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Your Role in Fire-Adapted Communities
"The concept of fire-adapted communities (FACs) holds that, with proper community-wide preparation, human populations and infrastructure can withstand the devastating effects of a wildland fire, reducing loss of life and property. This goal depends on strong and collaborative partnerships between agencies and the public at the State, Federal, and local levels, with each accepting responsibility for their part. This guide will frame the FAC concept and current efforts to define its scope, explain the roles that groups can adopt to improve their fire safety, and provide guidance on future steps. The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) believes that by reviewing the roles and responsibilities each group can adopt now, communities will become better prepared to realize the FAC goal in the future."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2012-02
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Mitigating the Rural Fire Problem [presentation]
This PowerPoint is a "Train-the-Trainer" presentation for the rural fire service and community leaders on administering successful outreach programs as well as a separate presentation for citizens that highlights key fire safety and preparedness messages.
United States Fire Administration; United States. Department of Homeland Security
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Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods, Volume I: Water Supply System Concepts
"Water for human consumption comes from one of two basic sources: 1) Water from a well to supply an individual residence, well water for farmstead properties, and well water for small public sector properties that include schools, public buildings, and small commercial enterprises. 2) Municipal water systems that provide potable water to a wide array of commercial property and domestic use buildings including apartments, condominiums, duplex housing, and single family dwellings. This chapter uses the Washington, DC, Water System as an example in order to introduce concepts associated with a fundamental understanding of water distribution systems. This system was selected because it typifies many of the water systems in the United States that rely on water sources including rivers, lakes, and low-level water retention dams. Other water supply sources are examined under Topic 3 in this chapter. Understanding the fundamentals of a municipal water supply delivery system is essential to closely examining the many features of a water system and the many options in designing a water delivery system."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
Hickey, Harry E.
2008-10
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Risk Management Practices in the Fire Service [January 2018]
"The probability of risk is two-pronged. It relates not only to the risk of something undesirable happening, but also to the probable outcome as rated on a scale of negative consequences. For example, based on statistical calculations, we can predict the number of traffic accidents likely to occur per million miles driven. We can also predict the number of injuries and fatalities that will come about as a result. However, such a statistics-based approach will not tell us as individuals where or when we might be involved in an accident ourselves. Those predictive statistics certainly cannot tell us if our next accident will be a fender bender in a shopping center parking lot on a sunny afternoon, or a multivehicle pileup on a dark two-lane road on a stormy night. [...] Each situation carries with it a probability of occurrence and a potential degree of harm that might result. When we subjectively weigh a risk in terms of the undesirable consequence, we might place the outcome anywhere on a scale of undesirability. In the examples above, we might measure the negative outcome in lives lost and property damage in the millions, or simply by wishing we had waited for the next elevator."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2018-01
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Residential Building Electrical Fires (2014-2016)
"This topical report addresses the characteristics of electrical fires in residential buildings as reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) from 2014 to 2016, the most recent data available at the time of the analysis. The NFIRS data are used for the analyses presented throughout the report. For the purpose of the report, the terms 'residential fires,' 'electrical fires,' and 'nonelectrical fires' are synonymous with 'residential building fires,' 'residential building electrical fires' and 'residential building nonelectrical fires' respectively. 'Electrical fires' is used throughout the body of this report; the findings, tables, charts, headings and endnotes reflect the full category, 'residential building electrical fires.'"
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2018-12
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Firefighter Autopsy Protocol
"The Firefighter Autopsy Protocol has been extensively revised since its original 1994 edition. In this new protocol, a number of additional areas of information have been provided to take into account emerging issues and new technologies as applied to the conduct of autopsies. As stated in the report, it is recommended that autopsies be performed for all firefighter fatalities where a line-of-duty death has occurred. It is further recommended that an autopsy be performed when a non-line-of-duty death may be linked to a line-of-duty exposure. Specific sections have been provided in this report as background and areas of information as related to the conducting of autopsies. General autopsy procedures must be supplemented with additional analyses and reviews in order to ascertain specific causes and mechanisms of death and to add to the body of knowledge for understanding firefighter fatalities which, in turn, helps to prevent future firefighter fatalities. […]. The utility of this specific firefighter autopsy protocol is intended to advance the analysis of the causes of firefighter deaths to aid in the development of improved firefighter health and safety equipment, procedures, and standards. It also is critical in helping to determine eligibility for death benefits under the Federal government's Public Safety Officer Benefits (PSOB) Program, as well as State and local programs. Lastly, implementation of this protocol will increase interest in the study of deaths as related to occupational illnesses among firefighters, both active and retired."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Stull, J. O. (Jeffrey O.)
2008-03
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Fire Department Overall Run Profile as Reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (2017)
"Fire departments provide invaluable services to communities nationwide. They respond to all types of emergency situations involving fires, explosions, rescues, medical emergencies, hazardous conditions, natural disasters and false alarms. They also respond to nonemergency service calls and good intent calls. Often, what is described to dispatchers does not reflect the actual incident type; nevertheless, fire departments are trained and prepared to respond to a wide variety of situations. To understand the fire department's full role in a community, this topical report profiles fire department run activity as reflected in the 2017 NFIRS [National Fire Incident Reporting System] data. In 2017, fire departments across the U.S. responded to 26,880,800 calls as reported to the NFIRS. This count reflects a 5% increase in the number of calls reported in 2016."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2019-05
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Winter Residential Building Fires (2014-2016)
"Each year, from 2014 to 2016, fire departments responded to an estimated 108,200 fires in residential buildings during the months of January, February and March across the nation. These fires resulted in an estimated annual average of 980 deaths, 3,575 injuries, and $1.9 billion in property loss. The residential building portion of the fire problem is of great national importance as it accounts for the vast majority of civilian casualties, and winter residential building fires account for a considerable portion of that."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2018-11
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Fire Service Operations for the Southeastern Tornados-April 2011
"On April 27, 2011, the southeastern United States experienced a devastating series of tornados starting in Mississippi, hitting Alabama and Georgia very hard, and trailing off into Tennessee. The dollar loss has been roughly tallied at $6 billion in insured losses and a total of over $10 billion for all losses. An estimated 336 lives were lost in the region's tornados and related events, with 239 of those in Alabama. At least 10,000 homes were heavily damaged or destroyed and dozens of public facilities were rendered inoperative. Many areas that were isolated by road closures and power outages extended over 2 weeks in some rural areas. At least five tornados were rated at EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale), and, if laid end to end, the tornado tracks in this region would stretch across the country! A series of meetings was held in the summer of 2011 to look at fire department and emergency medical services (EMS) organization activities in Alabama and Georgia during the tornados. Over 50 representatives of impacted departments attended and each had an opportunity to respond to specific questions as well as provide a free range of their own inputs. This report condenses those meetings and inputs and provides an insight into the routines and needs of local fire and EMS agencies in disasters. There are 66 specific observations/recommendations included in this report as well as four operational priorities identified."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2012-04
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Maintaining Emergency Medical Services Capabilities During a Pandemic
This document contains information to help your emergency medical services (EMS) prepare for a pandemic.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
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Maintaining Dispatch Capabilities During a Pandemic
This document contains information to help your 911 telecommunications and emergency management prepare for a pandemic.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
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Information for First Responders on Maintaining Operational Capabilities During a Pandemic (Revised March 2020)
From the Executive Summary: "First responders have a critical role in prehospital emergency care and must continue to provide this essential service and fill the many emergency response roles in a community. [...] During a severe pandemic, workloads will increase, and staff sizes will diminish as employees and their families become ill or are quarantined. Contingency planning can help reduce the worst impacts; smart planning can save lives. To help with planning for the impacts of a severe pandemic, this document provides the following kinds of information for first responders: [1] Potential ways to adjust operations to maintain readiness and response. [2] Potential ways for leaders in the first responder community to plan at the local level; including a planning tool for these efforts. [3] Present out-of-the-box planning and operations concepts to drive thought and discussion. [4] Reference sheets with discipline-specific potential action steps."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2020-03
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Prepared and Resilient Fire and Emergency Medical Services: Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2019-2023
From the Document: "The following pages represent the newly revised strategic plan (2019-2023) for the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA). This plan is closely aligned with the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) Strategic Plan and depicts our revised vision, mission, strategic goals and objectives. [...] Our strategic direction began with a review of our vision and mission. We made some adjustments focused on the future of the fire and EMS [Emergency Medical Services]. Our new vision is a 'prepared and resilient fire and Emergency Medical Services'. This is our desired outcome for the men and women who selflessly serve. We revised our mission to 'support and strengthen fire and Emergency Medical Services and stakeholders to prepare for, prevent, mitigate and respond to all hazards'. This mission elevates the opportunity to achieve our described vision."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2019-06
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COVID-19: FEMA Reimbursement of Costs for Emergency Medical Services
From the Document: "State, local, tribal and territorial government entities, and certain private nonprofit organizations are eligible to apply to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for reimbursement of emergency protective measures taken to respond to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] emergency. 911 and emergency medical services (EMS) agencies (including fire service, third government service, and certain private nonprofit services) may be reimbursed for certain costs related to the COVID-19 response."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
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Fire and Emergency Medical Services Response to Civil Unrest
From the Document: "Civil unrest may occur as a period of social upheaval, following sporting events or during periods of heightened community tension. Fire and emergency medical services (EMS) personnel will be called to respond to these incidents, placing themselves at higher than anticipated levels of risk. The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) and the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) Office of Emergency Medical Services (OEM) worked together to compile these best practices to assist you as you respond to civil unrest incidents in your community."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2020-06
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Sesame Street Seguridad contra incendios: Guia para educadores
"Como educador, usted puede capacitar a los preescolares con información y destrezas esenciales sobre la prevención de incendios que pueden marcar una gran diferencia durante una emergencia. Puede mostrarles a los niños qué deben hacer en caso de un incendio y las maneras de evitarlo. Al compartir esta información con niños pequeños, ¡estará inculcándoles hábitos de seguridad contra incendios para toda la vida! [...] Esta guía y el CD de seguridad contra incendios proporcionan herramientas únicas que le facilitarán la tarea de enseñar medidas de seguridad contra incendios a preescolares de 3 a 5 años. ¡Y los adorados amigos peludos de Sesame Street lo ayudarán a que los niños participen paso a paso! Cada sección incluye: [1] mensajes claves de seguridad contra incendios para que los niños aprendan y recuerden; [2] lecciones, juegos y actividades fáciles de hacer; [3] canciones de apoyo y cuentos para reforzar los mensajes de seguridad contra incendios; [4] un boletín familiar para ayudar a los padres y cuidadores a continuar practicando la prevención y seguridad."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2015-06
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Sesame Street Fire Safety Program Educator Guide
From the Document: "As an educator, you can empower preschoolers with essential fire safety information and skills that can make a big difference in case of an emergency. You can show children what to do if there's a fire and ways to prevent fires from starting. By sharing this information while children are young, you instill lifelong fire safety habits! [...] This guide and the accompanying Sesame Street Fire Safety Songs & Stories CD provide unique tools to make it easy for you to teach fire safety to preschoolers ages 3-5. And children's lovable, furry Sesame Street friends will help you engage children each step of the way! Each section includes: [1] key fire safety messages for children to learn and remember; [2] easy-to-use lessons, games, and activities; [3] supporting songs and stories to reinforce the fire safety messages; [4] family newsletters to help parents and caregivers continue practicing fire prevention and safety with children at home."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2015-06
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Evaluating Instructional Efficiency in a National Response Plan Training Course
"In 2006 the Golden Fire Department (GFD) training division was tasked with efficiently training first responders in the National Response Plan (NRP). The problem was the efficiency of a two-hour Electronic Student Response Technology (ESRT) course had not been compared to the recommended four-hour Direct Instruction (DI) course for teaching the NRP. The purpose of this investigation was to compare instructional efficiency through evaluative research. A level of significance of 0.05 was selected to test three null hypotheses. The assessment tool was a standardized NRP examination. All Golden firefighters (N=64) were randomly assigned to control and treatment groups, instructed, assessed, and data was analyzed. Statistically significant results suggested ESRT instruction was more efficient. Further evaluative research on instructional strategies, communication of the results of this experiment to others, and elevating this study to Level III research is recommended."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Milan, Kevin O.
2006?
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Pandemic Influenza Planning and Preparation Best Practices Model
"The H5N1 influenza virus (commonly referred to as the Avian Flu) presents new challenges to the emergency response environment if it becomes a pandemic influenza in the United States. [...] These best practices are designed to promote the development of community specific guidelines and operational protocols to meet the challenge of a pandemic outbreak while not affecting normal daily response activities. The response community will be the front line providers of emergency medical care."
United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States Fire Administration
2006-12-06
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Voice Radio Communications Guide for the Fire Service [June 2016]
"The past few decades have seen major advancements
in the communications industry. Portable
communications devices have gone from being used
mainly in public safety and business applications to
a situation where they are in every home and in the
hands of almost every American man, woman and
child. As users are added, there is more stress on
the system, and there is only so much room on the
radio spectrum. The communications industry and
the government have responded by making changes
to the system that mandate additional efficiency. [...] The fire service is diverse. Departments range
from those that are very large in size and have
multimillion dollar budgets to small departments
that rely on pancake breakfasts or bake sales to
augment the operating budget. All departments,
professional or volunteer, require reliable
communications. The size of the budget does not
change the physics or RF [radio frequency] properties. All departments
and firefighters need to understand basic radio
principles to remain safe on the fireground and use
communications equipment effectively."
United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2016-06
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Profile of Fire in the United States, 1992-2001: Thirteenth Edition
"Periodically, the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) publishes a statistical portrait of the fire problem in the United States. This brochure summarizes the Thirteenth Edition of Fire in the United States, 1992-- 2001. The analysis addresses the national fire problem and subsets of this problem, such as residential and non-residential fires. It presents trends over the 10-year period, but focuses on 2001 statistics relating to causes, property types, smoke alarm performance, and casualty characteristics. Firefighter casualties are also presented. The primary source of data is the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). Its data are based on inputs from nearly 13,000 fire departments as of 2001. Other data sources include the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), U.S. Census Bureau, the Consumer Price Index, and state fire marshals' offices."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; National Fire Data Center (U.S.)
2004-10
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Profile of Fire in the United States, 1995-2004: Fourteenth Edition
"Periodically, the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) publishes a statistical portrait of the fire problem in the United States. This brochure summarizes the 14th edition of Fire in the United States, 1995-2004. The analysis addresses the national fire problem and subsets of this problem, such as residential and non-residential structure fires. It presents trends of fires, deaths, injuries, and dollar loss over the 10-year period, with emphasis on 2004 statistics relating to causes, property types, and casualty characteristics."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; National Fire Data Center (U.S.)
2008-02
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Profile of Fire in the United States, 1989-1998: Twelfth Edition
"Each year, the U.S. Fire Administration publishes a statistical portrait of the fire problem in the United States. This brochure summarizes the Twelfth Edition of Fire in the United States, 1989-1998. The analysis addresses the national fire problem and subsets of this problem, such as residential and non-residential fires. The causes of 1998 fires and 10- year trends are shown. Regional and state profiles are included. Casualties to firefighters are also presented. The primary source of data is the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). Its data are based on 13,000 participating fire departments. Other data sources include the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), National Center for Health Statistics, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Consumer Price Index, Bureau of the Census, and state fire marshals' offices."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; National Fire Data Center (U.S.)
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Changing Severity of Home Fires: Workshop Report
"On Dec. 11-12, 2012, in response to an invitation from the U.S. Fire Administration, leading national organizations representing the fire service, fire researchers and other stakeholders in home fire safety came together at the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute in College Park, Md., to explore how changing building construction methods, materials and building contents are affecting the way fires grow and develop in today's homes. The expected outcomes, as stated by USFA, of the workshop were to: 1.) Enhance the awareness of fire service and life safety officials of the changing and emerging fire and products of combustion risks to residential building occupants; 2.) Produce a document that clearly identifies contributing factors to the marked increase in the speed of fire spread experienced in interior residential fires; 3.) Identify potential solutions to mitigate if not prevent those risks; and 4.) Determine which organizations or agencies are interested in further studying and ultimately developing implementation strategies. […] The overall goal of the program was to share our new understanding of these effects, gained through a recent body of research funded by the Department of Homeland Security and other government agencies, and to consider how we should respond as a community."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Initial Response to Hazardous Materials Incidents: Basic Concepts
"Hazardous materials incidents are not the same as fire suppression or other 'normal' emergency operations. The nature of the hazard requires different protective equipment, operational approaches, skills, and attitudes. For you to respond safely to a hazardous materials incident, you have to be trained and prepared mentally. What you don't know can kill you. [...] The primary resource available to local government to defend against hazardous materials emergencies is well-trained and motivated first responders. The first responder is the individual who arrives first on the scene of a haz mat incident with the responsibility to act. For our purposes, first responders are emergency response personnel, not members of the public, who may arrive on the scene first. This includes fire service, law enforcement, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), public works, and industry personnel."
United States. Department of Homeland Security; National Fire Academy; United States Fire Administration
2003-07
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Vacant Residential Building Fires (2010-2012)
"From 2010 to 2012, an estimated 25,000 vacant residential
building fires were reported annually in the U.S.
Vacant residential building fires are considered part of the
residential fire problem and accounted for 7 percent of all
residential building fires, resulting in an estimated 60 deaths,
225 injuries and $777 million in property loss each year.
A large number of vacant residential buildings can present
various problems. These buildings are rarely maintained
and often serve as a common site for illicit or illegal activity.
In addition, vacant residential buildings are sometimes
used by homeless people as temporary shelters or housing.
A major concern when a vacant building catches fire is
that little is known about the building's overall condition.
Many buildings are in disrepair and can be missing certain
structures, such as staircases or portions of floors. If individuals
are known to use the vacant building as a residence,
the unknown condition of the building and the unknown
number of people using the building as shelter can put the
firefighters' lives in danger when they enter the building to
attempt a rescue during a fire."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2015-03
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Urban Wildlands Fire: Pebble Beach, California
This report analyzes fire operations and describes residential construction features and vegetation control that saved some homes in this urban wildlands fire.
United States Fire Administration; United States. Department of Homeland Security; National Fire Data Center (U.S.)
Graham, Hugh W.
1987-05
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Chicken Processing Plant Fires Hamlet, North Carolina, and North Little Rock, Arkansas
This technical report series looks at chicken processing plant fires in Hamlet, NC and North Little Rock, AR. This document is an analysis of two similar incidents, each with dramatically different results.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration; National Fire Data Center (U.S.)
Yates, Jack
1991-09-07
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Fire Risk in 2015
"The risk of death or injury from fire is not the same for everyone. In 2015, 3,360 deaths and 15,700 injuries in the U.S. were caused by fires. These casualties were not equally distributed across the U.S. population, and the resulting risk of death or injury from fire is not uniform -- it is more severe for some groups than for others. Much can be learned from understanding why different segments of society are at a heightened risk from the fire problem. This topical fire report explores fire risk as it applies to fire casualties in the U.S. population and is an update to 'Fire Risk in 2014,' Volume 17, Issue 7. Risk is a factor, element or course of action involving uncertainty. It is an exposure to some peril, and it often implies a probability of occurrence, such as investment risk or insurance risk. In terms of the fire problem, risk is the potential for injury to or death of a person, or damage to or loss of property, as a result of fire. This topical report focuses on how fire risk, specifically the risks of death and injury, varies with age, and how other demographic and socioeconomic factors weigh upon that risk."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration; National Fire Data Center (U.S.)
2017-09
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Residential Building Fires (2013-2015)
"These topical reports are designed to explore facets of the U.S. fire problem as depicted through data collected in the U.S. Fire Administration's National Fire Incident Reporting System. Each topical report briefly addresses the nature of the specific fire or fire-related topic, highlights important findings from the data, and may suggest other resources to consider for further information. Also included are recent
examples of fire incidents that demonstrate some of the issues addressed in the report or that put the report topic in context. [...] Each year, from 2013 to 2015, fire departments responded to an estimated 380,200 fires in residential buildings across the nation. These fires resulted in an annual average of 2,695 deaths; 12,000 injuries; and $7 billion in property loss. The residential building portion of the fire problem is of great national importance, as it accounts for the vast majority of civilian casualties."
United States Fire Administration; National Fire Data Center (U.S.); United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2017-06
