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Coffee Break Training: Inspection Techniques: Electrical 'Classified Locations': Class II and III Examples (Part 6)
"Hazardous area classification should be performed by knowledgeable and qualified experts. [...] In determining the proper classification of an area, the quantity of combustible dust that may be present and the adequacy of dust removal systems are factors that are considered when determining the classification, and may result in an unclassified area. Where products such as seed are handled in a manner that produces low quantities of dust, the amount of dust deposited may not warrant classification."
United States Fire Administration
2011-06-14
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Coffee Break Training: Inspection Techniques: Electrical 'Classified Locations': Flammable Vapors and Gases (Part 3)
"Last week's Coffee Break Training explained the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70®, 'National Electrical Code'® three hazard classes for electrical wiring and equipment, and this week it will begin to explain the corresponding 'divisions' for flammable vapors and gases."
United States Fire Administration
2011-05-24
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Coffee Break Training: Transforming Your Department's Response with Electronic Pre-Incident Planning
"Pre-incident plans (such as site plans, floor plans, hazardous materials (hazmat) information, lists and locations of persons with special needs, structure and construction types, hydrant and Geographic Information System (GIS) maps, utility shutoff locations, etc.) are designed to maximize performance at any response. They familiarize first responders with the critical building features they need to reduce risk for themselves and the citizens they protect, in addition to mitigating potential property damage. Not only does International Fire Code (1408.2) require any building under construction to have a full prefire plan, but National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1620, Recommended Practice for Pre-Incident Planning states that 'a pre-incident plan is one of the most valuable tools available for aiding responding personnel in effectively controlling an emergency.' The impact that an up-to-date and readily accessible preplan has on command is immeasurable. In addition to aiding situational awareness and deployment, a first responder who has pre-incident plan information is better prepared to handle the intangibles that any incident might present. Pre-incident plans and the critical facility information they contain should reflect current conditions. Thorough pre-incident planning is a great deal more than compiling a binder of old drawings and plans. It's about information gathering and analysis, an application of possible scenarios for planning, training, review, and, in the event of an incident, application."
United States Fire Administration
2012-04-26
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Coffee Break Training: Portable Extinguishers: Clean Agents for Streaming Applications
"Clean agents are used in total flooding applications, where the agent completely fills a room to a desired concentration level, and in streaming applications, where the agent discharges from a hand-held or wheeled extinguisher. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, defines 'clean agents' as 'electrically non-conducting, volatile, or gaseous fire extinguishants that do not leave a residue upon evaporation.' Clean agents are effective for use on Class A, B, and C fires and are available from numerous portable fire extinguisher manufacturers in various sizes and Underwriters Laboratories (UL) ratings. In addition to being effective extinguishants, the biggest value of clean agents is that they do not cause any additional post-fire collateral damage. This is particularly important when dealing with sensitive electronic equipment and other high-value assets. Clean agents have proven effective in extinguishing fire in computer and data center operations, telecommunication control hubs, laboratory environments, libraries and museums, and other environments where the use of water or solid, powder-based extinguishing agents could cause secondary damage equal to or exceeding that caused by the fire itself. Another significant advantage of clean agents is that they help limit business interruption and equipment downtime. In these cases of opportunity cost, the positive financial impact of the clean agent can outweigh higher upfront investment costs."
United States Fire Administration
2012-08-07
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Clothes Dryer Fires in Residential Buildings (2008-2010)
"For many households and other establishments, the clothes dryer is an indispensable convenience and necessity. However, damaging fires can occur if clothes dryers are not properly installed and maintained. Eighty-four percent of clothes dryer fires that occurred in buildings took place in residential buildings. Because the residential building portion of these fires predominates, the primary focus of this analysis addresses the characteristics of clothes dryer fires in residential buildings reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). The focus is on fires reported from 2008 to 2010, the most recent data available at the time of this analysis. From 2008 to 2010, fire departments responded to an estimated 2,900 clothes dryer fires in residential buildings each year across the Nation. These fires resulted in an annual average loss of 5 deaths, 100 injuries, and $35 million in property loss. For the purpose of this report, the term 'clothes dryer fires' is synonymous with 'clothes dryer fires in residential buildings.' 'Clothes dryer fires' is used throughout the body of this report; the findings, tables, charts, headings, and footnotes reflect the full category, 'clothes dryer fires in residential buildings.'"
United States Fire Administration
2012-08
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Coffee Break Training: Property Protection or Life Safety Sprinklers
"People often assume that because a building is equipped with automatic fire sprinklers they are designed for all hazards. Sprinklers designed for property protection have different operating characteristics from those designed for life safety. Sprinklers intended for property protection must meet the performance standards established in Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Standard 199 'Automatic Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service.' Their discharge pattern is designed for fire control or suppression by wetting adjacent combustibles to keep the fire from spreading or, in the case of Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) sprinklers discharging an adequate volume and pres¬sure to extinguish a fire before it spreads. Sprinklers meeting UL Standard 199 can be used in systems designed in accordance with NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 13 or 13-R for those spaces not normally considered 'residential,' such as storage, equipment, or mechanical rooms. Sprinklers for life safety must meet the stringent requirements of UL Standard 1626, 'Residential Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service.' While they also are considered to be fire control mode sprinklers, their discharge pattern and Response Time Index (RTI), make them suitable for installation in NFPA 13-R and 13-D design residential occupancies."
United States Fire Administration
2007-01-23
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Coffee Break Training: Structural Alterations
"Every year, several firefighters are killed in the line of duty as the result of construction-related failures. Many of these deaths may be prevented if inspectors or firefighters can identify potential structural trouble spots and have them corrected before disasters occur. The illustration shows a prefabricated wooden I-joist that has been cut to provide space for the steel air duct. While it may seem like a minor alteration, the work has potentially compromised the structural integrity of the floor that the I-joist is supporting. Building codes typically establish the minimum structural requirements for construction. The structural capacities and designs for prefabricated wooden I-joists must be in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard D 5055, 'Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists'. Wood I-joist manufacturers provide contractor guidance for their products to assure that they are installed in accordance with their testing and listings to maintain structural integrity. Generally, I-joists may be field-cut to fit the correct length, but otherwise cutting the flanges is never recommended. The I-joists are manufactured with knock-outs to allow pipes and wires to pass through the solid web."
United States Fire Administration
2007-02-06
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Coffee Break Training: Temporary Construction Heating
"During construction or cold weather, contractors often use portable LPG [liquefied petroleum gas] heating units to dry wallboard compound, interior finishes, or simply to keep their workers warm. Since LPG is a fire hazard due to its flammability and vapor density (about 1.6 times heavier than air), LPG containers used indoors must be regulated for safety. Cylinders used indoors must not exceed 245 pounds water capacity (about 100 pounds LPG capacity) each. The aggregate LPG amount is not regulated unless cylinders are manifolded to supply a single heater. When used indoors, cylinders with propane capacities greater than 2 pounds water capacity must have a manual shutoff valve and an excess-flow valve for vapor release. Cylinder valves must be protected from damage. Containers having water capacities greater than 2.7 pounds and connected for use should be located on a solid, level surface. If necessary, cylinders should be secured to prevent falling or tipping. Cylinders must meet Federal Department of Transportation specifications, including marking with contents-identifying labels."
United States Fire Administration
2007-02-13
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Coffee Break Training: Secured Assembly Seating
"The accompanying picture illustrates a common public seating arrangement in a large place of assembly without fixed seats. If all these loose seats were occupied and an emergency occurred, the potential is high that escaping persons would scatter chairs in their haste to leave, thereby creating obstructions to smooth and timely egress. To minimize the likelihood that seats will be disturbed and disrupt egress paths, the model fire codes require that in places of public assembly without ramped or tiered floors and with more than 200 seats, the chairs should be secured together in groups of at least three or they should be secured to the floor. The NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] codes do not require that more than seven chairs be bonded to one another. Securing the seats together is intended to make it less likely chairs will be scattered, and more likely that occupants will follow the defined egress patterns. The joined or bonded seats must be installed with aisles and cross aisles leading to exits in accordance with the codes. The dimensions for these aisles, and the required distance between the front of one seat and the back of another, depend upon the number of seats and whether occupants have two means of access to the aisles."
United States Fire Administration
2007-02-27
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Coffee Break Training: O-Ring Sprinkler Replacement Efforts
"In July 2001, Central Sprinkler Company, an affiliate of TYCO Fire Products LP of Lansdale, PA, in cooperation with the Unites States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) announced a recall to replace 65 different models of Central type sprinkler heads--using O-ring type water seals--totaling approximately 35 million Central fire sprinklers. Under certain circumstances, especially with lower water pressures, these sprinklers may fail to operate during a fire. Unfortunately, not all of these sprinklers have been replaced and there are many still putting lives and property at risk. These O-ring model sprinklers were installed in a wide variety of buildings including homes, apartments, hospitals, day-care facilities, schools, dormitories, nursing homes, supermarkets, hotels, parking garages, warehouses, and office buildings. In addition, they may be concealed-- by design--with a ceiling plate to appear more aesthetically pleasing."
United States Fire Administration
2006-01-16
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Coffee Break Training: Exit Door Clear Opening Width
"For many business owners, the threat of break-in or robbery is more immediate to them than the likelihood of a fire. As a result, inspectors will find many creative ways that owners try to enhance their business security, but that end up being clear violations of the fire safety regulations. This picture illustrates an all-too-common problem. For reinforcement to the panic hardware locking device, the owner has installed a homemade security bar assembly across the door. A metal bar laid across the padded angled brackets holds the door shut so it can't be yanked open from the outside. The angled brackets protrude 10 inches from the face of the door. All of the model fire and building codes limit the amount the door may project into the required egress width to 7 inches when the door is fully open. For example, if the required exit width is 32 net inches, it may be reduced to 25 inches when the door is fully open, not 22 inches as this arrangement shows."
United States Fire Administration
2007-03-06
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Coffee Break Training: Preventing Freeze-up Impairments
"The student shall be able to list several actions needed to avoid freeze-up emergencies in water-based fire protection systems. With the northern hemisphere in the middle of winter, sustained cold weather creates potential problems like this severely ice-damaged outside stem and yoke valve that was left in the open position when the building heat was turned off."
United States Fire Administration
2007-02-20
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Coffee Break Training: Temporary Standpipe Systems
"Tall buildings under construction provide many challenges for responding firefighters. Site access may be poor, water supplies may not be fully developed or easily available, construction equipment and debris may be in the way on the ground and on each floor under construction, and simply finding one's way around the job site may be difficult. The model fire codes require that temporary standpipe systems be provided so fire fighters have one more tool to make their jobs easier."
United States Fire Administration
2007-01-30
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Coffee Break Training: Aging Smoke Alarms
"Single-station residential smoke alarms, like almost any other electronic products, have an expected useful life span. Since the early days of residential smoke alarms, this life cycle has been 10 years. Once these devices reach this age their ability to function reliably declines substantially. NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 72, 'National Fire Alarm Code' requires these devices to be replaced at 10 years of age or when they become inoperable, whichever comes first. Beginning in 1999, Underwriters Laboratories (UL) required the manufacturing date code on the back of the device to be printed in plain English. Smoke alarms manufactured before 1999 may have plain English or 'coded' manufacture dates. This information may appear on the back of the device, on the face of the horn, in the battery compartment or on the top sensing chamber. The labeling requirement appears in Chapter 11 of NFPA 72, 'National Fire Alarm Code', 2002 Edition. Code enforcement personnel who can readily decipher these date codes can identify those smoke alarms that are due for replacement."
United States Fire Administration
2007-03-27
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Coffee Break Training: Power-Limited and Nonpower-Limited Circuits
"While NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 72, 'National Fire Alarm Code' establishes standards for the design, installation and maintenance of fire detection and alarm systems, it is NFPA 70, 'National Electrical Code' (NEC), that prescribes the rules for point-to-point wiring in a fire protection signaling system. Article 760 provides detailed requirements for wire types permitted in fire alarm systems, and Article 770 provides rules for optical fiber cables. NEC Article 760 applies to all the wiring between the 'load side of the overcurrent protection device (circuit breaker) or the power-limited supply (battery) and all connected equipment.' There are two types of fire alarm system circuits: power-limited and nonpower-limited. The purpose for identifying the different circuits is to specify the appropriately rated wire, as well as provide protection so high voltage conductors are not inadvertently connected to low voltage ones. The result could be an accidental electrocution or destruction of the fire alarm system."
United States Fire Administration
2007-03-20
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Coffee Break Training: Means of Egress Illumination
"The means of egress walking paths through a building must be illuminated at all times the building space served by that means of egress is occupied. The lighting requirements are intended to provide the minimum illumination needed for a person to navigate through a building under all conditions, so that person doesn't bump into objects or trip and fall over unseen obstructions. Generally, the minimum required illumination in the means of egress is one foot-candle (or lux in SI units). Originally the 'foot-candle' was the luminance at 1 foot from a standard candle, then at 1 foot from an international candle. It was then defined as the luminance produced by 1 lumen of 'luminous flux' evenly distributed over a square foot. It is measured using a standard light meter employed for incident light measurement. The major model codes have one major difference in the requirements for illumination of new stairs. The NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] codes require new stairs to have not less than 10 foot-candles of illumination on the walking surface when the stairs are in use."
United States Fire Administration
2007-03-13
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Coffee Break Training: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
"The tiny hole in the rolled groove in this picture is a sprinkler fitter's nightmare: a small leak that potentially causes water damage to the building or contents where the sprinkler system is installed. This leak was caused by Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC), also known as bio-corrosion. It is the result of the metabolic action of microbial cells in contact with a metal surface, and can cause pitting, crevice corrosion, selective de-alloying, stress corrosion cracking, and deposit corrosion. Iron-oxidizing bacteria, such as Gallionella, Sphaerotilus, Leptothrix, and Crenothrix, are the leading sources of MIC.The microorganisms get into the fire sprinkler piping system through the water supply. The organisms are aerobic (oxygen consuming) and develop clusters that live off the oxygen in the water or air in a dry-pipe system. Once these microbial clusters develop, anaerobic organisms continue to grow in the stagnant water without oxygen. Periodic sprinkler system flow tests and other activations introduce fresh water--and fresh oxygen--that spurs the growth of the oxygen-dependent MIC organisms. This is one reason NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 13, 'Installation of Automatic Sprinkler Systems', does not require that an inspector's test outlet be located on a remote branch line in a wet-pipe sprinkler system: the fresh incoming water brings additional oxygen to the microbes."
United States Fire Administration
2008-05-13
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Coffee Break Training: Through-Penetration Firestop Systems
"Today's picture illustrates a common problem with through-penetration firestop systems: improper installation that renders the system ineffective. Through-penetration firestop systems (caulk, pillows, protective wraps) must be installed in fire-resistance-rated assemblies to stop the passage of dangerous combustion products and maintain the integrity of the wall or ceiling in which they are installed. Some of these products involve fairly sophisticated installation procedures that must be followed exactly if the material is expected to act as designed. Penetrations for pipe, tube, conduit, wires, ducts, and other equipment must be cleaned, properly prepared, and then sealed in accordance with strict manufacturer's recommendations. Substituting materials different from the manufacturer's specifications, or installing the firestop products differently from what the manufacturer requires should not be done unless specifically permitted by a product's listing."
United States Fire Administration
2008-06-10
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Coffee Break Training: Flame Treatments for Tents, Canopies, and Membrane Structures
"The horrific 1944 Ringling Brothers circus tent fire in Hartford, Connecticut killed 168 persons. The tent had been waterproofed by a mixture of paraffin and gasoline, a common technique of the era. Nowadays, though, we are much more cognizant of the fire risks associated with tents, canopies, and membrane structures, and the model fire codes establish minimum flame-resistance standards for these fabric structures. NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 701, 'Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films', is referenced in the model codes as the means for measuring fabric fire-retardant performance. NFPA 701 provides two test protocols and should be referenced for complete details of test apparatus, conditions, and outcomes. These tests should be performed by qualified, competent persons, and fire code officials should request test certificates to verify the fabric's fire-retardant characteristics."
United States Fire Administration
2008-04-29
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Coffee Break Training: Fire Door Releasing Mechanisms
"Automatic releasing mechanisms for fire door assemblies and other opening protectives must be installed where they will be most effective to release the door as soon as possible. Smoke detectors, heat detectors, fusible links, flame detectors, or other devices (or a combination) can be used to release fire door assemblies. Release devices also may be part of an overall system, such as a fire alarm, water flow alarm, or carbon dioxide release system that releases the door. When smoke detectors are used, they should be located in accordance with NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 72, 'National Fire Alarm Code'. Wall-mounted detectors should be located between 4 and 12 inches (102 to 305 mm) below the ceiling, and ceiling-mounted detectors at least 4 inches (102 mm) from the nearest wall. Detectors and their components should be installed in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions. Unless otherwise acceptable to the code official, heat detectors or fusible links should be installed on both sides of the wall, connected to one another so that the operation of any single detector or fusible link causes the door to close. Where fusible links are used, one fusible link should be located near the top of the opening, and additional links shall be located at or near the ceiling on each side of the wall. NFPA 80, 'Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives', provides diagrams to illustrate unusual or asymmetric wall, ceiling, and soffit configurations."
United States Fire Administration
2008-06-03
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Coffee Break Training: Plastics (Part I: Introduction to Plastics)
"Plasticized materials play an important part in our daily lives. Many products we use regularly are made of one or more plastic components. We often discuss how plastics affect fire behavior, but what exactly are 'plastics'? Today's Coffee Break Training is the first of a five-part series discussing plastics and their influence on fire protection. 'Plastics' are materials made from petroleum stock, and are capable of being molded, extruded, or cast into various shapes. There are many different kinds of plastic made from different combinations of compounds. Any material made of polymeric organic compounds and additives that can be shaped by flow."
United States Fire Administration
2008-06-17
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Coffee Break Training: Stock of Spare Sprinklers
"While automatic sprinklers have an enviable record of reliability against accidental discharges, occasional physical damage and small fires may require that one or more sprinklers be replaced on short notice. Rather than shutting down a facility's fire protection and leaving an entire property unprotected, NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 13, 'Installation of Automatic Sprinkler Systems', addresses the problem by requiring a stock of spare sprinklers be kept on the premises for prompt replacement. NFPA 13 requires that a supply of at least six spare sprinklers be maintained on the premises so that any sprinklers that have operated or been damaged in any way can be replaced promptly. The sprinklers must correspond to the types and temperature ratings of the sprinklers in the property, so if there are standard spray uprights, quick response pendants and Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) like those pictured, a representative inventory of each must be provided."
United States Fire Administration
2008-05-27
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Coffee Break Training: Inspecting Sprinkler Alarm Valves
"Look closely at the photograph, and you'll see where the sprinkler service technician left this wet-pipe sprinkler system in a condition where a waterflow alarm could not be transmitted. The plumbing arrangement in the picture, called 'trim,' is connected to a wet-pipe alarm check valve. The small diameter pipe allows water to flow automatically from the alarm check valve to the black retard chamber before contacting the water pressure flow alarm that is mounted on the top of the retard chamber. The trim also provides a means to manually test the water flow alarm."
United States Fire Administration
2008-04-22
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Coffee Break Training: Sprinkler Problems
"Today's photograph illustrates what may be an impending problem: a water leak or sprinkler failure that will result in significant and unexpected damage to the contents of this walk-in freezer. The orange hue in the water droplets suggests this is a problem with the iron pipe connecting the sprinkler, and not the sprinkler itself, but that can be determined only by closer inspection and repair or replacement. NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 25, 'Standard for the Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems', requires that sprinklers be inspected annually as part of the overall sprinkler system inspection process."
United States Fire Administration
2008-05-20
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Coffee Break Training: Sprinkler Field Service Tests
"Automatic fire sprinklers must be replaced or field tested once they have been in service number of years. The tests are conducted by a recognized testing laboratory to that the aging sprinklers will perform as they were intended to do when they were manufactured."
United States Fire Administration
2008-05-06
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Coffee Break Training: Electrical Bonding
"When volatile Class I flammable liquids are poured or dispensed through air, they accumulate a static charge that--under certain conditions--can ignite the liquid with catastrophic results. This static accumulation is the result of differences in electrical potential between the dispensing and the receiving vessels. To equalize the electrical potential and remove the risk of static discharge, the two vessels should be bonded together when the liquid is transferred. Generally, this is done with a bonding cable similar to the one in the photograph. Bonding cables must be durable and of low electrical resistance. Bonding conductor connections must be direct and positive. For portable equipment, uninsulated copper or stainless steel aviation-type flexible cable and single-point clamps like the one pictured should be used. These clamps will make contact with metal surfaces through most paint, rust, and surface contaminants. The single-point clamps are superior to the battery-type and 'alligator'-type clamps for making direct contact."
United States Fire Administration
2008-03-25
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Coffee Break Training: Composite Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs)
"Composite IBCs [Intermediate Bulk Container] have become a popular container for the transportation and storage of combustible liquids. The term 'composite' refers to multiple materials of construction, typically polyethylene (inner container) and steel (outer system). The term 'Intermediate Bulk Container' refers to a container with capacity between 60 and 793 gallons (227 to 3000 L). Typical composite IBCs consist of a 275-gallon (1040 L) plastic bottle surrounded by steel tube grids with an integral pallet."
United States Fire Administration
2008-04-01
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Coffee Break Training: Fire Lane Identification
"The model fire codes require fire apparatus access roads be provided for new buildings and facilities. The roads must be installed so firefighters can maneuver large and heavy fire apparatus to a position where they can be operated effectively and safely. Often these access roads may be used in conjunction with other site development features such as parking lots, delivery zones, staging areas, and even pedestrian walkways. As a result, important fire apparatus access may be compromised by parked vehicles, outdoor storage, retail displays, or other obstructions. The model codes authorize the local fire official to specify fire lane and access road markings to discourage parking and impediments. The 'International Fire Code' contains specifics in one of its appendices how this is to be done, while NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 1, 'Uniform Fire Code' leaves the details to the local jurisdiction."
United States Fire Administration
2008-04-15
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Coffee Break Training: Explosive Storage in Magazines
"The past few weeks Coffee Break Training has explored requirements related to explosive magazines and explosive storage. This week, we describe where explosives, explosive materials, and pyrotechnic devices (fireworks) must be stored. Explosive materials are classified by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) in accordance with Title 18 United States Code, 'Importation, Manufacture, Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials' and the hazardous materials regulations of Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The materials are assigned a United Nations/DOT 'Division' number based on their relative hazards. Magazines are categorized by 'types' depending upon their construction, features, use, location, and the type of explosive materials they will contain. Magazines must be constructed in accordance with the requirements of NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 495, 'Explosive Materials Code'; NFPA 1124, 'Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, and Retail Sale of Fireworks and Pyrotechnic Article's; or U.S. Department of Treasury 27 CFR 55, 'Commerce in Explosives'."
United States Fire Administration
2008-03-11
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Coffee Break Training: Explosives Magazines
"Due to their dangerous properties, explosives must be stored in secure areas protected from fire, weather, theft, bullets, and other hazards. The most common storage method is to place the explosives in a magazine. Magazines are categorized by 'types' depending upon their construction, features, use, location, and the type of explosive materials they will contain. Magazines must be constructed in accordance with the requirements of NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 495, 'Explosive Materials Code'; NFPA 1124, 'Code for the Manufacture', 'Transportation, Storage, and Retail Sale of Fireworks and Pyrotechnic Articles'; or U.S. Department of Treasury 27 CFR 55, 'Commerce in Explosives'."
United States Fire Administration
2008-02-26
