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EMS Safety Practices [April 2022]
From the Document: "Merriam-Webster defines safety as 'the condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury, or loss' (n.d.). Safety is important to all aspects of life to reduce risk of injury and death, but it is especially important for first responders. EMS [emergency medical services] practitioners work on the frontlines of emergencies and disasters where situations change quickly and an element of danger or uncertainty is already present. As a result, it is crucial that EMS providers think of safety frequently and plan in advance to handle various situations. [...] Many organizations and regulatory agencies develop and provide guidelines, standards and protocols for EMS safety. Some of these agencies include the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA), the U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF), the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC), the National Volunteer Fire Council (NVFC), the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians (NAEMT), as well as many others. Some of the policies developed by these organizations are guidelines, while others are legally binding. It is important that EMS department leaders follow changes in safety standards and requirements closely. Potential areas for change may include updating protocols, providing newly required equipment or delivering required training for personnel."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2022-04
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Interviews with USFA Leadership [audio]
From the Webpage: "On the first episode of The USFA [U.S. Fire Administration] Podcast, U.S. Fire Administrator Dr. Lori Moore-Merrell and Deputy U.S. Fire Administrator Tonya Hoover discuss agency programs and their vision for the future." The duration of this audio is 25 minutes and 31 seconds.
United States Fire Administration
Moore-Merrell, Lori; Hoover, Tonya
2022-01-20
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Analysis of NFIRS Data for Selected Wildfires Including Impacts in Wildland Urban Interface Areas
From the Executive Summary: "This analysis compares the publicly reported loss metrics (e.g., deaths, injuries, dollar losses and acres burned) from media and government sources for 6 named wildfires between 2016 and 2018 with the data reported by local fire departments to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). The 6 wildfires were selected by the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) to reflect a diversity of wildland urban interface (WUI) conditions, land management responsibilities, locations, terrains and climates: [1] Chimney Tops 2, Tennessee, 2016. [2] Northwest Oklahoma Complex, Oklahoma/Kansas, 2017. [3] West Mims, Georgia/Florida, 2017. [4] Spring Creek, Colorado, 2018. [5] Woolsey, California (Southern), 2018. [6] Camp, California (Northern), 2018. Overall, the data in the NFIRS for these wildfires significantly understates the publicly reported losses except for acres burned, which was often overreported in the NFIRS[.]"
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2022-01
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Nonresidential Building Fires (2017-2019)
From the Document: "The U.S. Fire Administration's (USFA's) topical reports are designed to explore facets of the U.S. fire problem as depicted through data collected in the USFA's National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) from incidents reported by local response agencies. Each topical report briefly addresses the nature of the specific fire or fire-related topic, highlights important findings from the data, and may suggest other resources to consider for further information. Also included are recent examples of fire incidents that demonstrate some of the issues addressed in the report or that put the report topic in context. [...] [1] Each year from 2017 to 2019, an estimated average of 108,500 nonresidential building fires were reported to fire departments within the United States. These fires caused an estimated annual average of 90 deaths, 1,125 injuries and $2.8 billion in property loss. [2] National estimates for 2017 to 2019 show that nonresidential buildings accounted for 20% of the total dollar loss from all fires. [3] Nonresidential building fires increased by 8% from the previous 3-year period (2014 to 2016), when the estimated annual average of nonresidential building fires was 100,300."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2021-12
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Heating Fires in Residential Buildings (2017-2019)
From the Document: "From 2017 to 2019, heating fires in residential buildings accounted for an estimated annual average of 34,200 reported fires. These fires resulted in an estimated annual average of 165 deaths, 600 injuries and $367 million in property loss. The term 'heating fires' applies to those fires that are caused by central heating units, fixed or portable local heating units, fireplaces, heating stoves, chimneys, and water heaters. Previously, especially during the late 1970s and early 1980s, heating was, by far, the leading cause of residential building fires. Stimulated in part by an energy shortage, this surge in heating fires may be the result of the sudden increased use of alternative heating, particularly wood heating stoves and space heaters. Since then, the overall number of heating fires has substantially decreased. In 1983, there were 200,000 heating fires, but by 2015, that number had fallen to an estimated 41,200 heating fires and, by 2019, it fell even further to an estimated 33,100 heating fires (Table 1). Despite this decline, from 2017 to 2019, submitted incident reporting indicates heating remained the second leading cause and accounted for 9% of all residential building fires responded to by fire departments across the nation. As part of a series of topical reports that address fires in types of residential buildings, this report addresses the characteristics of residential building heating fires as reported to the NFIRS [National Fire Incident Reporting System]."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2021-12
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Portable Heater Fires in Residential Buildings (2017-2019)
From the Document: "From 2017 to 2019, portable heater fires in residential buildings -- a subset of heating fires in residential buildings -- accounted for an estimated annual average of 1,100 fires in the U.S. These fires resulted in an estimated annual average of 65 deaths, 150 injuries and $51 million in property loss. The term 'portable heater fires' applies to those fires that are caused by catalytic heaters, oil-filled heaters or other heaters, such as electric heaters, that are designed to be carried or moved for use in a variety of locations. Portable heaters are a subset of space heaters -- small heaters designed to heat specific areas or rooms of a building. While portable heater fires in residential buildings were only 3% of all heating fires in residential buildings, their consequences were substantial, accounting for 41% of fatal heating fires in residential buildings. Many of these fires were preventable, as human error was a contributing factor to the fire -- for example, placing the heater too close to combustible items or leaving the heater unattended. As part of a series of topical reports that addresses fires in types of residential buildings, this report addresses the characteristics of portable heater fires in residential buildings as reported to the NFIRS [National Fire Incident Reporting System]."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2021-12
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Topical Fire Report Series: Fire Risk in 2019 (Volume 21, Issue 8)
From the Document: "These topical reports are designed to explore facets of the U.S. fire problem. Each topical report briefly addresses the nature of the specific fire or fire-related topic, highlights important findings from the data, and may suggest other resources to consider for further information. [...] The risk of death or injury from fire is not the same for everyone. In 2019, fires caused 3,515 deaths and 16,600 injuries in the U.S. These casualties were not equally distributed across the U.S. population, and the resulting risk of death or injury from fire is not uniform -- it is more severe for some groups than for others. Much can be learned from understanding why different segments of society are at a heightened risk from the fire problem. This topical fire report explores fire risk as it applies to fire casualties in the U.S. population and is an update to 'Fire Risk in 2017,' Volume 20, Issue 3. The focus is on how fire risk, specifically the risks of death or injury, varies with age and how other demographic factors weigh upon that risk."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2021-10
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Multifamily Residential Building Fires (2017-2019)
From the Document: "This topical report is an update to the 'Multifamily Residential Building Fires (2013-2015)' (Volume 18, Issue 3) report, released in June 2017. As part of a series of topical reports that address fires in the major residential building types, the remainder of this report addresses the characteristics of multifamily residential building fires as reported to the NFIRS [National Fire Incident
Reporting System]. Comparisons to one- and two-family residential building fires are noted based on analyses from the 'One- and Two-Family Residential Building Fires (2017-2019)' (Volume 21, Issue 6) topical report. The focus is on fires reported from 2017 to 2019, the most current data available at the time of the analysis. Complete or full years of data are required for statistical analyses presented in these topical reports. Although the NFIRS data for a calendar year are often reported to the USFA [U.S. Fire Administration] throughout the year, fire departments and or states have until the official cutoff date as set forth by the National Fire Data Center to submit their data to the USFA. Typically, this cutoff date is July 1 after the end of the previous calendar year. [...] For this report, the terms 'residential fires' and 'multifamily fires' are synonymous with 'residential building fires' and 'multifamily residential building fires,' respectively. 'Multifamily fires' is used throughout the body of this report; the findings, tables, figures, headings and endnotes reflect the full category of 'multifamily residential building fires.'"
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2021-08
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One- and Two-Family Residential Building Fires (2017-2019)
From the Document: "This topical report is an update to the 'One- and Two-Family Residential Building Fires (2013-2015)' (Volume 18, Issue 2) report, which was released in June 2017. As part of a series of topical reports that address fires in the major residential building types, the remainder of this report addresses the characteristics of one- and two-family residential building fires as reported to NFIRS [National Fire Incident Reporting System]. This data is useful by itself and as a point of comparison with other residential building categories. Comparisons to multifamily residential building fires noted throughout the report are based on analyses from the 'Multifamily Residential Building Fires (2017-2019)' (Volume 21, Issue 7) topical report. The focus is on fires reported from 2017 to 2019, the most current data available at the time of the analysis. Complete or full years of data are required for statistical analyses presented in these topical reports. Although the NFIRS data for a calendar year are often reported to the USFA [U.S. Fire Administration] throughout the year, fire departments and or states have until the official cutoff date as set forth by the National Fire Data Center to submit their data to the USFA. Typically, this cutoff date is July 1 after the end of the previous calendar year."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2021-07
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Cooking Fires in Residential Buildings (2017-2019)
From the Document: "Each year, from 2017 to 2019, fire departments responded to an estimated average of 187,500 cooking fires in residential buildings across the nation. These fires resulted in an estimated annual average of 165 deaths, 3,325 injuries and $444 million in property loss. The estimated annual average of 187,500 cooking fires in residential buildings declined by less than 1% from the previous 3-year period (2014 to 2016) when the estimated annual average of cooking fires was 188,800. The term 'cooking fires' includes those fires that were caused by stoves, ovens, fixed and portable warming units, deep fat fryers, and open grills, as well as those fires that are confined to the cooking vessel. From 2017 to 2019, cooking was, by far, the leading cause of all residential building fires and accounted for 51% of all residential building fires responded to by fire departments across the nation. Additionally, cooking was the leading cause of all residential building fire injuries."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2021-07
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Civilian Fire Injuries in Residential Buildings (2017-2019)
From the Document: "By definition, civilian fire injuries involved people who were non-fatally injured as a result of a fire and were not on active duty with a firefighting organization. These injuries generally occurred from activities of fire control, escaping from the dangers of fire, or sleeping. Fires resulting in injuries were those where 1 or more injuries occurred. Although this report focuses on fire injuries and fires resulting in injuries, a fatal fire may be included if it also resulted in non-fatal civilian fire injuries. This topical fire report focuses on the characteristics of these injuries as reported to NFIRS [National Fire Incident Reporting System] from 2017 to 2019. NFIRS data are used for the analyses presented throughout this report."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2021-07
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Webinar: Arson During Civil Unrest -- An Unjustifiable Crime [video]
From the Video Description: "This Arson Awareness Week 2021 webinar contains 4 presentations that include discussion on historic civil unrest responses, mutual aid agreements, risk management, civil unrest response strategies, federal arson statutes and sentencing, and dealing with multiple scenes." The duration of this video is 1 hour, 33 minutes, and 59 seconds.
United States Fire Administration
2021-06-02
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Civilian Fire Fatalities in Residential Buildings (2017-2019)
From the Findings: "[1] Annually, from 2017 to 2019, an estimated 2,770 civilian fire fatalities resulted from 1,900 fatal fires in residential buildings. [2] From 2017 to 2019, civilian fire fatalities in residential buildings accounted for 77% of all estimated fire fatalities. [3] Thermal burns and smoke inhalation were the primary symptoms leading to death, accounting for 89% of all fatalities in residential building fires. [4] Bedrooms, at 50%, were the leading specific location where civilian fire fatalities occurred in residential buildings. [5] The time period from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. accounted for 49% of civilian fire fatalities in residential buildings. This period also accounted for 46% of fatal fires in residential buildings. [6] At the time of their deaths, 37% of fire victims in residential buildings were trying to escape; an additional 31% were sleeping. [7] 'Other unintentional, careless' actions (19%) and 'smoking' (13%) were the leading causes of fatal fires in residential buildings. [8] Males accounted for 58% of civilian fire fatalities in residential buildings; females accounted for 42% of civilian fire fatalities in residential buildings. [9] Adults aged 50 to 69 accounted for 36% of civilian fire fatalities in residential buildings. [10] Children less than 10 years old accounted for 10% of civilian fire fatalities in residential buildings."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2021-06
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Fire Department Overall Run Profile as Reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (2019)
From the Document: "Topical reports are designed to explore facets of the U.S. fire problem as depicted through data collected in the U.S. Fire Administration's National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). Each topical report briefly addresses the nature of the specific fire or fire-related topic, highlights important findings from the data, and may suggest other resources to consider for further information. [...] Fire departments provide invaluable services to communities nationwide. They respond to all types of emergency situations involving fires, explosions, rescues, medical emergencies, hazardous conditions, natural disasters and false alarms. They also respond to nonemergency service calls and good intent calls. Often, what is described to dispatchers does not reflect the actual incident type; nevertheless, fire departments are trained and prepared to respond to a wide variety of situations. To understand the fire department's full role in a community, this topical report profiles fire department run activity as reflected in the 2019 NFIRS data. In 2019, fire departments across the U.S. responded to 28,534,400 calls as reported to the NFIRS. This count reflects a 6% increase in the number of calls (26,880,800) reported to the NFIRS in 2017, the latest year in which these data were examined."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2021-05
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Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2019
From the Acknowledgments: "The ultimate objective of this report's effort is to reduce the number of firefighter deaths through an increased awareness and understanding of their causes and how they can be prevented. Firefighting, rescue and other types of emergency operations are essential activities in an inherently dangerous profession, and unfortunate tragedies do occur. These are the risks that all firefighters accept every time they respond to an emergency incident. However, the risks can be greatly reduced through efforts to improve training, emergency scene operations, and firefighter health and safety."
United States Fire Administration
2020-10
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Fire and Emergency Medical Services Response to Civil Unrest
From the Document: "Civil unrest may occur as a period of social upheaval, following sporting events or during periods of heightened community tension. Fire and emergency medical services (EMS) personnel will be called to respond to these incidents, placing themselves at higher than anticipated levels of risk. The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) and the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) Office of Emergency Medical Services (OEM) worked together to compile these best practices to assist you as you respond to civil unrest incidents in your community."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2020-06
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COVID-19: Considerations, Strategies, and Resources for Emergency Medical Services Crisis Standards of Care
From the Overview: "In response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, emergency medical services (EMS) agencies (EMS delivery models including but not limited to; free standing, third-service; fire-based, hospital-based, private, independent, volunteer, and related emergency medical service providers) may need to adjust operations and standards of care in order to preserve and effectively allocate limited EMS and healthcare system resources in the face of overwhelming demand due to the national pandemic response. This document provides an overview of general considerations, potential strategies, and existing resources that EMS agencies may use to inform changes to their operations and standards of care."
United States Fire Administration
2020-04-25
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Information for First Responders on Maintaining Operational Capabilities During a Pandemic (Revised March 2020)
From the Executive Summary: "First responders have a critical role in prehospital emergency care and must continue to provide this essential service and fill the many emergency response roles in a community. [...] During a severe pandemic, workloads will increase, and staff sizes will diminish as employees and their families become ill or are quarantined. Contingency planning can help reduce the worst impacts; smart planning can save lives. To help with planning for the impacts of a severe pandemic, this document provides the following kinds of information for first responders: [1] Potential ways to adjust operations to maintain readiness and response. [2] Potential ways for leaders in the first responder community to plan at the local level; including a planning tool for these efforts. [3] Present out-of-the-box planning and operations concepts to drive thought and discussion. [4] Reference sheets with discipline-specific potential action steps."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2020-03
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Fire in the United States 2008-2017, 20th Edition
From the Executive Summary: "The National Fire Data Center (NFDC) of the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) periodically publishes 'Fire in the United States,' a statistical overview of the fires in the United States, with the focus on the latest year in which data were available. This report provides the fire service and others with information that motivates corrective action, sets priorities, targets specific fire programs, serves as a model for state and local analyses of fire data, and provides a baseline for evaluating programs. [...] This 20th edition covers the 10-year period from 2008 to 2017, with a primary focus on 2017. The report addresses the overall national fire problem."
United States Fire Administration
2019-11
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Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2018
From the Introduction: "This report continues a series of annual studies began in 1986 by the USFA [U.S. Fire Administration] of on-duty firefighter fatalities in the U.S. The specific objective of this study is to identify all on-duty firefighter fatalities that occurred in the U.S. and its territories in 2018 and to analyze the circumstances surrounding each occurrence. The study is intended to help identify approaches that could reduce the number of firefighter deaths in future years."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency . . .
2019-09
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Fire Risk in 2017
From the Document: "This topical fire report explores fire risk as it applies to fire casualties in the U.S. population and is an update to 'Fire Risk in 2016,' Volume 19, Issue 6. The focus is on how fire risk, specifically the risks of death or injury, varies with age and how other demographic factors weigh upon that risk."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2019-09
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Fire-Related Firefighter Injuries Reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (2015-2017)
From the Document: "Annually, from 2015 to 2017, there were an estimated 63,000 firefighter injuries resulting from all types of fire department duties. Of these injuries, 25,975 occurred on the fireground or were considered to be fire related (includes structure fires, vehicle fires, outside fires, etc.). An additional 4,525 injuries occurred while responding to or returning from an incident, which includes, but is not limited to, fires. While the majority of injuries are minor, a significant number are debilitating and career ending. These injuries exact a great toll on the fire service. [...] This topical report addresses the details of firefighter injuries sustained at, responding to or returning from a fire incident, focusing on data as reported to the NFIRS [National Fire Incident Reporting System] from 2015 to 2017, the most recent data available at the time of the analysis."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2019-07
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Prepared and Resilient Fire and Emergency Medical Services: Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2019-2023
From the Document: "The following pages represent the newly revised strategic plan (2019-2023) for the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA). This plan is closely aligned with the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) Strategic Plan and depicts our revised vision, mission, strategic goals and objectives. [...] Our strategic direction began with a review of our vision and mission. We made some adjustments focused on the future of the fire and EMS [Emergency Medical Services]. Our new vision is a 'prepared and resilient fire and Emergency Medical Services'. This is our desired outcome for the men and women who selflessly serve. We revised our mission to 'support and strengthen fire and Emergency Medical Services and stakeholders to prepare for, prevent, mitigate and respond to all hazards'. This mission elevates the opportunity to achieve our described vision."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2019-06
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Wildland Urban Interface Fire Operational Requirements and Capability Analysis: Report of Findings
From the Executive Summary: "In December of 2017, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Administrator requested the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) research new and emerging technology that could be applied to wildland fire incident response, given the loss of life that occurred in California during the fall of 2017 in Santa Rosa and Ventura. [...] As a result, S&T formed an Integrated Project Team (IPT) and initiated the WUI [wildland urban interface] Fire Operational Requirements and Technology Capability Analysis Project. Over the course of the project, the IPT identified areas of innovation in wildland fire incident relating to wildland fire preparedness and mitigation and enhanced wildland fire suppression practices, including resistant infrastructure planning, building materials, and building codes."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate; United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2019-05-31
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Fire Department Overall Run Profile as Reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (2017)
"Fire departments provide invaluable services to communities nationwide. They respond to all types of emergency situations involving fires, explosions, rescues, medical emergencies, hazardous conditions, natural disasters and false alarms. They also respond to nonemergency service calls and good intent calls. Often, what is described to dispatchers does not reflect the actual incident type; nevertheless, fire departments are trained and prepared to respond to a wide variety of situations. To understand the fire department's full role in a community, this topical report profiles fire department run activity as reflected in the 2017 NFIRS [National Fire Incident Reporting System] data. In 2017, fire departments across the U.S. responded to 26,880,800 calls as reported to the NFIRS. This count reflects a 5% increase in the number of calls reported in 2016."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
2019-05
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Emerging Health and Safety Issues Among Women in the Fire Service
From the Introduction: "For over 200 years, women have been firefighting in the United States. Stories of individual women serving in the 19th and early 20th centuries eventually grew to all-female volunteer fire companies in the 1910s. World War II led to an influx of women filling the needs of the volunteer fire service as existing male firefighters left to serve in the war. After the war, women began getting paid for their firefighting work, but it was not until the mid-1970s that women entered into career fire suppression roles. It was around this time that women began to integrate more into local fire departments and work alongside their male peers. African-American women also became career firefighters in the 1970s (Floren, 2007)."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2019-03
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After the Fire
This document is a helpful guide from the U.S. Fire Administration meant for victims of fires. From the Document: "A fire will change your life in many ways. Knowing where to begin and who can help you is important. The U.S. Fire Administration hopes you find this information useful as you return to normal." The guidance includes the following sections: 1) "What to Expect"; 2) "What do I do now?"; 3) "Checklist for next steps after a fire"; and "Important information." While this guidance is geared towards what to do after a fire, some of the information can also be printed and filled out in advance and kept inside critical emergency kits.
United States Fire Administration
2019-01
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Cooking Fires in Residential Buildings (2014-2016)
From the Document: "Each year, from 2014 to 2016, fire departments responded to an estimated average of 188,800 cooking fires in residential buildings across the nation. These fires resulted in an annual average of 195 deaths, 3,800 injuries and $463 million in property loss. [...] From 2014 to 2016, cooking was, by far, the leading cause of all residential building fires and accounted for 50 percent of all residential building fires responded to by fire departments across the nation. Additionally, cooking was the leading cause of all residential building fire injuries."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2018-12
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Residential Building Electrical Fires (2014-2016)
"This topical report addresses the characteristics of electrical fires in residential buildings as reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) from 2014 to 2016, the most recent data available at the time of the analysis. The NFIRS data are used for the analyses presented throughout the report. For the purpose of the report, the terms 'residential fires,' 'electrical fires,' and 'nonelectrical fires' are synonymous with 'residential building fires,' 'residential building electrical fires' and 'residential building nonelectrical fires' respectively. 'Electrical fires' is used throughout the body of this report; the findings, tables, charts, headings and endnotes reflect the full category, 'residential building electrical fires.'"
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2018-12
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Winter Residential Building Fires (2014-2016)
"Each year, from 2014 to 2016, fire departments responded to an estimated 108,200 fires in residential buildings during the months of January, February and March across the nation. These fires resulted in an estimated annual average of 980 deaths, 3,575 injuries, and $1.9 billion in property loss. The residential building portion of the fire problem is of great national importance as it accounts for the vast majority of civilian casualties, and winter residential building fires account for a considerable portion of that."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2018-11
