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2019 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
From the Introduction: "The relationship between the United States and China has seen its ups and downs over the years. This year, 2019, has been one of the most tumultuous. Early in the year, many had hopes that negotiators would successfully conclude a trade deal that would address longstanding concerns about China's unfair trade practices and industrial policy, and set the trajectory of bilateral relations for years to come. Instead, the year was dominated by a breakdown in talks, followed by escalations and setbacks. The year looks set to conclude with the clash over China's trade-distorting practices mostly unresolved and the broader political, technological, and security differences between the two sides solidifying into prolonged strategic competition."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2019-11
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'World-Class' Military: Assessing China's Global Military Ambitions, U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, First Session, June 20, 2019
This is the June 20, 2019 hearing compilation on "Assessing China's Global Military Ambitions" held before the U.S. Senate U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Christopher A. Ford, Mary Beth Morgan, Daniel K. Taylor, Dean Cheng, M. Taylor Fravel, Phillip C. Saunders, Isaac B. Kardon, Christopher D. Yung, David Santoro, Thomas G. Mahnken, and Abraham M. Denmark.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2019-06-20
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Thoughts on How to Use the Internet to Conduct Competing Intelligence Research
"Compared to traditional intelligence analysis, competing intelligence has characteristics such as hostility, timeliness and of a commercial nature. On a specific operational level, the speed with which we obtain information, and how soon the impact of the intelligence we provide can be realized are key to making intelligence valuable and effective. The Internet, which is based on electronic databases and modern communications networks, serves just that purpose of fast delivery and intelligence utilization. This nature of the Internet has made it inevitable that it would be used by competing intelligence to obtain, deliver and process information. The Internet is the collective entity of all the world's computer networks, also known as 'the network of all networks.' The America's largest 500 companies are the biggest users of the Internet. Many medium- and small-sized enterprises have also joined the Internet to become its users. The commercialization of the Internet indicates that it will soon become an important means of trade. The popularization and commercialization of the Internet have made it possible for intelligence agencies to use the Internet to collect information related to commercial and trade activities, to conduct analysis on competing intelligence, to fully utilize the rich resources and technological advantages brought out by the Internet and transfer these rich resources and technological advantages into advantageous positions for our enterprises to compete."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Songzhen, Long
1998
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China as an Emerging Regional and Technology Power: Implications for U.S. Economic and Security Interests, Hearing before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Second Session, February 12-13, 2004
"The Commission met in the Great Hall-International House at the University of California at San Diego at 9:00 a.m., Commissioners C. Richard D'Amato and Robert F. Ellsworth, Co-Chairs, presiding. The hearing began with remarks on China and the WTO: compliance and monitoring. The panels in the hearing then proceeded to the following topics: the Chinese economy: current trends and future challenges, China's trade and investment with its neighbors, biotechnology, China as a high-tech leader, and China's role in Asia."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2004
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China's Proliferation Practices and the North Korean Nuclear Crisis, Hearing before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, July 24, 2003
"The Commission met in Room 138, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. at 11:00 a.m., Vice Chairman C. Richard D'Amato and Commissioner Robert F. Ellsworth (Hearing Co- Chairs), presiding. [...] Today the Commission will be addressing a subject that in my view is the highest priority in our legislative mandate, namely the Chinese role in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles to terrorist-sponsoring states. While Chinese firms continue to be involved in troubling transfers of WMD-related materials to states of concern, there is no more ominous threat to the viability of global nonproliferation mechanisms than the burgeoning nuclear crisis on the Korean peninsula. Among the nations in the region, China by far possesses the greatest amount of economic and political leverage to advance efforts to defuse this crisis. So, notwithstanding China's own record on proliferation, the unfolding events on the Korean peninsula present China with a special opportunity to bring North Korea back from the brink."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2003
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Briefing Proliferation Issues, U.S.-China Security Review Commission, October 12, 2001
"The Commission met at 9:45 a.m., in Room 116, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C., C. Richard D'Amato (Chairman) and Stephen D. Bryen (Hearing Co-Chairman), presiding." The following panels are included in the hearings: China's proliferation behavior--expert views and a discussion and a questions and answers session. Various experts in the field of nonproliferation offer their interpretations and recommendations regarding China's proliferation policy.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2001-10-12
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China's Role in the World: Is China a Responsible Stakeholder? Hearing before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, Second Session, August 3-4, 2006
"The Commission met in Room 385 Russell Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. at 8:37 a.m., Chairman Larry M. Wortzel and Vice Chair Carolyn Bartholomew, Commissioners Daniel A. Blumenthal and Michael R. Wessel (Hearing Cochairs), presiding." Panels in the hearing include the following topics: congressional perspectives, administration perspectives, the impact of China's diplomatic strategies on U.S. interests, China's involvement in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, China's activities and diplomacy in Asia, China's relationship with countries of concern, China's energy requirements and policies, China and the global petroleum supply.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2006-09
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China's Proliferation to North Korea and Iran, and its Role in Addressing the Nuclear and Missile Situations in Both Nations, Hearing before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, September 14, 2006
"The Commission met in Room 385, Russell Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. at 9:05 a.m., Vice Chair Carolyn Bartholomew and Commissioners Daniel a. Blumenthal and William A. Reinsch (Hearing Cochairs), presiding." Representatives from the Department of State and Defense offered testimonies, and expert panels discussed China's separate relationships with North Korea and Iran. The panels covered the following issues: administration perspectives, China's relationship with Iran and its role in addressing the nuclear and missile programs in Iran, China's relationship with North Korea and its role in addressing the nuclear and missile programs in North Korea. To conclude the hearings, a third panel provided a discussion and a question and answer session.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2006-11
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Symposia on Transatlantic Perspectives on Economic and Security Relations with China, U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, One Hundred Eighth Congress, November 30, 2004 (Brussels, Belgium), December 2, 2004 (Prague, Czech Republic)
The Commission met in the American Center of the Embassy of the United States in Brussels, Belgium at 9:00 a.m., Chairman C. Richard D'Amato and Vice Chairman Roger W. Robinson, Jr. presiding. [...] On behalf of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, we are pleased to transmit this report on our meetings and symposia in Brussels, Belgium and Prague, Czech Republic from November 29-December 3, 2004. These discussions gave the Commission the opportunity to examine European perspectives on the EU's growing commercial and security relations with China. The Commission delegation met with over 65 European officials and experts in these two cities and hosted two public symposia entitled, 'Transatlantic Perspectives on Economic and Security Relations with China.' By visiting both Brussels, the seat of EU government, and Prague, a Central European capital, the Commission was able to absorb a wide spectrum of opinions as well as learn how perspectives differ among countries and institutions. [...] Among the key topics discussed were European deliberations over lifting the current EU arms embargo against China and potential areas for U.S.-EU cooperation in improving Chinese compliance with its World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments. The Commission's primary goal was to gain a better understanding of the issues where U.S. and European interests align and where differences exist. During the course of our trip, the Commission focused on how an enhanced dialogue between U.S. and European parties can improve cooperation in addressing key economic and security concerns relating to China."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2004
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China's Proliferation Practices and Role in the North Korea Crisis, Hearing before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, March 10, 2005
"The Commission met in Room 562, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. at 9:05 a.m., Chairman C. Richard D'Amato, Vice Chairman Roger W. Robinson, Jr., and Commissioners Carolyn Bartholomew, Fred D. Thompson and Larry M. Wortzel (Hearing Cochairs), presiding." Panels on China's role in proliferation in the North Korea crisis included in the hearings are the following: congressional perspectives, administration perspectives, recent developments and implications, and discussion with questions and answers.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2005
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China's Engagement in the Pacific Islands: Implications for the United States
"As Beijing steps up its global engagement under General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and President Xi Jinping, China is also increasing its involvement in the Pacific Islands region. Beijing's heightened engagement in the region in recent years is driven by its broader diplomatic and strategic interests, reducing Taiwan's international space, and gaining access to raw materials and natural resources. Although the Pacific Islands receive less of China's attention and resources compared to other areas of the world, Beijing includes the region in its key diplomatic and economic development policy--the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)--which suggests China has geostrategic interests in the region. [...] Beijing's growing engagement in the Pacific Islands pose a number of implications for U.S. interests in the region. China's inroads in Micronesia, where most of the United States' engagement in the Pacific Islands is concentrated, could threaten U.S. Compact of Free Association agreements with Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia over the long term. Some analysts are concerned China is trying to erode U.S. influence in the region to weaken the U.S. military presence and create an opening for Chinese military access."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Meick, Ethan; Ker, Michelle; Chan, Han May
2018-06-14
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China and the Arctic: Objectives and Obstacles
"Although there is no authoritative statement of policy from the Chinese government on the Arctic, scientists and academics in China are increasingly showing interest in the region, and suggesting policies and actions for the nation. Given that the United States is an Arctic littoral state* with interests in the region, this memo seeks to provide an overview of Chinese environmental, energy, economic, and security interests in the increasingly open and navigable Arctic. It is the consensus of many within the scientific community that large areas of the Arctic region will be ice-free during summer months in the coming decades. This potential environmental transformation will likely have profound impacts on regional and global trade and security, especially related to shipping patterns and resource extraction activities. While China is not an Arctic littoral state, the melting of Arctic sea ice will impact China's environmental, energy, and trade circumstances. As a result, official and unofficial Chinese actors have expressed greater interest in the forthcoming 'opening' of the Arctic in recent years. However, without a claim to territory in the region, China is largely excluded from regional politics and regulatory management of Arctic resources. For this reason, China has thus far pursued a low-profile approach in its policies toward the region, and will likely have to rely on the invitation and cooperation of the Arctic states -- especially Russia and Canada -- in order to advance its interests there."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Campbell, Caitlin
2012-04-13
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Issue Brief: Naming and Shaming: U.S. Surveillance Over China's Land Reclamation Projects and Regional Reactions
"On May 20, 2015, a U.S. Navy P-8A Poseidon surveillance plane flew from Clark Air Base in the Philippines to three South China Sea reefs--Subi Reef, Mischief Reef, and Fiery Cross Reef--where China has been undertaking extensive land reclamation projects in an apparent attempt to bolster its territorial claims and establish a permanent military presence in its near seas. CNN reporter Jim Sciutto accompanied the crew and reported on the mission. Over the course of the flight, the crew received eight warnings by radio, and were told, 'This is the Chinese navy…. Please leave immediately to avoid misunderstanding.' At one point, the Chinese radio operator's warnings grew more urgent, and he yelled 'You go!' According to Mr. Sciutto, the P-8 crew had been flying such missions for months and were accustomed to similar warnings, but they noted the warnings had become more aggressive as China's land reclamation projects progressed. A U.S. defense official told the New York Times the decision to allow a news organization to publicize the mission was deliberate, saying, 'It's important that the American public, and the Asian public, too, understands what's going on out there.' The flight and subsequent media reports come amid growing concern in the United States and elsewhere regarding China's swift progress on seven land reclamation projects in the Spratly Islands since 2014. China is not the only South China Sea claimant to conduct land reclamation to consolidate a territorial claim, but its land reclamation activities have been by far the most extensive and fast-paced. Some of these reclaimed islands boast military infrastructure--such as airstrips long enough to accommodate any of China's air force aircraft, artillery, radars, satellite communication equipment, antiaircraft and naval guns, helipads, and docks--enhancing China's ability to sustain its naval and coast guard presence and project power far from its coast."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Campbell, Caitlin
2015-06-10
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Highlights from China's New Defense White Paper, 'China's Military Strategy'
"On May 26th , the Chinese government released its 10th defense white paper (DWP), entitled 'China's Military Strategy.' DWPs -- China's most authoritative statements on national security -- are published by the State Council Information Office and approved by the Central Military Commission, Ministry of National Defense, and State Council. Beijing primarily uses these documents as a public relations tool to help ease deepening international concern over China's military modernization and answer calls for greater transparency. The new DWP tracks closely with the 2012 DWP and contains no major revelations about China's military strategy or modernization; however, it includes some new guidance and emphasizes or clarifies certain aspects of its existing strategy, providing insights into China's perceptions of its own security and its evolving defense priorities. Select key features of the new DWP are highlighted below."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Campbell, Caitlin
2015-06-01
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Chinese Military's Role in Overseas Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: Contributions and Concerns
From the Introduction: "Over the past two decades, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) has expanded its involvement in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HA/DR) missions outside China's borders. During this time, the PLA has increased both the range of HA/DR operations it performs and the number of personnel and types of assets it deploys, as well as its involvement in HA/DR exchanges with other militaries. [...] This report examines the drivers behind the PLA's increasing participation in HA/DR abroad, including Beijing's desire to promote a positive image of China and enhance the PLA's operational capabilities. It then assesses the impact, both positive and problematic, of the PLA's involvement in several recent multinational HA/DR operations. The report concludes with an analysis of the implications of the PLA's involvement in and approach to HA/DR for the United States."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Southerland, Matthew
2019-07-11
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U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Staff Research Backgrounder: Export Assistance and the China Challenge
"During Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping's visit to Washington in February, China agreed to participate in negotiations to reach an eventual deal to limit government financing for exports. According to the announcement, the goal is to establish an international working group and to conclude an agreement on export credit finance guidelines by 2014. This is a potentially positive step to counter Chinese export promotion practices, many of which are market disruptive and out of step with international norms. But, there is an existing set of OECD [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development] principles guiding export credit activities; any new guidelines will need to be reviewed for their effect on the current OECD members' voluntary rules. Moreover, even if the promised negotiations with China are successful in reforming China's market distorting practices, it will likely not reverse the growing international inequities created by China's aggressive government financing of its exports."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Tucker, Anna
2012-04-27
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Security Issues: Strategic Perceptions, U.S.-China Security Review Commission, August 3, 2001
"The Commission met in Room 124, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C., at 9:07 a.m., Kenneth Lewis (Hearing Co-Chairman), presiding. [...] Today, the Commission's focus is on national security matters. It is an important hearing as it will assist us to better understand multilevel and significant national security issues inherent in the U.S.-China relationship. We have assembled today two extremely competent panels and we hope to learn what these experts believe are the critical national security issues associated with the very complex U.S.-China relationship. The two panels are, in the morning, Dr. Michael Pills-bury and Timothy Thomas, and in the afternoon, Larry Wortzel, Bates Gill, and Richard Fisher. We will hear what these experts believe are Chinese perceptions of the United States and how these perceptions color the broad-based U.S.-China relationship."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2001-08-03
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China's Evolving Space Capabilities: Implications for U.S. Interests
"The People's Republic of China (PRC) has made significant advances in its space program and is emerging as a space power. Senior leaders have established space as a national priority and are allocating significant resources toward enhancing the PRC's space-related technology base. With preservation of its monopoly on power as an overriding goal, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) bolsters its legitimacy through achievements in space. Policymakers view space power as one aspect of a broad international competition in comprehensive national strength and science and technology (S&T). Investments in space also serve as a stimulant for economic growth. The manned program in particular enhances CCP prestige and draws international attention to the country's expanding technology base. Without a clearly defined civilian space program, such as that managed by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the PRC (hereafter also referred to as 'China') integrates civil and military uses of space. China's space ambitions are in part peaceful in nature. Yet technologies can also be used with ill-intent. The PLA is rapidly improving its space and counterspace capabilities in order to advance CCP interests and defend against perceived challenges to sovereignty and territorial integrity. Because Taiwan's democratic system of government -- an alternative to mainland China's authoritarian model -- presents an existential challenge to the CCP, the PLA relies on military coercion to compel concessions on sovereignty. Although other interests divert attention and resources, Taiwan remains the principle illustrative scenario guiding the PLA's military ambitions in space. Taiwan is a core interest of the United States. As such, the United States should maintain the capacity to resist any resort to force or other forms of coercion that would jeopardize the security, or the social or economic system, of the people on Taiwan."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Cheng, Dean; Stokes, Mark A.
2012-04-26
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Developments in China's Cyber and Nuclear Capabilities, Hearing Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, March 26, 2012
From the opening statement of Jeffrey Fiedler: "We have some excellent witnesses joining us today to provide testimony about China's evolving strategic capabilities. Before we begin today's panels, we're honored to receive opening remarks from former Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and current Harold Brown Chair in Defense Policy Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. General James Cartwright. Welcome, General. General Cartwright really needs no introduction. However, I'd like to note that this is his second appearance before the Commission. I think it's fair to say that his first testimony back in 2007, while serving as head of U.S. Strategic Command, was an inflection point for the Commission's work on cyber. Over these past five years, we've placed greater and greater emphasis on cyber-related issues, a trend we continue with today's hearing. It's clear that the General's impact on the U.S. military was the same even as he divided his time among issues ranging from missile defense to the war in Afghanistan." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: James Cartwright, Richard Bejtlich, Nart Villeneuve, Jason Healey, Frank Wolf, Henry Sokolski, Phillip A. Karber, Mark Schneider, Phillip C. Saunders, and Mark Stokes.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2012-03-26
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China's New YJ-18 Antiship Cruise Missile: Capabilities and Implications for U.S. Forces in the Western Pacific
"In April 2015, the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence confirmed that China has deployed the YJ-18 antiship cruise
missile (ASCM) on some People's Liberation Army (PLA) Navy submarines and surface ships. The YJ-18's
greater range and speed than previous Chinese ASCMs, along with its wide deployment across PLA platforms,
would significantly increase China's antiaccess/area denial capabilities
against U.S. Navy surface ships operating
in the Western Pacific during a potential conflict. The YJ-18 probably will be widely deployed on China's
indigenously built ASCM-capable submarines and newest surface ships by 2020, and China could develop a variant
of the YJ-18 to replace older missiles in its shore-based ASCM arsenal. This paper assesses the capabilities of the
YJ-18 and describes the implications of its wide deployment for U.S. forces operating in the Western Pacific. The
author exclusively used open source information and considered the capabilities of similar missiles to assess the
likely characteristics of the YJ-18."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Pilger, Michael
2015-10-28
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China's Stock Market Collapse and Government's Response
"Following a period of extreme volatility beginning in May 2015, Chinese stocks began experiencing an extraordinary fall. In the weeks since its June 12 peak, China's main exchange, the Shanghai Composite, was down 25 percent (see Figure 1), while Shenzhen, the smaller, tech-dominated exchange, was down 35 percent. Since the two exchanges started their slide, investors lost about $3.5 trillion, equal to China's total market capitalization in 2012.2 This collapse challenges the government's credibility and commitment to reform."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Salidjanova, Nargiza
2015-07-13
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China's Relations with Southeast Asia, Hearing Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session, May 13, 2015
This congressional hearing is from the May 13, 2015 on "China's Relations with Southeast Asia," held before the U.S. China Economic and Security Review Commission. From the Opening Statement of Carolyn Bartholomew: "Today's hearing will focus on key developments in the security, diplomatic and economic spheres of China's relations with countries in Southeast Asia and with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN. It will seek to understand how China's relations with the region may be changing and the implications of developments in China-Southeast Asia relations for the United States. Among the security and geopolitical challenges in Southeast Asia, the South China Sea disputes are some of the most contentious. In recent years, China has taken a more assertive, some would say aggressive, approach to its territorial claims in the South China Sea. Beijing has sought to advance these claims through deploying various civilian and military maritime actors and through land reclamation and construction on the land features that it controls, among other means. China's actions are causing countries in the region and the United States to question whether China will be a peaceful and cooperative regional and global partner and are increasing the risk of regional instability and even an armed conflict, which could involve the United States. Since 2014, China has dramatically increased its land reclamation and construction activities in the Spratly Islands." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Carolyn Bartholomew, Daniel M. Slane, Daniel M. Slane, Bonnie Glaser, Mira Rapp Hooper, and Patrick Cronin.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2015-05-13
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Chinese Media Digest [March 27, 2015]
"The Chinese Media Digest, launched in November 2014, provides critical analysis of news articles, blogs, and official speeches published in Chinese-language news media." This March 2015 edition includes the following articles: "China's Foreign Policy"; "Domestic Policy Agenda"; and "Foreign Investment."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2015-03-27
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Foreign Investment Climate in China: Present Challenges and Potential for Reform, Hearing Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, January 28, 2015
This testimony compilation is from the January 28, 2015 hearing "The Foreign Investment Climate in China: Present Challenges and Potential for Reform" held before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. From the testimony of Maureen K. Ohlhausen: "In fact, China's Anti-Monopoly Law or 'AML,' itself said to have Chinese characteristics, explicitly provides for the consideration of non-competition factors such as protecting 'social public interest' and 'promoting the healthy development of the socialist market economy.' With respect to merger review in particular, the AML provides that when reviewing a transaction, China's Ministry of Commerce, or 'MOFCOM,' should consider factors such as 'the influence of the concentration of business operators on the national economic development.' In addition, Chinese characteristics could mean encouraging immediate economic gains by extracting additional value from intellectual property by reducing the protection of intellectual property rights, particularly the right of exclusion. We are hearing a lot of criticism of Chinese actions in these areas. Importantly, and on a more positive note, we appear to be seeing a serious response to U.S. government engagement by Chinese enforcers that could signal improvement in their approach to these issues. It is also appropriate to recognize that the concerns with AML enforcement in China are not unique. Many new antitrust regimes face limits on staff and their experience, as is the case in China, although with China the importance of our economic relationship makes getting past these limitations all the more important." Statements, letters and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: William A. Reinsch, Daniel Slane, Maureen K. Ohlhausen, Mark A. Cohen, Robert D. Atkinson, Dan Harris, Oded Shenkar, Elizabeth Xiao-Ru Wang, William Kovacic, Gil Kaplan, Joshua Esenman, and Scott Kennedy.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2015-01-28
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Looking West: China and Central Asia, Hearing Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session, March 18, 2015
This is the March 18, 2015 hearing "Looking West: China and Central Asia," held before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. From the testimony of Raffaello Pantucci: "In September 2013 during a visit to Astana President Xi Jinping spoke of establishing a 'Silk Road Economic Belt' (SREB) that would 'open the strategic regional thoroughfare from the Pacific Ocean to the Baltic Sea, and gradually move toward the set-up of a network of transportation that connects Eastern, Western and Southern Asia.' Made during the President's inaugural visit to Central Asia, the speech was both an articulation of a policy in a region that had been underway for around a decade, as well as the first declaration of a foreign policy vision that has increasingly shaped China's own projection of its approach to foreign affairs. Founded in Central Asia, the SREB and the development of trade and infrastructure corridors emanating from China that it has come to symbolize, is slowly becoming Beijing's dominant and most vocalised foreign policy strategy and is possibly set to be the defining public narrative for Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Raffaello Pantucci, Marlene Laruelle, S. Frederick Starr, Alexander Cooley, Sebastien Peyrouse, Erica Downs, Michael Clarke, Niklas Swanstrom, and Andrew Small.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2015
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China's Offensive Missile Forces, Hearing before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session, April 1, 2015
This is the April 1, 2015 hearing "China's Offensive Missile Forces," held before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. From the introductory statement of Vice-Chairman Dennis C. Shea: "This panel will examine China's addition of significant conventional strike capabilities to an arsenal that, until recently, comprised only nuclear ballistic missiles. Our expert panel will assess the reasons behind this expansion, the current capabilities of China's conventional missile forces, specific technological improvements, and key considerations for the United States. Mark Stokes, who is a frequent visitor to our hearings--thank you, Mark, for being here--is the Executive Director of the Project 2049 Institute, which he founded in 2008. He is a 20-year U.S. Air Force veteran and served previously in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. Mr. Stokes has testified before the Commission several times and, of course, we welcome him back again today. Toshi Yoshihara is Chair of Asia-Pacific Studies at the U.S. Naval War College, where his recent research focuses on the risks posed by China's modernizing missile forces to U.S. bases in Japan, as well as the potential for Japan to contribute to deterrence in Northeast Asia. Dr. Yoshihara is the author or co-author of several volumes on maritime security and naval strategy. We also welcome him back as he once again testifies before the Commission. Dennis Gormley is a rookie to the Commission, but we welcome you. He's a Senior Lecturer at the University of Pittsburgh where his teaching and research areas include missile proliferation, missile defense, and arms control. Mr. Gormley has extensive experience in the intelligence community, private sector and think tank community."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Montgomery, Evan Braden
2015-04-01
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China's Space and Counterspace Programs: Hearing Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, Second Session, February 18, 2015
This is the February 18, 2015, hearing on "China's Space and Counterspace Programs," held before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Three panels covered the topics: (1) China's Civilian/Dual-Use and Military Space Programs; (2) Inputs to China's Space Program; and (3) Implications for the United States. Statements, letters and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Kevin Pollpeter, Joan Johnson-Freese, Dean Cheng, Alanna Krolikowski, Tate Nurkin, Mark Stokes, Richard Fisher, Roger Handberg, and Phillip Saunders.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2015
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China's Great Legal Firewall: Extraterritoriality of Chinese Firms in the United States
From the abstract: "Chinese businesses participating in the U.S. financial services sector can effectively operate behind a firewall that keeps them largely immune from the jurisdiction of U.S. courts and regulatory agencies, leaving U.S. partners, competitors, and investors vulnerable. Multiple examples already exist of China-based banks and financial services firms using a complex multinational corporate structure of their own design and the shroud of Chinese law, including official secrecy laws, to remove themselves from U.S. legal and regulatory jurisdiction. Although the Hague Service and Evidence Conventions provide the legal framework for serving papers and obtaining evidence in legal disputes between U.S.- and China-based entities, China's interpretation of its obligations under these conventions differs from that of the United States and has resulted in many service of process and discovery requests being denied or significantly delayed. As such, pursuing legal recourse through the Hague Conventions is not a viable course of action for many U.S. plaintiffs. Greater legal protections for U.S. entities, including requiring Chinese firms in the United States to assign a domestic agent to receive legal papers such as subpoenas and court notifications, are a possible solution to this dilemma of jurisdiction."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Rosier, Kevin
2015-05-05
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China's Stock Market Meltdown Shakes the World, Again
"After the stock market turmoil last August, Chinese regulators were hoping for a peaceful start to the year, preparing to wind down the ban on sales for big shareholders and launching a new mechanism (a circuit breaker) designed to prevent dramatic falls on par with those seen last year. The plan backfired. China's Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets crashed on January 4, the first day of trading, followed by another crash on January 7; in both cases, the circuit breaker halted trading. The combined rout erased more than $1 trillion of value. The government's attempts to stem the meltdown only worsened the situation, confusing investors and raising fresh doubts over the ability of the Chinese government to manage a slowdown in the economy. They also exposed the contradiction inherent in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership trying to introduce market-oriented policies for the broader economy while maintaining control over the composition and behavior of the Chinese stock markets--an approach that leads to greater volatility and moral hazard."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Salidjanova, Nargiza
2016-01-14
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Trends in U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation: Collaborative Knowledge Production for the Twenty-First Century?
"The governments of the United States and China have been cooperating in areas of science and technology (S&T) for 35 years under the 1979 U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement, which was renewed most recently in 2011. Over the years, the Agreement has facilitated a complex government-to-government relationship consisting of some 30 agency-to-agency protocols and more than 40 active sub-agreements and annexes between the technical agencies of the two countries in a wide range of fields including agriculture; energy; environmental protection; public health; earth, atmospheric, and marine sciences; basic research; standards and metrology; and nuclear safety. Since the Agreement was first signed, varied and extensive S&T relations between the two countries have also developed outside the government-to-government relationship involving companies, universities, professional societies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and various people-to-people contacts. The overall S&T relationship has thus become an exceedingly complex pattern of interactions involving S&T in support of government missions and the supply of public goods (mainly through the government-to-government channels), commercially relevant high-technology exchanges (mainly through corporate channels), and cooperation in basic research and higher education (mainly through university channels)."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Suttmeier, Richard P.
2014-09-11
