
This issue of the Combating WMD [Weapons of Mass Destruction] Journal contains the following articles: "Detection Systems for Biological Warfare Agents, Present and Future"; "Undergraduate Perspectives on U.S. Nu-clear Policy, A Report on the Proliferation of Weapons and Materials Round Table at the 59th Annual Student Conference on United States Affairs (SCUSA)"; "Spartans Make Their Home in Texas"; "Chemical Warfare econtamination of Eurofighter Materials-A Case Study of the SX34 System"; "A Russian Assessment of Several USSR and US HEMP Tests"; "Army Role in the U.S. Nuclear Capability"; "Tactical Nuclear Weapons in the Cold War Era… A Blast from the Past"; "Chemical Warfare: Part I";
United States. Army Nuclear and CWMD Agency
Gomes, Stephen A.
2009
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Combating WMD Journal [Issue 4 Fall/Winter 2009]
This issue of the Combating WMD [Weapons of Mass Destruction] Journal contains the following articles: "Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction: Aligning Capabilities with National Strategy"; "Just When We Thought the Hard Part Was Over"; "Toward a New Deterrent Analysis and Recommendations for the Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States"; "Peace is Our Profession, The U.S. Air Force during the Cold War"; "Chemical Warfare: Part II"; "USANCA Officially Opens New Headquarters"; "The Zero Hour - Silver Bullets for Peace in the Middle East"; "Opportunities for Higher Education in Nuclear Engineering at the University of Maryland"; "Code Name: Downfall."
United States. Army Nuclear and CWMD Agency
Gomes, Stephen A.
2009
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Memorandum for Commanders, Major Subordinate Commands: Policy Guidance Letter - Periodic Inspection Procedures for Levee Safety Program
This Guidance letter establishes the procedures for performing and documenting Periodic Inspections (PIs) for the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Levee Safety Program. The Purpose of PIs is to verify proper operation and maintenance; evaluate operational adequacy and structural stability; identify features to monitor over time; and improve the ability to communicate the overall condition. These procedures shall be applied to all PIs USACE conducts on any levee system.
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
2008-12-17
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After Action Report: Hurricane Gustav/Hurricane Ike [El Paso, TX and Las Cruces, NM; 2008] [presentation]
From the Briefing Outline: The purpose of this briefing is to, "... provide an After Action Review (AAR) on the alert and activation of the El Paso/Las Cruces Federal Coordination Center (FCC) for Hurricane Gustav and Hurricane Ike [.]" This brief includes the following sections of information: 1.) Background; 2.) Alert and Activation Orders; 3.) Unified Command Structure; 4.) Simultaneous Operations; 5.) Hurricane Gustav Summary; 6.) Hurricane Ike Summary; and 7.) Conclusion.
United States. Army
Jimenez, Monica B.
2008-09-17
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Kidnapping and Terror in the Contemporary Operational Environment
"Kidnapping and Terror in the Contemporary Operational Environment is a supplemental handbook to the US Army Training and Doctrine Command capstone handbook guide on terrorism, TRADOC G2 Handbook No. 1, A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. Understanding terrorism and kidnapping span foreign and domestic threats in a complex and uncertain array of threats in the contemporary operational environment (COE). Purpose. This unclassified informational handbook supports operational missions, institutional training, and professional military education for US military forces in the War on Terrorism (WOT). This document promotes an improved understanding of terrorist objectives, motivation, and behaviors in the conduct of kidnapping. Compiled from open source materials, this terrorism handbook promotes a 'Threats' perspective as well as enemy situational awareness of US actions to combat terrorism."
United States. Army Training and Doctrine Command
2008-09-15
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Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)
This document is part of the US Army Corps of Engineers Safety and Health Requirements Manual relating to hazardous waste operations and emergency responders. Please Note: This record has been imported to the HSDL as part of the LLIS Consolidation project and has not yet been reviewed by HSDL staff. Some information may be incomplete, missing, or inaccurate. For more information on the LLIS Consolidation project, please see here: [http://www.hsdl.org/?llis]
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
2008-09-15
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Consequence Management: Operational Principles for Managing the Consequence of a Catastrophic Incident Involving Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear or High Yield Explosives [Version 1.0]
"The mission of the CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and high-yield Explosive threats) Consequence Management Response Force is "[t]o assist with a catastrophic mass casualty incident in the United States and its territories - at the direction of the President - the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff or the appropriate Combatant Commander may deploy the CBRNE Consequence Management Response Force (CCMRF). The CCMRF is trained and equipped to provide a rapid response capability following a catastrophic event. Just as with all instances of Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA), military forces respond only when requested. Requests always work their way up from the local level. After a major incident, city leaders will ask for county assistance; county asks for State assistance; the State Governor asks for Federal assistance from the President. If the President agrees, a Presidental [sic] Declaration of Disaster is declared. The Secretaries of Homeland Security, Defense, and other cabinet members meet and determine the best course of action. The SecDef [Secretary of Defense] may initiate activation of CCMRF units. State National Guard units are usually mobilized under the direction of the Governor and remain State assets, while CCMRF units are usually Title 10 under the direction of NORTHCOM, ARNORTH, and the Joint Task Force (JTF) Commander - or the Defense Coordinating Officer (DCO) if a JTF is not stood up. The CCMRF includes assets such as medical surge, chemical decontamination and biological detection that may be helpful to the victims of a catastrophic event. The CCMRF also includes communications, force protection, transportation, supply and maintenance assets that can be used to establish command and control capabilities to facilitate additional military and civilian resources into the affected area."
United States. Army. Army, 5th
2008-08
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Lessons from Contemporary Insurgency: The PKK's Enduring Fight
"The U.S. Military is currently engaged in fighting two very unique counterinsurgency campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq. Although arguably without peer conducting conventional military operations, the U.S. Military still has much to learn about counterinsurgency warfare. This case study examines the PKK's [Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan] evolution from a terror group to an insurgent organization focusing on lessons applicable to current U.S. Military operations. Part I examines the origins and background of the PKK, Part II addresses the current state of the PKK, and Part III analyzes the potential way ahead for the PKK."
United States Army Intelligence Center & School
Alger, Kevin
2008-07-31
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East Turkistan Independence Movement (ETIM) Goes for Insurgent Gold at Olympics: A Study of China's Information Warfare
"A few days have past [sic] since the opening ceremony for the Beijing Olympics was executed without incident. There is a noticeable feeling of relief from top officials, as terrorism concerns have mostly subsided. The spotlight of the world is on China and it is highlighting all that seems good and decent about the new modern and open China. Reporters, fat on free accommodations and giddy from grandiose treatment, write complimentary stories about how economic prosperity is reducing historical religious, regional and ethnic grievances. Then three simultaneous car bombs are detonated at different checkpoints on the perimeter of Beijing, killing a total of 3 soldiers and slightly injuring 5 civilians. The Chinese immediately place the blame on the Muslim Uyghurs (or Uighurs)of Xinjiang Province, specifically the East Turkistan Independence Movement (ETIM). The Chinese Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) beings to roll and the far west Chinese province is placed under siege. Almost as fast, the thousands of International Press mobilize and prepare to exit Beijing and head west to cover the Chinese crackdown. They calculate that this will be the story most will tune in to watch. But, as they drive to the first checkpoint out of town, they are stopped, told to turn back. There will be no press coverage. The official reason is that it is not safe. The People's Republic of China (PRC) promises to assist the press by reporting the story for them."
United States Army Intelligence Center & School
Duke, Ian M.
2008-07-31
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Severe Weather Preparedness 2008: Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield
This document summarizes the hurricane plan for the Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield community. Topics include evacuation policies, shelters, evacuation routes, and how to prepare.
United States. Army
2008-07-24?
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Upper Mississippi River Comprehensive Plan
"From the Purpose: The purpose of the Comprehensive Plan is to 'develop a plan to address water resource and related land resource problems and opportunities in the upper Mississippi and Illinois River basins,....in the interest of systemic flood damage reduction...' Long-term ecosystem management and sustainability planning also benefits from the development of a systemic conceptual plan for flood risk management. For example, fish and wildlife management, particularly in the lower reaches of the system, depends heavily upon active water level management. Any flood risk management planning could benefit these facilities. The Comprehensive Plan investigated systemic flood risk management plans for the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. In developing the plans, both structural and nonstructural flood risk management alternatives were considered. In addition, other system needs associated with flood risk management were considered. The Comprehensive Plan was developed as a collaborative effort involving the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' District at Rock Island, St. Louis, and St. Paul as well as a number of Federal and state agencies and non-governmental organizations." From the Study Area: "The study area encompasses portions of five states--Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri--extending more than 800 miles along the Mississippi River from Minneapolis-St. Paul downstream to southeast Missouri (below St. Louis), and along 200 miles of the Illinois River downstream from (but not including) the metropolitan Chicago area to the confluence with the Mississippi River."
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
2008-06
