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Recidivism Among Federal Offenders: A Comprehensive Overview
"This report provides a broad overview of key findings from the United States Sentencing Commission's study of recidivism of federal offenders. The Commission studied offenders who were either released from federal prison after serving a sentence of imprisonment or placed on a term of probation in 2005. Nearly half (49.3%) of such offenders were rearrested within eight years for either a new crime or for some other violation of the condition of their probation or release conditions. This report discusses the Commission's recidivism research project and provides many additional findings from that project. In the future, the Commission will release additional publications discussing specific topics concerning recidivism of federal offenders."
United States Sentencing Commission
2016-03
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Recidivism Among Federal Drug Trafficking Offenders
"The United States Sentencing Commission began studying recidivism shortly after the enactment of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 ('SRA'). The Commission's recent publication 'Recidivism Among Federal Offenders: A Comprehensive Overview' ('Recidivism Overview Report') discussed the history of this study in greater detail. Recidivism information is central to three of the primary purposes of punishment described in the SRA - specific deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation - all of which focus on prevention of future crimes through correctional intervention. Information about recidivism is also relevant to the Commission's obligation to formulate sentencing policy that 'reflect[s], to the extent practicable, advancements in knowledge of human behavior as it relates to the sentencing process.' Considerations of recidivism by federal offenders were also central to the Commission's initial work in developing the Guidelines Manual's criminal history provisions. They remain important to subsequent work, including the retroactive application of sentencing reductions in cases involving crack cocaine, and continue to be a key consideration in the Commission's work today. [...] This report examines a group of 10,888 federal drug trafficking offenders who were released in calendar year 2005. They were originally sentenced between fiscal year 1991 and the first quarter of fiscal year 2006."
United States Sentencing Commission
Reedt, Louis; Hunt, Kim Steven; Parker, James L. . . .
2017-02-21
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Federal Armed Career Criminals: Prevalence, Patterns, and Pathways
From the Introduction: "This report provides information on offenders sentenced under the Armed Career Criminal Act (hereinafter 'the Act' or 'the ACCA') using data collected by the United States Sentencing Commission (the 'Commission'). This report provides an overview of the ACCA and its implementation in the federal sentencing guidelines. It also includes information on offender and offense characteristics, criminal histories, and recidivism of armed career criminals."
United States Sentencing Commission
Semisch, Courtney; Sharpe, Kristen; Purdy, Alyssa
2021-03
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Overview of Federal Criminal Cases: Fiscal Year 2012
"The United States Sentencing Commission received information on 84,360 federal criminal cases in which the offender was sentenced in fiscal year 2012. Among these cases, 84,173 involved an individual offender and 187 involved a corporation or other 'organizational' offender. This publication provides a brief overview of those cases."
United States Sentencing Commission
Schmitt, Glenn R.; Dukes, Jennifer
2013?
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United States Sentencing Commission: Interactive Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics
"The tables and figures available on the ISB [Interactive Sourcebook] are based on the tables and figures available in the Commission's printed 'Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics (Sourcebook)'. The 'Sourcebook' displays federal sentencing data from the Commission's datafiles. As part of its ongoing mission, the Commission provides Congress, the Judiciary, the Executive branch, and the general public with data extracted and analyzed from sentencing documents submitted by courts to the Commission. Data is reported on an annual basis in the Commission's 'Annual Report and Sourcebook'. Data reported in the 'Sourcebook' is limited to felony and Class A misdemeanor cases for offenders who are convicted and sentenced under the guidelines in the federal court system. The Commission's 'Sourcebook' data does NOT include: state cases, federal petty offenses, federal cases which result in all charges being dismissed or acquitted, federal death penalty cases, federal juvenile cases, or federal witness protection cases. The data available on the ISB includes data on cases with individual offenders, organizational (e.g., corporate) offenders, resentencing and other modifications of sentence, and appeals cases. The tables and figures on the ISB do not contain data concerning probation or supervised release violations. The ISB allows users to re-create tables and information from the Commission's printed 'Sourcebooks' in a number of ways and customize the static tables and figures presented in the printed 'Sourcebook'. Users can choose the data included in the table by selecting one or more particular judicial circuits or districts, and also by selecting a single year of data or multiple years."
United States Sentencing Commission
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United States Sentencing Commission [website]
The website of the United States Sentencing Commission offers guidelines manuals, an interactive sourcebook of criminal justice data, multiple research reports and publications, as well as online learning and training modules. From the "About" section: "The United States Sentencing Commission is an independent agency in the judicial branch of government. Its principal purposes are: (1) to establish sentencing policies and practices for the federal courts, including guidelines to be consulted regarding the appropriate form and severity of punishment for offenders convicted of federal crimes; (2) to advise and assist Congress and the executive branch in the development of effective and efficient crime policy; and (3) to collect, analyze, research, and distribute a broad array of information on federal crime and sentencing issues, serving as an information resource for Congress, the executive branch, the courts, criminal justice practitioners, the academic community, and the public."
United States Sentencing Commission
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Quick Facts: Marijuana Trafficking Offenses
This fact sheet describes marijuana trafficking offenses in the United States from 2008-2012. Sections of the documents include "Offender and Offense Characteristics"; "Punishment"; and "Sentences Relative to the Guideline Range."
United States Sentencing Commission
2013?
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Quick Facts: Methamphetamine Trafficking Offenses
This fact sheet describes methamphetamine trafficking offenses in the United States from 2008-2012. Sections of the documents include "Offender and Offense Characteristics"; "Punishment"; and "Sentences Relative to the Guideline Range."
United States Sentencing Commission
2013?
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Quick Facts: Heroin Trafficking Offenses
This fact sheet describes heroin trafficking offenses in the United States from 2008-2012. Sections of the documents include "Offender and Offense Characteristics"; "Punishment"; and "Sentences Relative to the Guideline Range."
United States Sentencing Commission
2013?
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Quick Facts: Illegal Reentry Offenses
This fact sheet describes illegal reentry offenses in the United States from 2008-2012. Sections of the documents include "Offender and Offense Characteristics"; "Punishment"; and "Sentences Relative to the Guideline Range."
United States Sentencing Commission
2013?
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Report to Congress: Mandatory Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System
"This report assesses the impact of mandatory minimum penalties on federal sentencing, particularly in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Booker v. United States, which rendered the federal sentencing guidelines advisory. The United States Sentencing Commission [hereinafter the Commission] prepared this report pursuant to a congressional directive contained in section 4713 of the Matthew Shepherd and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009, Pub L. No. 111--84, and the Commission's general authority under 28 U.S.C. §§ 994--995, as well as its specific authority under 28 U.S.C. § 995(a)(20) to 'make recommendations to Congress concerning modification or enactment of statutes relating to sentencing, penal, and correctional matters that the Commission finds to be necessary and advisable to carry out an effective, humane, and rational sentencing policy.' [...] The Commission reviewed legislation, analyzed sentencing data, and studied scholarly literature to prepare this report. The Commission sought the views of stakeholders in the criminal justice system in a variety of ways. The Commission consulted with its advisory groups and representatives from all three branches of the federal government, and heard from social scientists, scholars, and others who apply or study mandatory minimum sentencing provisions."
United States Sentencing Commission
2011-10
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U. S. Sentencing Commission's 2017 Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics
"This is the twenty-second edition of the United States Sentencing Commission's 'Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics'. This 'Sourcebook' contains descriptive statistics on the application of the federal sentencing guidelines and provides selected district, circuit, and national sentencing data. The volume covers fiscal year 2017 (October 1, 2016, through September 30, 2017, hereinafter '2017'). This 'Sourcebook', together with the 2017 Annual Report, constitutes the annual report referenced in 28 U.S.C. § 997, as well as the analysis, recommendations, and accounting to Congress referenced in 28 U.S.C. § 994(w)(3)."
United States Sentencing Commission
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Federal Offenders Who Served in the Armed Forces
From the Introduction: "This report provides an analysis of the relatively small number of veterans each year who are sentenced for a federal felony or Class A misdemeanor offense, most often committed well after they left military service. In particular, the report examines federal offenders with prior military service who were sentenced in fiscal year 2019, the crimes they committed, and an assessment of whether that prior service was given special consideration at sentencing. Since most veteran offenders are sentenced for offenses other than federal felony or Class A misdemeanor offenses and, therefore, not reflected in the Commission's data, the report also discusses how many states, and even a few federal districts have established specialized courts for less serious offenses to provide veterans with additional opportunities for rehabilitation and reentry into the community."
United States Sentencing Commission
2021-10
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Recidivism of Federal Drug Trafficking Offenders Released in 2010
From the Introduction: "This report provides an analysis of data on the recidivism of federal drug trafficking offenders released from incarceration or sentenced to a term of probation in calendar year 2010."
United States Sentencing Commission
Kachnowski, Vera M.; Reimer, Melissa K.; Maass, Kevin T. . . .
2022-01
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Recidivism of Federal Firearms Offenders Released in 2010
From the Document: "This report provides an analysis of data on the recidivism of federal firearms offenders released from incarceration or sentenced to a term of probation in calendar year 2010."
United States Sentencing Commission
Kyckelhahn, Tracey; Sharpe, Kristen; Kerbel, Amanda
2021-11
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Recidivism of Federal Violent Offenders Released in 2010
From the Introduction: "This report is the fourth in a series continuing the United States Sentencing Commission's study of the recidivism of federal offenders. In this report, the Commission provides an analysis of data on the recidivism of violent federal offenders released from incarceration or sentenced to a term of probation in 2010. It combines data regularly collected by the Commission with Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) criminal history records from all state and federal agencies for the offenders for the study. The Commission routinely studies recidivism among federal offenders as part of its continuing duty to collect, analyze, and report sentencing data. In 2013, the Commission began a multi-year study of the recidivism of federal offenders. The first report in that series, 'Recidivism Among Federal Offenders: A Comprehensive Overview', provided an examination of recidivism among federal offenders released in 2005. As part of that series of reports, the Commission published 'Recidivism Among Federal Violent Offenders', which demonstrated the greater recidivism rates of violent offenders compared to non-violent offenders. The Commission further explored the relationship between violence and recidivism for specific offender groups. In 2016, the Commission published 'Report to the Congress: Career Offender Sentencing Enhancements', which demonstrated the impact of prior and instant violent offenses on the recidivism of career offenders. Most recently, the Commission published 'Federal Armed Career Criminals: Prevalence, Patterns, and Pathways', which further demonstrated the impact of prior violent offenses on the recidivism of armed career criminals."
United States Sentencing Commission
Semisch, Courtney; Syckes, Cassandra; Rookard, Landyn
2022-02
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Recidivism Among Federal Violent Offenders
From the Document: "This report provides a comprehensive recidivism analysis of federal offenders who engaged in violent criminal conduct as part of their instant federal offense or during prior criminal activity. This study identified two groups of violent offenders: (1) 2,596 federal offenders who engaged in violent criminal conduct as part of their instant federal offense ('violent instant offenders'); and, (2) 7,408 offenders who were not categorized as violent offenders based on their instant federal offense, but who had been arrested for a violent offense in their past ('violent prior offenders'). Taken together, these 10,004 offenders (collectively, the 'violent offenders') are analyzed in comparison to 15,427 federal offenders who had not engaged in violent conduct during the instant federal offense and who were never arrested for a violent crime in their past ('non-violent offenders'). Both the violent and non-violent offenders were originally sentenced for their instant federal offense between fiscal year 1991 and the first quarter of fiscal year 2006. All of the offenders in this report were released from federal custody in calendar year 2005."
United States Sentencing Commission
2019-01
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Mandatory Minimum Penalties for Firearms Offenses in the Federal Criminal Justice System
"This publication is the third in the Commission's series on mandatory minimum penalties. In 2017, the Commission published the first two publications in its series, 'Overview of Mandatory Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System' (2017 'Overview Publication') and 'Mandatory Minimum Penalties for Drug Offenses in the Federal Criminal Justice System.' These publications built on the Commission's 2011 'Report to the Congress: Mandatory Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System' (2011 'Mandatory Minimum Report'). The 2011 report, which was submitted pursuant to a congressional directive, provided detailed historical analyses of the evolution of federal mandatory minimum penalties, scientific literature on the topic, and extensive analysis of the Commission's own data, public comment, and expert testimony. The 2017 'Overview Publication' highlighted recent trends in the charging of offenses carrying mandatory minimum penalties and provided updated sentencing data demonstrating the impact of those penalties, supplementing the analysis presented in the 2011 'Mandatory Minimum Report'."
United States Sentencing Commission
2018-03
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What Does Federal Economic Crime Really Look Like?
"Beginning in fiscal year 2013, the Commission identified and assigned a specific offense type for all offenders sentenced under §2B1.1 using both the statute of conviction and offense conduct. The Commission assigned each offender sentenced under §2B1.1 to one of 29 specific types of economic crime. This publication provides a brief description of the background and methodology for this new project and, for the first time, reports data on the prevalence, offender and offense characteristics, and sentences imposed for the different types of economic crimes committed by offenders sentenced under §2B1.1."
United States Sentencing Commission
Semisch, Courtney
2019-01
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U.S. Sentencing Commission Compassionate Release Data Report, Calendar Year 2020
From the Introduction: "As part of its ongoing mission, the United States Sentencing Commission provides Congress, the judiciary, the executive branch, and the general public with data extracted from and based on sentencing documents submitted by courts to the Commission. Data is reported on an annual basis in the Commission's 'Annual Report and Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics'. The Commission also reports preliminary data for an on-going fiscal year in order to provide real-time analysis of sentencing practices in the federal courts. Since 2005, the Commission has published a series of quarterly reports that are similar in format and methodology to tables and figures produced in the 'Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics'. The quarterly reports contain cumulative data for the on-going fiscal year (i.e., data from the start of the fiscal year through the most current quarter). From time to time the Commission also reports data regarding other sentencing trends, such as resentencings or other modifications of sentences previously imposed."
United States Sentencing Commission
2021-06
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Federal Sentencing of Child Pornography: Non-Production Offenses
From the Introduction: "This report focuses on non-production child pornography offenses and provides updated data from fiscal year 2019 regarding the three factors the Commission previously identified as the recommended focus in sentencing child pornography offenders: content, community, and conduct. Specifically, this report analyzes the content of the offender's collection, the offender's level of involvement with other individuals in child pornography communities, and any engagement by the offender in sexually abusive conduct in addition to the child pornography offense."
United States Sentencing Commission
2021-06-29?
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Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analogues: Federal Trends and Trafficking Patterns
From the Introduction and Findings: "This report examines the relatively new and emerging problem of fentanyl and fentanyl analogue trafficking. The United States Sentencing Commission (the 'Commission') issues this report pursuant to its authority to collect, analyze, and report on trends in federal sentencing."
United States Sentencing Commission
Tennyson, Kristin M.; Ray, Charles S.; Maass, Kevin T.
2021-01
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Recidivism of Federal Offenders Released in 2010
From the Introduction: "This report is the first in a series continuing the United States Sentencing Commission's (the 'Commission') research of the recidivism of federal offenders. It provides an overview of the recidivism of federal offenders released from incarceration or sentenced to a term of probation in 2010, combining data regularly collected by the Commission with data compiled from criminal history records from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). This report provides an overview of recidivism for these offenders and information on key offender and offense characteristics related to recidivism. This report also compares recidivism outcomes for offenders released in 2010 to federal offenders released in 2005."
United States Sentencing Commission
2021-09
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Federal Sentencing of Child Pornography Production Offenses
From the Introduction: "This publication is the second report of a two-part series that updates and expands upon the United States Sentencing Commission's 2012 Report to the Congress: Federal Child Pornography Offenses (the '2012 Child Pornography Report'). In the 2012 Child Pornography Report, the Commission analyzed offenders sentenced under the federal child pornography sentencing guidelines and their corresponding statutes to assess how these offenders were prosecuted, sentenced, and supervised following their reentry into the community. This report focuses on offenders sentenced for child pornography production offenses under §2G2.1 of the Guidelines Manual (Sexually Exploiting a Minor by Production of Sexually Explicit Visual or Printed Material; Custodian Permitting Minor to Engage in Sexually Explicit Conduct; Advertisement for Minors to Engage in Production).2 The issues the Commission discussed in the 2012 Child Pornography Report persist today: the continued growth in the number of child pornography production cases, the volume and accessibility of child pornography images due to advancements in technology, and the resulting lengthy sentences for child pornography production offenders. Notably, in 2020 alone, the Cyber Tipline of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children received 21.7 million reports of child sexual abuse imagery, online child exploitation and enticement, child sexual molestation, and child sex trafficking. [...] This update to the 2012 Child Pornography Report is intended to provide stakeholders with current information on child pornography production offenses, offenders, and sentencing outcomes. This report provides the Commission's most in-depth study of child pornography production offenses to date through an analysis of three primary factors that the Commission has identified as relevant to sentencing child pornography production offenders: (1) 'Proximity' [...]; (2) 'Participation' [...]; [and] (3) 'Propensity'[.]"
United States Sentencing Commission
2021-10
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Compassionate Release: The Impact of the First Step Act and COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Introduction: "This publication describes trends in compassionate release decisions during fiscal year 2020 (October 2019-September 2020), focusing on the continuing impact of the First Step Act and the more recent and dramatic impact of the SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] ('COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]') pandemic. It includes detailed information about the reasons courts cited to grant or deny section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions and, for offenders granted a sentence reduction, the nature of the relief received. [...] Notably, this report examines the use of compassionate release during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, an anomalous period in the evolution of compassionate release. Although facilitated by the First Step Act's legal changes, the dramatic increase in both motions for, and grants of, compassionate release was a direct consequence of the pandemic. The overwhelming majority of compassionate release decisions studied in this report occurred during the second half of the fiscal year, after the onset of the pandemic. Fewer than seven percent of the offenders within the study group received a compassionate release decision during the first half of fiscal year 2020. And, after the study period ended, the number of offenders granted compassionate release substantially decreased, as did the number of compassionate release decisions overall. As a result, this report largely focuses on the early response to the COVID-19 pandemic and is not reflective of later trends in compassionate release, once COVID-19 vaccines became widely available, or predictive of future trends."
United States Sentencing Commission
Zibulsky, Julie; Kitchens, Christine; Purdy, Alyssa . . .
2022-03
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Fiscal Year 2021 Overview of Federal Criminal Cases
From the Document: "The United States Sentencing Commission received information on 57,377 federal criminal cases in which the offender was sentenced in fiscal year 2021. Among these cases, 57,287 involved an individual offender and 90 involved a corporation or other 'organizational' offender. The Commission also received information on 4,680 cases in which the court resentenced the offender or otherwise modified the sentence that had been previously imposed. This publication provides an overview of these cases."
United States Sentencing Commission
Schmitt, Glenn R.; Jeralds, Lindsey
2022-04
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