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Industrial Chemicals and Terrorism: Human Health Threats Analysis
Terrorists, warring factions, and saboteurs use chemicals commonly found in communities in industrialized nations to create improvised explosives, incendiaries, and chemical agents. Common chemicals may be used because standard military chemical agents may be difficult or dangerous to manufacture, access, or disperse. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) developed a 10-step procedure to analyze, mitigate, and prevent public health hazards resulting from terrorism involving industrial chemicals. Results of applying the 10-step procedure to two communities are discussed.
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Hughart, Joseph L.
1999-04-06
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Calcium Hypochlorite (CaCl2O2)/Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) Chemical Protocol
Very comprehensive description of the chemical agent, with coverage on many important aspects, including information on routes of exposure, sources and uses, exposure limits, physical characteristics, patient management, decontamination and treatment, incident reporting. Synonyms of calcium hypochlorite include Losantin, hypochlorous acid, calcium salt, BK powder, Hy-Chlor, chlorinated lime, lime chloride, chloride of lime, calcium oxychloride, HTH, mildew remover X-14, perchloron, and pittchlor.
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2000
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) [website]
The ATSDR is an agency for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that performs specific functions concerning hazardous substances in the environment and their effect on public health. More specifically, it's functions include public health assessments of waste sites, health consultations concerning specific hazardous substances, health surveillance and registries, response to emergency releases of hazardous substances, applied research in support of public health assessments, information development and dissemination, and education and training concerning hazardous substances.
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: FY 1999 Profile and Annual Report
"ATSDR [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry] is the lead public health agency responsible for implementing the health-related provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as Superfund. ATSDR's primary goals are to identify people at health risk because of their exposure to hazardous substances in the environment; to evaluate relationships between hazardous substances in the environment and adverse human health outcomes; and to intervene to eliminate exposure of health concern and prevent or mitigate adverse health outcomes related to hazardous substances in the environment. ATSDR accomplishes these goals through its work in four major program areas: (1) health assessment and consultation, (2) toxicological research, (3) health studies, and (4) health education and promotion. This report highlights ATSDR's accomplishments and activities conducted in fiscal year (FY) 1999, with a chapter devoted to each of ATSDR's program areas. These program areas, some key findings, and examples of activities from FY 1999 are summarized below."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1999
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Serum Dioxin Levels in Residents of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana
"Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, contains the Calcasieu Estuary, an area with many petrochemical industries that make chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, vinyl chloride monomer, and other petroleum-based chemicals. Several residents of Calcasieu Parish expressed concerns about the impact that these chemicals may have on their health. In 1998, staff from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region VI asked the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) to review the blood dioxin results of 11 people and a pooled blood sample from residents of Calcasieu Parish. An ATSDR report concluded that three people and the pooled blood sample had levels of dioxin-like compounds (hereby referred to as dioxins) above a reference range and recommended that the sources of dioxin be identified and measures be implemented to reduce exposure (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1998a). In December 1998, staff from the ATSDR collected blood from an additional 28 self-selected residents of Mossville, an area in Calcasieu Parish, to measure dioxin. The exposure investigation indicated that the mean blood dioxin concentrations of the 28 participants were above the 95th percentile of a reference population (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1999). This investigation was conducted to better characterize the nature and extent of exposure to dioxin among residents of Calcasieu Parish. Study participants were selected from a residential area surrounding the petrochemical industries located near the Calcasieu Estuary. People living in Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, comprised the comparison group in this investigation."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2005-10
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Report of the CDC/ATSDR Working Group on a Shared Vision for Environmental Public Health at CDC/ATSDR
"Reports from The Future of Public Health, published by the Institute of Medicine in 1988, to the Pew Environmental Health Commission report, Americas Environmental Health Gap, published in 2000, point to the need to establish a strengthened national focus on environmental public health. In August 2000, Dr. Jeffrey P. Koplan, Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Administrator, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), charged the National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), CDC, and
ATSDR with developing a plan that would describe the elements of a comprehensive environmental public health program and the strategies that could advance such a program at CDC and ATSDR. In response to this charge, we formed a Working Group comprised of senior scientists and managers from NCEH and ATSDR to develop a shared vision for environmental public health at NCEH and ATSDR. The product of the Working Group, Report of the CDC/ATSDR Working Group on a Shared Vision for Environmental Public Health at CDC/ATSDR, is designed as a first step to build an enhanced national and international resource at NCEH and ATSDR for jointly addressing environmental public health threats and promoting health by improving the environment in which we live. The environmental public health objectives presented in Healthy People 2010, published by the Department of Health and Human Services; the Pew Report; and input from our external partners will help guide NCEH's and ATSDR's work."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2000
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Citizen's Guide to Risk Assessments and Public Health Assessments at Contaminated Sites
"Contaminated sites may include federally identified Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) sites and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) sites managed under state environmental programs, state Superfund sites, NPL sites, emergency response sites, and removal action sites. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is a federal public health agency charged with protecting people from hazardous substances in the environment. ATSDR works at both CERCLA and RCRA sites, as well as other sites at which citizens are concerned about contamination. ATSDR is responsible for evaluating the public health impact (i.e., diseases or illnesses) of past, current, or future site contamination. ATSDR and state public health offices use the public health assessment process to evaluate the health impact of sites and to develop appropriate recommendations to ensure that people will not be exposed to harmful levels of chemicals released from contaminated sites. A complete guide to how ATSDR becomes involved in working on contaminated sites and to the public health assessment process can be accessed at ATSDR's Web site, www.atsdr.cdc.gov."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2000
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Toxicological Profile for White Phosphorous
"This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. White phosphorus is used mainly for producing phosphoric acid and other chemicals. These chemicals are used to make fertilizers, additives in foods and drinks, cleaning compounds, and other products. Small amounts of white phosphorus have been used as rat and roach poisons and in fireworks. In the past, white phosphorus was used to make matches, but another chemical with fewer harmful health effects has since replaced it. In the military, white phosphorus is used in ammunitions such as mortar and artillery shells, and grenades. When ammunitions containing white phosphorus are fired in the field, they burn and produce smoke. The smoke contains some unburnt phosphorus, but it mainly has various burned phosphorus products. In military operations, such smoke is used to conceal troop movements and to identify targets or the locations of friendly forces. White phosphorus munitions are intended to burn or firebomb the opponents, in other words, to effectively produce widespread damage but not kill the enemy."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1997-09
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FY 2000 Profile and Annual Report: The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
"The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is the lead public health agency responsible for implementing the health-related provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA, also known as Superfund) This report highlights ATSDR's accomplishments and the activities that were conducted in fiscal year 2000. There is a chapter devoted to each of the agency's goals. Those programs the agency uses to meet its goals, some key findings, and examples of activities from fiscal year 2000 are summarized in the following paragraphs."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2000
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Shared Vision: Report to the CDC/ATSDR Working Group on a Shared Vision for Environmental Public Health at CDC/ATSDR
"The National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) have embarked on defining a shared vision for environmental public health. This effort aims to establish common ground on which to build the national and international resource for addressing environmental public health threats and promoting health by improving the environment in which we live. Although many challenges to this endeavor confront us, we are committed to overcoming these challenges together and providing the leadership required to fulfill this vision."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2000
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ATSDR's Role in the Response to Terrorism
"Since the September 11 attacks, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has worked with other federal agencies, state and local health departments, and other organizations to respond to the enormous challenges of this tragedy. ATSDR also assisted in the response to the anthrax contamination of postal facilities, government, and media offices. ATSDR, an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, worked in partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in many of these activities and provided workers to help staff the CDCs emergency operations center, which operated around the clock. Altogether, more than 120 ATSDR staff members have been directly involved in the response effort."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2002-04
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Fiscal year 2001 Agency Profile and Annual Report: The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
"The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is the lead public health agency responsible for implementing the health-related provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA, also known as Superfund) This report highlights ATSDR's accomplishments and the activities that were conducted in fiscal year 2001. There is a chapter devoted to each of the agency's goals. Those programs the agency uses to meet its goals, some key findings, and examples of activities from fiscal year 2001 are summarized in the following paragraphs."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2001
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Fiscal Year 2002 Agency Profile and Annual Report: The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
"The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is the lead public health agency responsible for implementing the health-related provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA, also known as Superfund). ATSDR's mission is to serve the public by using the best science, taking responsive public health actions, and providing trusted health information to prevent harmful exposure and disease related to toxic substances This report highlights ATSDR's accomplishments and the activities that were conducted in fiscal year 2002. The profile chapter gives a general overview of the agency's structure and funding. Subsequent chapters give highlights of the agency's major program areas."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2002
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Primer on Health Risk Communication Principles and Practices
"The purpose of this primer is to provide a framework of principles and approaches for the communications of health risk information to diverse audiences. It is intended for Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry staff and personnel from other government agencies and private organizations who must respond to public concerns about exposure to hazardous substances in the environment." Please Note: This document is provided by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) ONLY as an historical reference for the public health community. It is no longer being maintained and the data it contains may no longer be current and/or accurate.
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
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Industrial Chemicals and Terrorism: Human Health Threat Analysis, Mitigation and Prevention
"Terrorists, warring factions, and saboteurs use chemicals commonly found in communities in industrialized nations to create improvised explosives, incendiaries, and chemical agents. Common chemicals may be used because standard military chemical agents may be difficult or dangerous to manufacture, access, or disperse. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) developed a 10-step procedure to analyze, mitigate, and prevent public health hazards resulting from terrorism involving industrial chemicals. The procedure includes identifying key information such as potential threats, local sources of chemicals of potential use to terrorists, exposure pathways, impacts on human health and infrastructure, health risk communication needs, and mitigation and prevention methods. The information identified during these steps is then incorporated into emergency response plans and training exercises. Results of applying the 10-step procedure to two communities are discussed."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Hughart, Joseph L.; Bashor, Mark M.
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Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry [Glossary of Terms]
"The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is a federal public health agency with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and 10 regional offices in the United States. ATSDR's mission is to serve the public by using the best science, taking responsive public health actions, and providing trusted health information to prevent harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances. ATSDR is not a regulatory agency, unlike the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which is the federal agency that develops and enforces environmental laws to protect the environment and human health. This glossary defines words used by ATSDR in communications with the public." This glossary is also available in Spanish.
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): Ammonia
This webpage from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry provides information and resources on Ammonia, including resources for community members, emergency responders, and toxicological and health professionals. "Ammonia occurs naturally and is produced by human activity. It is an important source of nitrogen which is needed by plants and animals. Bacteria found in the intestines can produce ammonia. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a very distinct odor. This odor is familiar to many people because ammonia is used in smelling salts, many household and industrial cleaners, and window-cleaning products. Ammonia gas can be dissolved in water. This kind of ammonia is called liquid ammonia or aqueous ammonia. Once exposed to open air, liquid ammonia quickly turns into a gas. Ammonia is applied directly into soil on farm fields, and is used to make fertilizers for farm crops, lawns, and plants. Many household and industrial cleaners contain ammonia."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
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CDC/ATSDR Guidance on the Interpretation and Use of Blood Laboratory Analyses for Volatile Organic Compounds
"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) recently received reports of analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in blood samples from a few Gulf Coast residents, volunteers, or workers. CDC and ATSDR guidelines issued during the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill did not recommend the use of laboratory testing for specific chemicals to either determine exposure or guide delivery of clinical care; nonetheless, we recognize that clinicians may have offered these tests to their patients to provide reassurance or to respond to patient requests. The Gulf oil spill had a major impact on the environment and communities, and concerns about human health are understandable. For several months CDC and state health departments tracked potential short-term health effects related to the oil spill in the affected communities. No trends in illnesses were identified by the multiple surveillance systems used. CDC surveillance did detect some complaints of non-specific symptoms such as throat irritation, eye irritation, nausea, headache and cough. Based on other oil spill disasters, symptoms related to mental or behavioral health such as anxiety, stress and depression also would reasonably be expected. For treatment and management of these symptoms, standard clinical protocols guided by the presentation of the patient are appropriate, and no laboratory testing for specific chemicals is indicated."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2011-02-25
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Report of the Expert Panel Workshop on the Psychological Responses to Hazardous Substances
"Although much has been written about the physical health effects of toxic substances and much research is underway today, there has not been a compilation of the social and psychological effects that exposure to toxic substances can engender. In September 1995, ATSDR cosponsored with Emory University and the Connecticut Department of Health, an expert panel workshop on the Psychological Responses to Hazardous Substances. The purpose of this workshop was to thoroughly explore and examine all that is known about how communities and individuals respond socially and psychologically to hazardous substances and the possible effects of those responses on their health. To present a broad view of this complex and intertwined subject, many different perspectives and viewpoints are presented. Both community members and scientists from different disciplines, including social, psychological, and neurological, were invited to interact and present their opinions. What emerged from the panels is an initial attempt to define and discuss a newly emerging public health issue"how to respond to the psychosocial distress in communities affected by exposures to hazardous substances."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services; United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Tucker, Pamela
1995
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Public Health Concern at Department of Energy Sites: ATSDR's Public Health Response
"ATSDRs activities have helped protect public health for communities near DOE facilities. The agencys activities at DOE sites have identified significant adverse health outcomes, the need for additional health studies, inadequacies in monitoring equipment, and people at risk because of exposure. ATSDRs public health assessments and health consultations have made recommendations to mitigate exposures, conduct health studies, and further categorize environmental releases. In 1993, ATSDR reviewed DOE documents for the Maywood Interim Storage Site and adjacent commercial properties in New Jersey. ATSDR determined that DOE was not monitoring for a main daughter product of thorium-232, a contaminant of concern at the site. ATSDR recommended in a health consultation that DOE monitor for this daughter product, radon-220. In May 1997, DOE notified ATSDR that, as a result of the health consultation, DOE had tested for radon-220 and found elevated levels at some locations. Clean-up efforts have reduced concentrations to levels within DOE limits at some locations. Approximately 500 persons were potentially affected."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services; United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1998-10
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National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Organizational Chart
This organizational chart shows the various systems, actors, and divisions responsible for coordination within the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2007-04
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What Health Care Providers Should Know about Potential Health Hazards from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
"The Gulf Coast Oil Spill has the potential to affect human health. Signs and symptoms are possible depending on the substance exposed to, the exposure dose, and route of exposure. Although a variety of hydrocarbon products produced from petroleum have specific toxic effects, the toxicity of crude light petroleum itself to humans is relatively low. (Stellman 2007) This may be due, in part, to the lower concentrations of individual fractions in crude oil as compared to the higher concentrations expected in refined products."
United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2010
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Public Health Preparedness: Examination of Legal Language Authorizing Responses to Incidents Involving Contamination with Radioactive Material
From the Background: "Over the past several decades, state and local health departments throughout the United States have developed plans and procedures to better respond to and recover from releases of radioactive material. The legal patchwork of statutes and regulations that support public health response and recovery strategies and procedures in such incidents has, however, been largely unexamined. In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) developed the radiation legal preparedness (RLP) project to examine state and local legal authorities related to the response to and recovery from incidents in which members of the public become contaminated or potentially contaminated with radioactive material."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Office for State, Tribal, Local and Territorial Support
Buzzell, Jennifer; Klaes, Gabriella; Penn, Matthew . . .
2014-05
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