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Pandemic Response Listening Session
From the Executive Summary: "On Oct. 21-22, 2021, the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) hosted a national-level pandemic response listening session at the National Emergency Training Center in Emmitsburg, Maryland. The 2-day session provided an opportunity for the over 40 national stakeholder representatives to discuss the challenges and impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic on fire departments, emergency medical services (EMS), 911 dispatch telecommunicators and other response agency operations. These discussions provided insight to the complexity of the pandemic response as participants discussed their challenges and provided their proposed potential solutions that spanned state, local, tribal and territorial (SLTT) boundaries. To aid the discussion, issues were divided into 4 categories: 1. Workforce. 2. Logistics and supply chain. 3. Business operations and continuity. 4. Agency funding, grants and reimbursement. Many of the participants' issues and solutions spanned 2 or more categories and recurred throughout the discussions. Stakeholders identified the following impacts within each category."
United States Fire Administration
2022-06
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After the Fire
This document is a guide from the U.S. Fire Administration meant for victims of fires. From the Document: "A fire will change your life in many ways. Knowing where to begin and who can help you is important. The U.S. Fire Administration hopes you find this information useful as you return to normal." The guidance includes the following sections: 1) "What to Expect"; 2) "What do I do now?"; 3) "Checklist for next steps after a fire"; and "Important information." While this guidance is geared towards what to do after a fire, some of the information can also be printed and filled out in advance and kept inside critical emergency kits.
United States Fire Administration
2019-01
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Safe Operation of Fire Tankers
From the Introduction: "The alarming rate at which fire department tankers are involved in serious crashes led the United States Fire Administration (USFA) to commission this report. Since its inception, the USFA has been committed to enhancing the health and safety of emergency response personnel. Fire service personnel across the United States rely on the USFA for current information and state-of-the-art guidance on critical fire service operational issues. The purposes of this report include: [1] documenting all fatal crashes involving fire department tankers since 1990; [2] analyzing the causes and common factors associated with these crashes; [3] highlighting pertinent case histories that show examples of the problem; [4] providing information on reducing the frequency of these crashes and minimizing their severity/impact when unavoidable crashes occur; and [5] providing example procedures and checklists to assist departments in reducing the likelihood of tanker crashes."
United States Fire Administration
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Impact of Jurisdictional Size and Population on E.O.C.'s: Executive Analysis of Fire Service Operations in Emergency Management
From the Abstract: "The City of Sumner has a problem of which they are not aware. Specifically, it has not addressed the need to manage significant and/or disaster events that are beyond the normal day-to-day functioning of its emergency response system. Although there is no identified local facility that serves as an emergency operations center, nor an identified means to provide adequate staffing, the City of Sumner believes it has addressed the issue through a contract for emergency management services with the county emergency management department. The purpose of the research was to determine whether jurisdictional size and/or population impact the existence and location of emergency operations centers. Using descriptive and action research methods, the following questions were answered: 1. Does the geographical size and/or population served by a jurisdiction influence the existence, location, and staffing of emergency operations centers? 2. How are other jurisdictions staffing emergency operations centers? 3. To what extent are key officials supportive and serving as participants within the emergency operations center?"
United States Fire Administration; National Fire Academy
Fowler, John F.
1999-02
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Report on the Future of the National Fire Service: Year 2000 and Beyond
"On April 30-May 1, 1992, The National Fire Academy's (NFA) Board of Visitors sponsored a workshop at the National Emergency Training Center (NETC) in Emmitsburg, Maryland. The purpose of the workshop was to envision the environment, service demands, and training requirements of the American fire service in the year 2000 and beyond. […] The objectives of the workshop were to identify: Economic, technological, social, and political factors that will affect the fire service; Fire service issues and requirements that will affect the fire service beyond the year 2000; and Education and training issues that will affect the fire service beyond the year 2000. Facilitators at the workshop asked participants to look at the future of the fire service within the specified time scale. They cautioned the participants not to express what they would like to see, or to outline steps that ought to be taken. Facilitators asked participants to use their knowledge and experience to draw a picture of the future of the fire service, even if that future is not what they would like. Workshop participants met in three sessions to look at external factors that will affect the fire service, changes in the fire service itself, and education and training in the year 2000 and beyond."
National Fire Academy; United States Fire Administration
1992
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Field Operations Guide
From the Statement of Intent: "The content of the Field Operations Guide (FOG) is intended to provide guidance for the application of the Incident Command System (ICS) to any planned or unplanned event. Position descriptions, checklists, and diagrams are provided to facilitate that guidance. The information contained in this document is intended to enhance the user's experience, training, and knowledge in the application of the Incident Command System. All users must obtain proper ICS training at the level necessary to effectively utilize the system."
National Fire Academy; United States Fire Administration
2010-07
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Landfill Fires: Their Magnitude, Characteristics, and Mitigation
"Landfills can be controversial in and of themselves. Homeowners and business owners tend not to support the siting and development of landfills in their neighborhoods due to perceived notions about noxious fumes, health and environmental effects, and adverse influences on property values. Fires occurring in landfill sites are an ongoing, complex problem that has existed for decades. Although relatively uncommon, fires in landfills generally receive substantial media attention and have the potential to become politically damaging events. Landfill fires threaten the environment through toxic pollutants emitted into the air, water, and soil. Landfill fires are particularly challenging to the fire service. A large landfill fire normally requires numerous personnel and a significant period of time before it is contained. Both of these circumstances can strain a jurisdiction, particularly one dependent on volunteer staffing. Landfill operators, members of the fire service, and community residents need to learn as much as possible from past experience to prevent and mitigate future landfill fires."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2002-05
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Critical Health and Safety Issues in the Volunteer Fire Service
"Volunteer firefighters represent 69 percent of the U.S. fire service (Haynes & Stein, 2016). As a nation, we rely on them every day to save lives and protect property in times of danger and disaster. In order to do so, they must first be healthy, safe and able to respond. Firefighters are hurt and/or die from a number of health and occupational safety issues, such as heart attack, cancer and vehicle crashes. A fundamental change is needed to overturn these issues and revolutionize the volunteer fire and emergency services to create healthier and safer work environments for volunteer responders. The causes of firefighter injuries and fatalities have been tracked for years by the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) and other leading fire service organizations in an effort to increase awareness and understanding of such causes, with the ultimate goal to reduce the number of responder injuries and deaths (USFA, 2015). With this goal in mind, USFA and the National Volunteer Fire Council (NVFC) created a project team to review data and identify health and safety trends specific to the volunteer emergency services. The resulting document, 'Emerging Health and Safety Issues in the Volunteer Fire Service,' was first released in 2008. This document included a formula to address the identified emerging health and safety issues and how to manage them going forward."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2016-12
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National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy: Critical Success Factor - FEMA Grants Final Report and Action Plan
"As part of the development of the National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy (Cohesive Strategy or CS), the Regional Strategy Committees (RSCs) identified barriers and critical success factors (CSFs) that would impact the successful implementation of the Cohesive Strategy at the national level. The Wildland Fire Executive Council (WFEC) tasked the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) to lead the effort for the CSF (12), addressing leveraging Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) grants to maximize community wildfire mitigation. Three FEMA grant programs were included in this effort: Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), and Fire Prevention & Safety (FP&S) Grants under the Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG) Program. The CSF (12) workgroup conducted a gap analysis between stakeholder community wildland fire mitigation needs and provisions contained within grant program policy and guidance documents. The analysis revealed numerous areas for consideration that could have a positive impact on addressing community wildfire mitigation and increasing community resilience to the detrimental impacts of wildfire. Recommendations for further consideration were organized into four broad categories: Awareness, Education and Outreach; Grant Policy and Guidance Development; Grant Processes; and Research Considerations."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2016-11
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Fire Estimate Summary (2006-2015)
"Fire Estimate Summaries present basic data on the size and status of the fire problem in the United States as depicted through data reported to the U.S. Fire Administration's (USFA's) National Fire Incident Reporting System. Each Fire Estimate Summary addresses the size of the specific fire or fire-related issue and highlights important trends in the data." This report includes the following data: "Residential Building Fire Trends"; "Residential Building Fire Causes"; "Residential Building Fire Death Causes"; "Residential Building Fire Injury Causes"; "Residential Building Fire Dollar-Loss Causes"; "Residential Building Cooking Fire Trends"; "Residential Building Other Unintentional, Careless Fire Trends"; "Residential Building Smoking Fire Trends"; "Residential Building Electrical Malfunction Fire Trends"; "Residential Building Heating Fire Trends"; and "Residential Building Cause Under Investigation Fire Trends."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2017-05
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Fire in the United States 2005-2014
"Fire departments in the United States responded to nearly 1.3 million fire calls in 2014. The U.S. fire problem no longer ranks as the most severe of the industrialized nations, yet thousands of Americans die each year, tens of thousands of people are injured, and property losses reach billions of dollars. There are huge indirect costs of fire as well, including temporary lodging, lost business revenues, medical expenses, psychological damage, and others. To put this in context, the annual losses from floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and other natural disasters combined in the U.S. average just a fraction of those from fires. The public, the media and local governments are generally unaware of the magnitude and seriousness of the fire problem and how it affects individuals and their families, communities, and the nation. […] This 18th edition covers the 10-year period from 2005 to 2014, with a primary focus on 2014.3 The report addresses the overall national fire problem. Detailed analyses of the residential and nonresidential fire problem, firefighter casualties, and other subsets of the national fire problem are not included. These topic-specific analyses are addressed as separate, stand-alone publications."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2017-01
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NFIRS Data Snapshot: Hospital Fires (2012-2014)
This two page document contains data and statistics surrounding hospital fires from 2012 to 2014. From the document: "For each year from 2012 to 2014, an estimated 5,700 medical facility fires were reported to fire departments in the United States. Nearly a fifth of those (1,100 fires) were in hospitals. It is estimated that these fires caused fewer than five deaths, 25 injuries and $5 million in property loss per year. The majority of hospital fires were fires that were confined to cooking pots (60 percent). Confined fires are smaller fires that rarely result in death, serious injury or large content losses. Fires in trash bins, incinerators or compactors composed 10 percent of hospital fires, while 3 percent were fuel burner or chimney fires. Nonconfined fires, generally larger structure fires, made up 27 percent of hospital fires."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2016
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Mitigation of Occupational Violence to Firefighters and EMS Responders
"Violence is a major occupational challenge confronting the field of Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Firefighters and EMS responders are increasingly called upon to meet community demands for service. As a result, firefighters and EMS responders are often expected to respond to incidents where they can be exposed to violence. Violence against EMS responders has been recognized as an occupational hazard since the early 1970s, and recent incidents are evidence that the problem has not been abated. A review of the literature from academic and industry trade journals shows an increase in attention to the issue over the years. However, there is limited understanding of risk factors and preventive measures. The literature provides insight into the characteristics of violence perpetrators, EMS responder risk factors, and best practices. Much of the available information on these factors is contradictory, or not rooted in evidence-based assessment. The purpose of this report is to document the causes and risk factors of violence and mitigation opportunities to reduce and prevent violence to EMS responders."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Taylor, Jennifer; Murray, Regan
2017-06
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Fire in the United States 2006-2015
"Fire departments in the United States responded to nearly 1.3 million fire calls in 2015. The U.S. fire problem no longer ranks as the most severe of the industrialized nations, yet thousands of Americans die each year, tens of thousands of people are injured, and property losses reach billions of dollars. There are huge indirect costs of fire as well, including temporary lodging, lost business revenues, medical expenses, psychological damage, and others. To put this into context, the annual losses from floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes and other natural disasters combined in the U.S. average just a fraction of those from fires. The public, the media and local governments are generally unaware of the magnitude and seriousness of the fire problem and how it affects individuals and their families, communities and the nation."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2017-12
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National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS)
"What is the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS)? The Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 (PL 93-498) authorizes the National Fire Data Center in the United States Fire Administration (USFA) to gather and analyze information on the magnitude of the Nation's fire problem as well as detailed characteristics and trends. The act further authorizes the USFA to develop uniform data reporting methods, and to encourage and assist State agencies in developing data and reporting fire damage."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2007-01
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Topical Fire Report Series: Civilian Fire Injuries in Residential Buildings (2013-2015)
From the Document: "From 2013 to 2015, 76 percent of all civilian fire injuries occurred in residential buildings. This topical fire report focuses on the characteristics of these injuries as reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) from 2013 to 2015. NFIRS data is used for the analyses presented throughout this report. By definition, civilian fire injuries involve people who are injured as a result of a fire and are not on active duty with a firefighting organization. These injuries generally occur from activities of fire control, escaping from the dangers of fire, or sleeping. Fires resulting in injuries are those fires where one or more injuries occur. Annually, from 2013 to 2015, an estimated 12,000 civilian fire injuries resulted from an estimated 7,700 residential building fires resulting in injuries and 380,200 total residential building fires. On average, someone is injured in a residential building fire every 44 minutes."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2017-07
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Cooking Fires in Residential Buildings (2014-2016)
From the Document: "Each year, from 2014 to 2016, fire departments responded to an estimated average of 188,800 cooking fires in residential buildings across the nation. These fires resulted in an annual average of 195 deaths, 3,800 injuries and $463 million in property loss. [...] From 2014 to 2016, cooking was, by far, the leading cause of all residential building fires and accounted for 50 percent of all residential building fires responded to by fire departments across the nation. Additionally, cooking was the leading cause of all residential building fire injuries."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2018-12
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Fire Risk in 2017
From the Document: "This topical fire report explores fire risk as it applies to fire casualties in the U.S. population and is an update to 'Fire Risk in 2016,' Volume 19, Issue 6. The focus is on how fire risk, specifically the risks of death or injury, varies with age and how other demographic factors weigh upon that risk."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2019-09
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National Fire Estimation Using NFIRS Data White Paper
From the Overview: "This white paper presents two methodologies to derive a national estimate for the total number of fire incidents in the U.S. using the incident data submitted to the NFIRS [National Fire Incident Reporting System]. The 2010 validated fire incident data from the NFIRS was used as the basis. There were several reasons for this choice. First, at the time of the initial study in 2012, it was the most recent NFIRS fire incident data available. Second, in using the 2010 NFIRS data, there would be no lag between the population characteristics collected from the 2010 Census and the 2010 fire incidents as reported in the NFIRS. Lastly, demographic data at appropriate geographic levels was available for geographies in 2010. A subsequent application of the methodology to 2009 and 2011 NFIRS fire incident data was undertaken to assess the robustness of the methodology."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2017-05
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Topical Fire Report Series: Residential Building Garage Fires (2009-2011), (Volume 14 Issue 12)
From the Document: "From 2009 to 2011, an estimated 6,600 residential building fires originating in attached garages were reported by U.S. fire departments annually. These fires caused an estimated 30 deaths, 400 injuries and $457 million in property damage. Residential building garage fires accounted for about 2 percent of all residential building fires reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) from 2009 to 2011. In NFIRS, residential building garage fires are defined as those fires where the property use was reported to be residential, and the area of fire origin was noted to be a vehicle storage area (i.e., garage or carport). Therefore, this report focuses on garages that are physically attached to the residence."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2013-11
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Topical Fire Report Series: Multiple-Fatality Fires in Residential Buildings (2009-2011), (Volume 14 Issue 6)
From the Document: "These topical reports are designed to explore facets of the U.S. fire problem as depicted through data collected in the U.S. Fire Administration's National Fire Incident Reporting System. Each topical report briefly addresses the nature of the specific fire or fire-related topic, highlights important findings from the data, and may suggest other resources to consider for further information. Also included are recent examples of fire incidents that demonstrate some of the issues addressed in the report or that put the report topic in context."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2013-07
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Fire Safety for Older Adults
From the Document: "As we grow older, our bodies change. Poor eyesight, loss of hearing, arthritis, dementia and side effects from medicine can make it more difficult to react to a fire. We need to consider these changes and how they may affect our abilities. In comparison to the population at large, starting at age 65, people are twice as likely to be killed or injured by fires. This booklet is designed to help you learn about fire safety."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2018-10
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Fire Department Overall Run Profile as Reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (2019)
From the Document: "Topical reports are designed to explore facets of the U.S. fire problem as depicted through data collected in the U.S. Fire Administration's National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). Each topical report briefly addresses the nature of the specific fire or fire-related topic, highlights important findings from the data, and may suggest other resources to consider for further information. [...] Fire departments provide invaluable services to communities nationwide. They respond to all types of emergency situations involving fires, explosions, rescues, medical emergencies, hazardous conditions, natural disasters and false alarms. They also respond to nonemergency service calls and good intent calls. Often, what is described to dispatchers does not reflect the actual incident type; nevertheless, fire departments are trained and prepared to respond to a wide variety of situations. To understand the fire department's full role in a community, this topical report profiles fire department run activity as reflected in the 2019 NFIRS data. In 2019, fire departments across the U.S. responded to 28,534,400 calls as reported to the NFIRS. This count reflects a 6% increase in the number of calls (26,880,800) reported to the NFIRS in 2017, the latest year in which these data were examined."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2021-05
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Northern Illinois University Shooting: Dekalb, Illinois: February 14, 2008
"On February 14, 2008, less than 1 year after a senior at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) murdered 32 people and committed suicide, the campus community at Northern Illinois University (NIU), in DeKalb, Illinois, faced a similar horror. A former NIU graduate student walked onto the stage of a large lecture hall and began firing on startled students and faculty. […] The fire/EMS, university police, and university events management partners had worked together frequently in planned and unplanned events, so Command and control procedures were well practiced. They also had studied the official report on the Virginia Tech shootings and had integrated the lessons learned enumerated in that report into the university's and the City of DeKalb's emergency response plans, especially from the chapters that reported on the law enforcement and EMS response to that April 16, 2007 incident. The value of that report, their training, and their joint planning was apparent in the excellent response to Cole Hall. The DeKalb Fire Department has stated they hope that what they discovered from their internal debriefings and reports can add to the lessons that were documented from Virginia Tech so that the body of experience can expand to include this most recent tragedy and help other universities, law enforcement agencies, and fire departments as the Virginia Tech report helped them. The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) is pleased to enable the sharing of information from the NIU shooting with emergency response organizations nationwide."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Stambaugh, Hollis
2008-02
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Emergency Vehicle Visibility and Conspicuity Study
"This report, produced in partnership between the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) and the International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA), with support from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), National Institute of Justice (NIJ), analyzes emergency vehicle visibility and conspicuity with an eye toward expanding efforts in these areas to improve vehicle and roadway operations safety for all emergency responders. Emphasis in this report is placed on passive visibility/conspicuity treatments; additional studies are underway on active technologies such as emergency vehicle warning lighting systems. […] Over the past decade, numerous law enforcement officers, firefighters, and emergency medical services (EMS) workers were injured or killed along roadways throughout the United States. In 2008, as with the prior 10 years, more law enforcement officers died in traffic-related incidents than from any other cause; National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial over the past 12 years, an average of one officer per month was struck and killed by a vehicle in the United States. Preliminary firefighter fatality statistics for 2008 reflect 29 of 114 firefighters killed on duty perished in motor vehicle crashes, similar to figures posted in previous years. According to a 2002 study that aggregated data from several independent sources, at least 67 EMS providers were killed in ground transportation-related events over the 6 years from 1992 to 1997. These sobering facts clearly demonstrate the importance of addressing vehicle characteristics and human factors for reducing the morbidity and mortality of public safety personnel operating along the Nation's highways and byways."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2009-08
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Fire in the United States 2003-2007: Fifteenth Edition
"The National Fire Data Center (NFDC) of the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) periodically publishes Fire in the United States, a statistical overview of the fires in the United States with the focus on the latest year in which data were available at the time of preparation. This report is designed to equip the fire service and others with information that motivates corrective action, sets priorities, targets specific fire programs, serves as a model for State and local analyses of fire data, and provides a baseline for evaluating programs. This Fifteenth Edition covers the 5-year period of 2003 to 2007 with a primary focus on 2007. Only native National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) 5.0 data are used for NFIRS-based analyses. In 2007, the native NFIRS 5.0 data account for 98 percent of the fire incident data. The report addresses the overall national fire problem. Detailed analyses of the residential and non-residential fire problem, firefighter casualties, and other subsets of the national fire problem are not included. These topic-specific analyses are addressed as separate, stand-alone publications. The primary source of data is from NFIRS. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) annual survey results, mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), data from State Fire Marshals' offices or their equivalents, population data from the U.S. Census Bureau, and inflation adjustments from the Bureau of Labor Statistic's Consumer Price Index also are used."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2009-10
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Are We Ready? Small Town Preparedness for Large Scale Emergencies
"The City of Waycross, Georgia, is no different than any other community in Georgia or the United States when it comes to potential large scale emergencies/events and preparing for them. The problem is that the plans in place to handle these emergencies are based on training methods geared towards medium to large communities that have personnel and equipment to handle larger scale emergencies. The purpose of this research was to determine if the current training methods and curriculum used to train emergency workers for large scale emergencies/events was adequately meeting the needs of the Waycross Fire Department and City of Waycross, Georgia. The descriptive method was used to answer the following questions: a) What training is available and required for emergency responders on large scale incidents? b) Do emergency responders feel that the training provided adequately prepares their local emergency responders for large scale emergencies? c) What funding is available for training? d) What resource options are available to other small towns in emergency situations? e) What changes, if any, should be made to current training to address small town preparedness? The procedures used in this research consisted of literature review, tow surveys, internet search, emails, and interviews. The results clearly showed that Waycross needs to tailor the available training to meet the needs of its community."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Eddins, David E.
2009-10
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Socioeconomic Factors and the Incidence of Fire
"Over the past 100 years, the risk of fire in America's homes has decreased dramatically. Myriad changes have helped make us safer, including the adoption and enforcement of building codes, changes in the way we heat our homes and cook food, and widespread use of smoke detectors. Still, each year in the U.S. there are over 400,000 fires in residential structures, and these fire kill and injure many people. Between 1983 and 1990, an average of 74 percent of all fire deaths occurred in residential fires, as did an average of 66 percent of all fire injuries. However, research indicates that the risk of a fire in the home is not the same for everyone. Climate, building stock characteristics, and human factors importantly influence fire rates. This working paper concentrates on the last two categories, building stock characteristics and human factors. The intent is to identify socioeconomic factors that influence the complex and varied relationships between buildings, humans, and the occurrence of residential fires."
United States Fire Administration; National Fire Data Center (U.S.)
1997-06
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Emerging Health and Safety Issues Among Women in the Fire Service
From the Introduction: "For over 200 years, women have been firefighting in the United States. Stories of individual women serving in the 19th and early 20th centuries eventually grew to all-female volunteer fire companies in the 1910s. World War II led to an influx of women filling the needs of the volunteer fire service as existing male firefighters left to serve in the war. After the war, women began getting paid for their firefighting work, but it was not until the mid-1970s that women entered into career fire suppression roles. It was around this time that women began to integrate more into local fire departments and work alongside their male peers. African-American women also became career firefighters in the 1970s (Floren, 2007)."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2019-03
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Emergency Incident Rehabilitation [1992]
"The United States Fire Administration (USFA), in an effort to reduce the incidence of
emergency responder injury and death, has developed this sample Emergency
Incident Rehabilitation Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). This SOP outlines the responsibilities of incident commanders, supervisors, and personnel; identifies the components of Rehabilitation Area establishment; and provides Rehabilitation guidelines. A sample Emergency Incident Rehabilitation Report form is also included. The purpose of this guise is to ensure that the physical and mental condition of members operating at the scene of an emergency or a training exercise does not deteriorate to a point that affects the safety of each member or that jeopardizes the safety and integrity of the operation."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1992-07
