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Hazards of Natural Gas at U.S. Nuclear Energy Facilities
Uranium and natural gas are two items that can prove to be mutually combustible. The hazards posed by two of the most commonly found energy ingredients presses proper containment and enrichment methods. This document looks at the potential disasters of a liquid natural gas explosion by accident or intentional explosion.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Fenn, Paul
2003-12
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Force-on-Force Exercises at Nuclear Power Plants
"The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has carried out force-on-force (FOF) exercises regularly at commercial operating nuclear power plants since 1991 as part of its comprehensive security program. However, they are not pass/fail inspections. They are the primary means to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of plant security programs to prevent radiological sabotage as required by NRC regulations (10 CFR Part 73). FOF exercises assess a nuclear plants physical protection to defend against the so-called design basis threat (DBT). The DBT characterizes the adversary against which plant owners must design physical protection systems and response strategies. The NRC periodically assesses the adequacy of the DBT and makes revisions as necessary. A full FOF exercise, spanning several days, includes both table-top drills and simulated combat between a mock commando-type adversary force and the nuclear plant security force. During the attack, the adversary force attempts to reach and damage key safety systems and components that protect the reactors core (containing radioactive fuel) or the spent nuclear fuel pool, potentially causing a radioactive release to the environment. The nuclear power plants security force, in turn, seeks to stop the adversaries from reaching the plants equipment and causing such a release. These exercises include a wide array of Federal, state, and local law enforcement and emergency planning officials in addition to plant operators and NRC personnel."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2004-12
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NRC Increases Security Requirements for Portable Gauges Containing Radioactive Materials
"The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is amending its regulations to require licensees for portable gauges containing radioactive material to use two independent physical controls to secure the gauges against theft. In a final rule to be published shortly in the Federal Register, the NRC will require two independent physical controls for these gauges when they are not under the control and constant surveillance of the licensee. Examples of two controls include securing the device in a locked storage facility within a separate secured area in a warehouse, or inside a locked van and secured to the vehicle with a steel cable. Examples of acceptable storage in a pickup truck would include placing the gauge inside a locked, non-removable box and further securing the box with a steel cable or chain; and keeping it inside the locked cab of the pickup, secured independently to the vehicle. The NRC believes that increasing physical controls will deter thieves by making it more difficult to steal portable gauges. At a minimum, two controls would delay a thief and draw attention from bystanders that may prevent the theft."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2005-01-11
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Protecting Our Nation Since 9-11-01: A Report of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
"Nuclear security under the oversight of the NRC [Nuclear Regulatory Commission] is a product of the private sector working in close partnership with Federal, State, and local authorities. Well before the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the NRC had provided for the protection of these key parts of our national infrastructure and public safety. This report outlines additional NRC actions to protect our Nation's nuclear facilities against terrorist attacks. These actions include significant reinforcement of the defense capabilities for nuclear facilities, better control of sensitive information, and enhancements in emergency preparedness to further strengthen NRC's nuclear facility security programs. For decades, nuclear power plants were well protected by physical barriers, armed guards, intrusion detection systems, area surveillance systems, access controls, and access authorization requirements for employees working inside the plants. In response to the September 11 attacks, NRC moved aggressively to further enhance safety and security, and has comprehensively re-evaluated and strengthened security at nuclear power plants and other facilities, and for radioactive material it regulates. Nuclear power plants continue to likely be the best protected private sector facilities in the Nation."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2004-09
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Report to Congress on the National Academy of Sciences Study on the Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage
"The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is providing the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate Committees on Appropriations this report to address items raised in the Conference Committee's report accompanying the NRC's FY 2005 appropriation and the House Appropriations Committee's report accompanying the NRC's FY 2005 appropriation under the House Energy and Water Development Bill, 2005. This report summarizes the actions the NRC has taken, is taking, or is planning to take with respect to ensuring the safety and security of spent nuclear fuel storage and responds to the recommendations contained in the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) study on the safety and security of commercial spent nuclear fuel storage."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2005-03
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Protection against Malevolent Use of Vehicles at Nuclear Power Plants: Vehicle Barrier System Selection Guide: Volume 2, Revision 1
"This manual provides a simplified procedure for selecting land vehicle barriers that will stop the design basis vehicle bomb threat adopted by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Proper selection and construction of vehicle barriers should prevent intrusion of the design basis vehicle. In addition, vital safety related equipment should survive a design basis vehicle bomb attack when vehicle barriers are properly selected, sited, and constructed. This manual addresses passive vehicle barriers, active vehicle barriers, and site design features that can be used to reduce vehicle impact safety."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Nebuda, D.T.
1994-12
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Protection against Malevolent Use of Vehicles at Nuclear Power Plants: Vehicle Barrier System Siting Guidance for Blast Protection: Volume 1, Revision 1
"This manual provides for determining the minimum safe standoff distance between vital safety related equipment and the design basis vehicle bomb threat adopted by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Vital safety related equipment should survive the design basis vehicle bomb attack when the minimum safe standoff distance is provided. Guidance is provided for exposed vital safety related equipment and for equipment housed within vital area barriers."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Nebuda, D.T.
1994-12
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Transporting Spent Fuel: Protection Provided against Severe Highway and Railroad Accidents
"The study, conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), began with an assessment of the possible mechanical and/or thermal forces generated by actual truck and railroad transportation accidents. The magnitudes of forces from actual accidents were compared with forces attributed to the "regulatory-defined" hypothetical accident conditions. The frequency of the accidents that can produce defined levels of thermal or mechanical forces was also developed. With this information, the study results show that for certain broad classes of accidents, spent fuel casks provide essentially complete protection against radiological hazards. For extremely severe accidents, those that could conceivably impose forces on the cask greater than those implied by the hypothetical accident conditions, the likelihood and magnitude of any radiological hazard were conservatively calculated. The study also contains an evaluation of the radiological risk from transportation accidents. Risk represents the summation of the products of the magnitude and likelihood of all accident outcomes. The purpose for making the risk calculations was to compare the resulting values with those previously used by NRC in judging the adequacy of its regulations."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Lahs, William R.
1987-03
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Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual: Volume 1
"MARLAP is organized into two parts. Part I, intended primarily for project planners and managers, provides the basic framework of the directed planning process as it applies to projects requiring radioanalytical data for decision making. The nine chapters in Part I offer recommendations and guidance on project planning, key issues to be considered during the development of analytical protocol specifications, developing measurement quality objectives, project planning documents and their significance, obtaining laboratory services, selecting and applying analytical methods, evaluating methods and laboratories, verifying and validating radiochemical data, and assessing data quality. The Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols (MARLAP) manual provides guidance for the planning, implementation, and assessment of projects that require the laboratory analysis of radionuclides. MARLAPs basic goal is to provide guidance for project planners, managers, and laboratory personnel to ensure that radioanalytical laboratory data will meet a projects or programs data requirements. To attain this goal, the manual offers a framework for national consistency in the form of a performance-based approach for meeting data requirements that is scientifically rigorous and flexible enough to be applied to a diversity of projects and programs. The guidance in MARLAP is designed to help ensure the generation of radioanalytical data of known quality, appropriate for its intended use. Examples of data collection activities that MARLAP supports include site characterization, site cleanup and compliance demonstration, decommissioning of nuclear facilities, emergency response, remedial and removal actions, effluent monitoring of licensed facilities, environmental site monitoring, background studies, and waste management activities."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2004-07
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Information Sheet: Radiation Source Use and Replacement Study
"Radiation sources are used extensively in the United States for industrial applications, research, and medical diagnosis and treatment. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct) has several provisions for the Federal Government to evaluate alternative technologies for replacing radiation sources that may pose a national security risk. One of these provisions, EPAct Section 651(d), directs the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to work with the National Academies (NA) to review current industrial, research, and commercial uses of radiation sources and identify technically and economically feasible replacements for these sources. Concerns about the safety and security of radioactive sources that could be used in a radiological dispersal device (RDD) and radiological exposure device (RED) prompted Congress to direct this study."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2008
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Locations of Fuel Cycle Facilities Undergoing Decommissioning
This is an interactive map of fuel cycle facilities in the United States. "The Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards (NMSS) provides oversight for active fuel cycle facilities while the Office of Federal and State Materials and Environmental Management Programs (FSME) provides oversight for decommissioning fuel cycle facilities. Most of these facilities have been in operation for 20 or more years. As technology improves and operations of these facilities change, there are often unused areas on the site with residual contamination. There is one fuel cycle facility now undergoing partial decommissioning."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2011-04-13
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Report to Congress on the Security Inspection Program for Commercial Power Reactor and Category I Fuel Cycle Facilities: Results and Status Update: Annual Report for Calendar Year 2009
"This report fulfills the requirements of Section 170D to Chapter 14, of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2201 et seq.), as amended by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which states, 'not less often than once each year, the Commission shall submit to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives, a report, in classified form and unclassified form, that describes the results of each security response evaluation conducted and any relevant corrective action taken by a licensee during the previous year.' This is the fifth annual report, which covers calendar year 2009. In addition to information on the security response evaluation program (force-on-force inspections), the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is providing additional information regarding the overall security performance of the commercial nuclear power industry and Category I fuel cycle facilities to keep Congress and the public informed of the NRC's efforts to protect public health and safety, the common defense and security, and the environment, through the effective regulation of the Nation's commercial nuclear power facilities and strategic special nuclear material."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2010-06-30
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U.S. NRC Security Spotlight
This United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Security Spotlight illustrates and explains security improvements made, or changes in process, to the nuclear sector since September 11, 2001. These include: Protecting against aircraft; Defending against adversaries; Preparedness and response; Security materials; Research and test reactors; Rulemaking overview; Design basis threat rulemaking; Physical protection rulemaking; and New reactor rulemaking.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2007-05
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Security Training Symposium: 'Meeting the Challenge- Firearms and Explosives Recognition and Detection'
"These conference proceedings have been prepared in support of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission's 'Security Training Symposium on Meeting the Challenge -- Firearms and Explosives Recognition and Detection', November 28 through 30, 1989, in Bethesda, Maryland. This document contains the edited transcripts of the guest speakers. It also contains some of the speakers' formal papers that were distributed and some of the slides that were shown at the symposium (Appendix A)."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1990-09-01
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Investigations FY 2003 Annual Report
"This report provides the Commission with the results of cases completed by the NRC [ Nuclear Regulatory Commission] Office of Investigations (OI) (reference SRM COMJC- 89-8, dated June 30, 1989). This is the 15th OI annual report and addresses fiscal year 2003 (FY 2003). As stated in the NRC's Strategic Plan, the NRC's 'Mission' is to license and regulate the Nation's civilian use of byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials to ensure adequate protection of public health and safety, promote the common defense and security, and protect the environment. The NRC's 'Vision' is excellence in regulating the safe and secure use and management of radioactive materials for the public good. The 'Mission' and 'Vision' provide the framework for the agency's strategies and goals, which in turn guide the allocation of resources across the agency. OI aligns with the regulatory programs in ensuring the protection of public health and safety and the environment, and ensuring the secure use and management of radioactive materials."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2004-02
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Investigations FY 2008 Annual Report
"This report provides the Commission with an overview of Office of Investigations (OI) activities, mission and purpose, along with the anatomy of case inventory with highlights of significant cases completed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commissions (NRC) OI during Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 (reference SRM COMJC-89-8, dated June 30, 1989). This is the 20th OI Annual Report."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2009-02
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Investigations FY 2006 Annual Report
"This report provides the Commission with the results of cases completed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC's) Office of Investigations (OI) during fiscal year (FY) 2006 (reference SRM COMJC-89-8, dated June 30, 1989). This is the 18th OI annual report. As stated in the NRC's Strategic Plan for FY 2004--FY 2009, the NRC's mission is to license and regulate the Nation's civilian use of byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials to ensure adequate protection of public health and safety, promote the common defense and security, and protect the environment. The NRC's vision is excellence in regulating the safe and secure use and management of radioactive materials for the public good. The mission and vision provide the framework for the agency's strategies and goals, which in turn guide the allocation of resources across the agency. OI aligns with the agency's regulatory programs and supports its strategic objective to enable the use and management of radioactive materials and nuclear fuels for beneficial civilian purposes in a manner that protects public health and safety and the environment, promotes the security of our Nation, and ensures that regulatory actions are open, effective, efficient, realistic, and timely."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2007-02
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Investigations FY 2007 Annual Report
"This report provides the Commission with the results of cases completed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC's) Office of Investigations (OI) during fiscal year (FY) 2007 (reference SRM COMJC-89-8, dated June 30, 1989). This is the 19th OI annual report. As stated in the NRC's Strategic Plan for FY 2004-FY 2009, the NRC's mission is to license and regulate the Nation's civilian use of byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials to ensure 'adequate protection of public health and safety, promote the common defense and security, and -protect the environment. The NRC's vision is excellence in regulating the safe and secure use and management of radioactive materials for the public good. The mission and vision provide the framework for the agency's strategies and goals, which in turn guide the allocation of resources across the agency. OI aligns with the agency's regulatory programs and supports its strategic objective to enable the use and management of radioactive materials and nuclear fuels for beneficial civilian purposes in a manner that protects public health and safety and the environment, promotes the security of our Nation, and ensures that regulatory actions are open, effective, efficient, realistic, and timely."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2008-02
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Investigations FY 2005 Annual Report
"This report provides the Commission with the results of cases completed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC's) Office of Investigations (OI) during fiscal year (FY) 2005 (reference SRM COMJC-89-8, dated June 30, 1989). This is the 17th OI annual report. As stated in the NRC's Strategic Plan for FY 2004-FY 2009, the NRC's mission is to license and regulate the Nation's civilian use of byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials to ensure adequate protection of public health and safety, promote the common defense and security, and protect the environment. The NRC.'s vision is excellence in regulating the safe and secure use and management of radioactive materials for the public good. The X mission and vision provide the framework for the agency's strategies and goals, which in turn guide the allocation of resources across the agency. OI aligns with the agency's regulatory pro- G grams and supports its strategic objective to enable the use and management of radioactive materials and nuclear fuels for beneficial civilian purposes in a manner that protects public health and safety and the environment, promotes the security of our Nation, and ensures that regulatory actions are open, effective, efficient, realistic, and timely."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2006-02
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Investigations FY 2004 Annual Report
"This report provides the Commission with the results of cases completed by NRC's Office of Investigations (OI) (reference SRM COMJC-89-8, dated June 30, 1989). This is the 16th OI annual report, covering fiscal year (FY) 2004. As stated in the NRC's Strategic Plan for FY 2004--FY 2009, the NRC's mission is to license and regulate the Nation's civilian use of byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials to ensure adequate protection of public health and safety, promote the common defense and security, and protect the environment. The NRC's vision is excellence in regulating the safe and secure use and management of radioactive materials for the public good. The mission and vision provide the framework for the agency's strategies and goals, which in turn guide the allocation of resources across the agency. OI aligns with the regulatory programs and supports the agency's strategic objective to enable the use and management of radioactive materials and nuclear fuels for beneficial civilian purposes in a manner that protects public health and safety and the environment, promotes the security of our Nation, and provides for regulatory actions that are open, effective, efficient, realistic, and timely."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2005-02
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Investigations FY 2010 Annual Report
"This report provides the Commission with an overview of Office of Investigations (OI) activities, mission and purpose, along with the framework of case inventory with highlights of significant cases completed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commissions (NRC) OI during fiscal year (FY) 2010 (reference SRM COMJC-89-8, dated June 30, 1989). This is the 22nd OI Annual Report."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2011-02
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Investigations FY 2009 Annual Report
"This report provides the Commission with an overview of Office of Investigations (OI) activities, mission and purpose, along with the anatomy of case inventory with highlights of significant cases completed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commissions (NRC) OI during fiscal year (FY) 2009 (reference SRM COMJC-89-8, dated June 30, 1989). This is the 21st OI Annual Report."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2010-02
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Japan Lessons Learned
"On March 11, 2011, a 9.0-magnitude earthquake struck Japan and was followed by a 45-foot tsunami, resulting in extensive damage to the nuclear power reactors at the Fukushima Dai-ichi facility. The NRC has taken significant action to enhance the safety of reactors in the United States based on the lessons learned from this accident. This page is intended to serve as a navigation hub to follow the NRC's progress in implementing the many different lessons-learned activities."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
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NRC Collection of Abbreviations
"This collection of abbreviations in common use in the nuclear industry and regulatory community was compiled from Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and nuclear industry sources. It was published to assist agency authors, readers, and stakeholders in identifying abbreviations for the numerous organizational, scientific, and engineering terms that appear in NRC printed and electronic information. The compilation is descriptive rather than prescriptive. No one abbreviation is recommended to the exclusion of another because the same abbreviation may with equal validity apply to two or more terms."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1998-07
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Comparison of U.S. and Japanese Regulatory Requirements in Effect at the Time of the Fukushima Accident
"In summary, the US and Japanese had many similarities in design bases requirements and guidance at the time of the event. There were also differences between the US and Japan in the approach to beyond design bases events and severe accidents. Staff cautions, however, that there should be no implication that the Fukushima accident and associated consequences could or would have been completely avoided assuming Japan had the same U.S. regulatory framework prior to the accident. It should be noted that this study was performed to evaluate the similarities and differences between U.S. and Japanese regulatory requirements that were in effect at the time of the accident at Fukushima Daiichi. Since that time, Japan has re-organized the nuclear regulatory body and developed many new safety standards and regulations to improve regulatory oversight of its nuclear power plants. The NRC [U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission] has also imposed additional requirements and undertaken numerous activities to address the lessons learned from the accident."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2013-11
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Effective Risk Communication: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Guidelines for External Risk Communication
"Today's environment for risk communication is complex. Public fear and concern about exposures to hazards have increased along with a corresponding demand for information. The NRC is working to integrate risk analysis into its regulatory activities, and this trend is mirrored in many other government agencies in the United States and abroad. As risk analysis becomes an important dimension of public policy, the need to improve risk communication with internal and external stakeholders is also increasing."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Persensky, J.; Browde, S.; Szabo, A.
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Recommendations for Enhancing Reactor Safety in the 21st Century: The Near-Term Task Force Review of Insights from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Accident
"The Near-Term Task Force was established in response to Commission direction to conduct a systematic and methodical review of U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission processes and regulations to determine whether the agency should make additional improvements to its regulatory system and to make recommendations to the Commission for its policy direction, in light of the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. The Task Force appreciates that an accident involving core damage and uncontrolled release of radioactive material to the environment, even one without significant health consequences, is inherently unacceptable. The Task Force also recognizes that there likely will be more than 100 nuclear power plants operating throughout the United States for decades to come. The Task Force developed its recommendations in full recognition of this environment. In examining the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident for insights for reactors in the United States, the Task Force addressed protecting against accidents resulting from natural phenomena, mitigating the consequences of such accidents, and ensuring emergency preparedness. The accident in Japan was caused by a natural event (i.e., tsunami) which was far more severe than the design basis for the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. As part of its undertaking, the Task Force studied the manner in which the NRC has historically required protection from natural phenomena and how the NRC has addressed events that exceed the current design basis for plants in the United States."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Miller, Charles; Cubbage, Amy; Dorman, Daniel
2011-07-12
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Investigations FY 2011 Annual Report
"This report provides the Commission with an overview of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Office of Investigations (OI) activities, mission, and purpose, along with the framework of case inventory with highlights of significant cases completed by OI during Fiscal Year 2011 (Staff Requirements Memorandum COMJC898, dated June 30, 1989). This is the 23rd OI annual report."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2012-02
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United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Full-Text Glossary
This glossary from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission provides an alphabetical list of terms related to nuclear energy.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
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Technical Specifications - Enhancing the Safety Impact
"This report documents the work of an interoffice, interdisciplinary, NRC [Nuclear Regulatory Commission] Task Group established in August 1983. The Task Group was established to identify the scope and nature of problems with surveillance testing in current Technical Specifications and to develop alternative approaches that will provide better assurance that surveillance testing does not adversely impact safety. The Task Group concluded that some of the Technical Specifications have the potential for adversely affecting safety and some do not appear to be cost effective. The Task Group developed five recommendations for improvement."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1983-11
