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Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Needs Pertaining to Firefighter Radio Communication Systems
"One of the most significant problems facing firefighters within a structure on the fireground is the ability to communicate reliably between the firefighters themselves and between the firefighters and the command post or communications center. In an ideal world, firefighters would be able to communicate with one another and the command post at all times, regardless of where they are or what they are doing. However, this is not the case. Firefighter radio communications to, from and within structures can be unreliable, thereby compromising the safety of firefighters on the fireground. Over the past decade, incidents involving firefighter injuries and fatalities have demonstrated that, despite technological advances in two-way radio communications, important information is not always adequately communicated on the fireground or emergency incident scene. Also, the events of September 11, 2001, and other emergency situations in recent years have highlighted the need not only to improve firefighter radio communications, but also the communication systems available to law enforcement personnel, emergency management officials, and other public-safety responders. The continued incidence of firefighter fatalities where communications are cited as a contributing factor as well as the industry-wide lack of consensus on the appropriate frequencies to use in fireground communications have prompted NIOSH [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health] to more thoroughly investigate fire communications and the problems associated with communications within, as well as into and from, structures."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
TriData Corporation
2003-09
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Establishing a Relationship between Alcohol and Casualties of Fire [1999]
"Though the rate has significantly decreased, the United States continued into the late 90's with one of the highest fire death rates in the industrialized world. Given the advancements in fire prevention, including public education, building design, consumer product safety, and sophisticated levels of the fire protection in this country, it is puzzling to many as to why this is so. In an effort to identify the underlying problem(s), researchers have been delving deeper into the extent to which human behavior affects our fire losses. The connection between alcohol and the ignition, detection, and escape from the fire has been broadly examined by numerous medical and fire protection organization studies. A series of landmark studies undertaken by the Johns Hopkins University and the National Bureau of Standards in the 1970's were among the first to discover a definitive link between alcohol consumption and fire deaths. Many studies have now confirmed their general findings. Alcohol intoxication may increase the risk of initiating a fire by impairing one's judgment and coordination. An intoxicated individual who is smoking may also succumb to the depressant effects of alcohol, fall asleep and drop a lit cigarette on upholstery or clothing. Intoxication also acutely diminishes one's ability to detect a fire. Under the sedative effects of alcohol, an alcohol-impaired person may fail to notice the smell of smoke, or fail to hear a smoke alarm. Escape from a fire can be hampered by the loss of motor coordination and mental clarity caused by alcohol, even when warning signs are heeded."
United States Fire Administration
TriData Corporation
1999-10
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Profile of the Urban Fire Problem in the United States
"This report characterizes the nature of the fire problem in urban areas of the United States. Urbanized areas have large populations, and they typically have higher densities of people and buildings than rural areas. Publications are available that characterize the overall U.S. fire problem and the fire problem in rural areas, but there has not been a recent profile of fire in urban areas. This report addresses that need."
United States Fire Administration
TriData Corporation
1999-05
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Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 1997
"This report continues a series of annual studies by the United States Fire Administration of on-duty firefighter fatalities in the United States. The specific objective of this study is to identify all on-duty firefighter fatalities that occurred in the United States in 1997, and to analyze the circumstances surrounding each occurrence. The study is intended to help identify approaches that could reduce the number of firefighter deaths in future years. In addition to the 1997 overall findings, this study includes special analyses on collisions involving vehicles operated by firefighters and fatalities that occurred when firefighters working at the scene of an emergency were struck and killed by civilian vehicles."
United States Fire Administration
TriData Corporation; IOCAD Emergency Services Group (Firm)
1998-08
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NFIRS Analysis: Investigating City Characteristics and Residential Fire Rates
"The objective of this study was to identify relationships between city characteristics and residential fire rates. The study analyzed data from 27 cities reporting to the United States Fire Administration's National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). NFIRS is the largest fire data set in the country, and each year almost one million new records are added. For each city, fire rates for eight different categories of fire cause were studied, as well as the overall level of fires. The causes included fires due to arson, children playing, careless smoking, cooking, heating, electrical distribution, appliances, and open flames. In seeking to explain city-to-city variation in fire rates, we examined climate, age structure of the population, and differences in the socioeconomic status of city residents. The findings of this study are presented in comparison with the findings of previous analyses."
National Fire Data Center (U.S.)
TriData Corporation
1998-04
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Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 1996
"This report continues a series of annual studies by the US Fire Administration of firefighter fatalities in the United States. The specific objective of this study is to identify all on-duty firefighter fatalities that occurred in the United States in 1996, and to analyze the circumstances surrounding each occurrence. The study is intended to help identify approaches that could reduce the number of firefighter deaths in future years. In addition to the 1996 overall findings, this study includes special analyses on violent firefighter deaths, physical fitness and its relation to firefighter deaths, and vehicle accidents."
United States Fire Administration
TriData Corporation
1997-08
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Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 1995
"The specific objective of this study was to identify all of the on-duty firefighter fatalities that occurred in the United States in 1995, and to analyze the circumstances surrounding each occurrence. The study is intended to help identify approaches that could reduce the number of deaths in future years. In addition to the 1995 findings, this study includes a special analysis of the use of personal alert safety devices at fatal structure fires and a special report on several fatalities that occurred during technical rescue operations. This report continues a series of annual studies by the US Fire Administration of firefighter fatalities in the United States."
United States Fire Administration
TriData Corporation
1996-08
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