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U.S. Periods of War [September 14, 2010]
"Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated 'periods of war,' dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations, dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. This report will be updated when events warrant. For additional information, see CRS Report RL31133, Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications, by Jennifer K. Elsea and Richard F. Grimmett."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2010-09-14
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Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions [January 27, 2012]
"This report is written in response to frequently asked questions about military funeral honors and military cemeteries. It provides information on the eligibility criteria, required components of the honor detail, and the funeral ceremony. It also cites legislation that mandates that the Department of Defense (DOD) make military funeral honors available to every eligible veteran upon request. This report will be updated as needed."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2012-01-27
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [Updated January 19, 2005]
"This fact sheet tracks the current heads of government in Central and South America, Mexico, and the Caribbean, and provides the dates of the last and next election for head of government. It also provides the national independence date for each country."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2005-01-19
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Countries of the World and International Organizations: Sources of Information [Updated August 8, 2006]
"This report provides a selection of materials for locating information on foreign countries and international organizations. In the general information section, it presents sources giving an overview of politics, economics, and recent history. A specialized information section cites sources on human rights, immigration, international organizations, military strengths, terrorism, and other topics. Included are titles of some of the most frequently consulted bibliographic sources that are available for use in many libraries. Electronic information on foreign countries is also provided, via the Internet, by agencies of the federal government, international organizations, and related sources. Included is a list of foreign chanceries located in Washington, DC. This report will be updated periodically through the year as new materials become available."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2006-08-08
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Countries of the World and International Organizations: Sources of Information [Updated January 8, 2007]
"This report provides a selection of materials for locating information on foreign countries and international organizations. In the general information section, it presents sources giving an overview of politics, economics, and recent history. A specialized information section cites sources on human rights, immigration, international organizations, military strengths, terrorism, and other topics. Included are titles of some of the most frequently consulted bibliographic sources that are available for use in many libraries. Electronic information on foreign countries is also provided, via the Internet, by agencies of the federal government, international organizations, and related sources. Included is a list of foreign chanceries located in Washington, DC. This report will be updated periodically through the year as new materials become available."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2007-01-08
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Countries of the World and International Organizations: Sources of Information [Updated April 9, 2007]
"This report provides a selection of materials for locating information on foreign countries and international organizations. In the general information section, it presents sources giving an overview of politics, economics, and recent history. A specialized information section cites sources on human rights, immigration, international organizations, military strengths, terrorism, and other topics. Included are titles of some of the most frequently consulted bibliographic sources that are available for use in many libraries. Electronic information on foreign countries is also provided, via the Internet, by agencies of the federal government, international organizations, and related sources. Included is a list of foreign chanceries located in Washington, DC. This report will be updated periodically through the year as new materials become available. "
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2007-04-09
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Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions [July 29, 2011]
"This report is written in response to frequently asked questions about military funeral honors and military cemeteries. It provides information on the eligibility criteria, required components of the honor detail, and the funeral ceremony. It also cites legislation that mandates that the Department of Defense (DOD) make military funeral honors available to every eligible veteran upon request. This report will be updated as needed. For related reading, see CRS Report R41874, FY2012 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Policy Issues, coordinated by David F. Burrelli and CRS Report R41386, Veterans' Benefits: Burial Benefits and National Cemeteries, by Christine Scott."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2011-07-29
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Countries of the World and International Organizations: Sources of Information [Updated January 30, 2008]
"This report provides a selection of authoritative materials for locating information on foreign countries and international organizations. In the general information section, it presents sources giving an overview of politics, economics, and recent history. A specialized information section cites sources on human rights, immigration, international organizations, military strengths, terrorism, and other topics. Included are titles of some of the most frequently consulted bibliographic sources that are available for use in many libraries. Electronic information on foreign countries is also provided, via the Internet, by agencies of the federal government, official foreign government websites, international organizations, and related sources. Included is a current list of foreign chanceries located in Washington, DC, as of the date of this report. This report will be updated periodically through the year as new materials become available."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2008-01-30
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U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Current Conflicts [December 29, 2011]
"Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated 'periods of war,' dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations, dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. The dates for the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan are included along with the official end date for Operation New Dawn on December 15, 2011. This report will be updated when events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2011-12-29
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D-Day: The French Jubilee of Liberty Medal and the 60th Anniversary Commemoration on June 6, 2004, and Events for June 6, 2005 [Updated May 27, 2005]
"This report details the Jubilee of Liberty Medal awarded to U.S. veterans by the French government to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the invasion of Normandy by the Allied forces on June 6, 1994 (D-Day). These medals are no longer distributed by the French government. Included is information on how to obtain this medal from a commercial source and how U.S. veterans may obtain an official 'Thank-You-America 1944-1945' certificate of participation from the French government. Also included is information on official events and activities in Normandy during the 60th anniversary on June 6, 2004, and scheduled events for June 6, 2005. This report will be updated as needed."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2005-05-27
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Periods of War [May 1, 2006]
"Many wars or conflicts in United States history have a federally designated 'periods of war' date for their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. The American Legion also follows these dates closely in determining who is eligible for membership; the Veterans of Foreign Wars has its own much more elaborate list of dates. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the 'Code of 'Federal Regulations', dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs. It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. This report will be updated when events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2006-05-01
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FY2015 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [December 11, 2014]
"Military personnel issues typically generate significant interest from many Members of Congress and their staffs. Ongoing operations in Afghanistan, along with the regular use of the reserve component personnel for operational missions, further heighten interest in a wide range of military personnel policies and issues. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has selected a number of the military personnel issues considered in deliberations on H.R. 4435, the initial House-passed version of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2015; S. 2410, the version of the NDAA reported by the Senate Committee on Armed Services (S.Rept. 113-176) but not considered by the full Senate; and H.R. 3979, the proposed final version. This report provides a brief synopsis of sections in each bill that pertain to selected personnel policy. These include end strengths, compensation, health care, and sexual assault, as well as less prominent issues that nonetheless generate significant public interest. This report focuses exclusively on the annual defense authorization process. It does not include language concerning appropriations, veterans' affairs, tax implications of policy choices, or any discussion of separately introduced legislation, topics which are addressed in other CRS products. Some issues were addressed in the FY2014 National Defense Authorization Act and discussed in CRS Report R43184, 'FY2014 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues' coordinated by Don J. Jansen. Those issues that were considered previously are designated with a '*' in the relevant section titles of this report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence; Jansen, Don J.; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2014-12-11
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Military Pay: Key Questions and Answers [January 20, 2015]
"The military compensation system is complex and includes an array of cash compensation elements, non-cash compensation (benefits), deferred compensation (retirement pay and benefits), and tax advantages. This report focuses primarily on the cash compensation provided to members of the active component armed forces. Other CRS reports cover military retirement and health care. Military compensation is a critical tool for sustaining recruiting, retention and the overall quality of the force. Over the years of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, particularly during times of major combat operations, robust compensation has been an important mechanism by which Congress helped the services, and particularly the Army, meet their recruiting and retention goals. Today, the average cost to compensate an active duty servicemember--to include cash, benefits, and contributions to retirement programs--is estimated at about $90,000- $100,000 per year, although some estimates are higher (methodologies vary). As a result, some analysts believe that the military compensation is now too high and is impeding efforts to modernize equipment and sustain readiness, particularly given the budgetary limits imposed by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA; P.L. 112-25). Others argue that robust compensation is essential to maintaining a high-quality force that is vigorous, well-trained, experienced, and able to function effectively in austere and volatile environments. The availability of additional funding to prosecute wars in Iraq and Afghanistan mitigated the pressure to trade-off personnel and equipment costs for many years, but the current budgetary environment appears to have brought these trade-offs to the fore again."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2015-01-20
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2015 [January 15, 2015]
"This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. […] The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of hostilities, and legal authorization. Eleven times in its history the United States has formally declared war against foreign nations. These 11 U.S. war declarations encompassed 5 separate wars: the war with Great Britain declared in 1812; the war with Mexico declared in 1846; the war with Spain declared in 1898; the First World War, during which the United States declared war with Germany and with Austria-Hungary during 1917; and World War II, during which the United States declared war against Japan, Germany, and Italy in 1941, and against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania in 1942. Some of the instances were extended military engagements that might be considered undeclared wars. These include the Undeclared Naval War with France from 1798 to 1800; the First Barbary War from 1801 to 1805; the Second Barbary War of 1815; the Korean War of 1950-1953; the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1973; the Persian Gulf War of 1991; global actions against foreign terrorists after the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States; and the war with Iraq in 2003. With the exception of the Korean War, all of these conflicts received congressional authorization in some form short of a formal declaration of war."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2015-01-15
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2015 [October 15, 2015]
"This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here. The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of hostilities, and legal authorization. Eleven times in its history, the United States has formally declared war against foreign nations. These 11 U.S. war declarations encompassed five separate wars: the war with Great Britain declared in 1812; the war with Mexico declared in 1846; the war with Spain declared in 1898; the First World War, during which the United States declared war with Germany and with Austria-Hungary during 1917; and World War II, during which the United States declared war against Japan, Germany, and Italy in 1941, and against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania in 1942."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2015-10-15
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FY2016 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [December 17, 2015]
"Military personnel issues typically generate significant interest from many Members of Congress and their staffs. Ongoing operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, along with the regular use of the reserve component personnel for operational missions, further heighten interest in a wide range of military personnel policies and issues. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has selected a number of the military personnel issues considered in deliberations on H.R. 1735 as passed by the House and by the Senate and the final bill, S. 1356, as enacted (P.L. 114-92). This report provides a brief synopsis of sections in each bill that pertain to selected personnel policy. These include major military retirement reforms, end strengths, compensation, health care, and sexual assault, as well as less prominent issues that nonetheless generate significant public interest. This report focuses exclusively on the annual defense authorization process. It does not include language concerning appropriations, or tax implications of policy choices, topics which are addressed in other CRS products."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jansen, Don J.; Kamarck, Kristy N.; Kapp, Lawrence . . .
2015-12-17
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [March 12, 2013]
"This fact sheet tracks the current heads of government in Central and South America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. It provides the dates of the last and next elections for the head of government and the national independence date for each country. "
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-03-12
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Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions [May 3, 2013]
"This report is written in response to frequently asked questions about military funeral honors and military cemeteries. It provides information on the eligibility criteria, required components of the honor detail, and the funeral ceremony. It also cites legislation that mandates that the Department of Defense (DOD) make military funeral honors available to every eligible veteran upon request. This report will be updated as needed. For related reading, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report R42651, 'FY2013 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Policy Issues', coordinated by Catherine A. Theohary, and CRS Report R41386, 'Veterans' Benefits: Burial Benefits and National Cemeteries', by Christine Scott."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-05-03
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [April 24, 2013]
"This fact sheet tracks the current heads of government in Central and South America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. It provides the dates of the last and next elections for the head of government and the national independence date for each country."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-04-24
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2013 [May 3, 2013]
"This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-05-03
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Economic and Social Indicators [May 30, 2013]
"This fact sheet tracks selected economic and social development indicators for Latin American and Caribbean countries. Table 1 and Table 2 illustrate levels of human development throughout the region. Table 3 classifies country economies by income. Table 4 lists poverty trends in selected Latin American countries. This fact sheet shows the most recent data available from the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Robinson, Dindy
2013-05-30
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U.S. Periods of War [January 7, 2010]
"Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated 'periods of war,' dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the 'Code of Federal Regulations', dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. This report will be updated when events warrant. For additional information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RL31133, 'Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications'."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2010-01-07
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FY2018 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [November 22, 2017]
"Military personnel issues typically generate significant interest from many Members of Congress and their staffs. This report provides a brief synopsis of selected sections in the National Defense Authorization Act [NDAA] for FY2018 (H.R. 2810), as passed by the House on July 14, 2017, and the Senate on September 18, 2017. The FY2018 NDAA Conference report was passed by the House on November 14, 2017, and the Senate on November 16, 2017. Issues include military end-strengths, pay and benefits, and other personnel policy issues. This report focuses exclusively on the NDAA legislative process. It does not include language concerning appropriations, or tax implications of policy choices, topics that are addressed in other CRS [Congressional Research Service] products. Issues that have been discussed in the previous year's defense personnel reports are designated with an asterisk in the relevant section titles of this report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.; Kapp, Lawrence; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2017-11-22
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FY2019 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [October 16, 2018]
"Each year, the House and Senate armed services committees take up national defense authorization bills. The House of Representatives passed the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA; H.R. 5515) on May 24, 2018. The Senate passed its version of the NDAA (H.R. 5515) on June 18, 2018. These bills contain numerous provisions that affect military personnel, retirees, and their family members. Provisions in one version are sometimes not included in the other, are treated differently, or are identical in both versions. Following passage of each chamber's bill, a conference committee typically convenes to resolve the differences between the respective chambers' versions of the bill. The FY2019 NDAA conference report was passed by the House on July 26, 2018, and the Senate on August 1, 2018. On August 13, 2018, President Donald J. Trump signed the bill into law (P.L. 115-232)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.; Kamarck, Kristy N.; Kapp, Lawrence . . .
2018-10-16
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Defense Primer: Organization of U.S. Ground Forces [November 16, 2018]
"The Army is the U.S. military's primary ground force. Title 10, Subtitle B, Part I, Chapter 307 of the U.S. Code addresses the organization of the Army. The Marine Corps serves as the Navy's land-based fighting force. Title 10, Subtitle C, Part I, Chapter 507, Section 5063 addresses Marine Corps composition and functions. For the National Guard and Reserves, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] In Focus IF10540, Defense Primer: Reserve Components."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Feickert, Andrew
2018-11-16
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Defense Primer: Department of the Army and Army Command Structure [November 16, 2018]
"Article I, Section 8, Clause 12 of the Constitution stipulates, 'The Congress shall have power ... to raise and support Armies ... make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ... for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions.' The Department of the Army (DA) is one of the three military departments reporting to the Department of Defense (DOD). The Army's primary mission is to fight and win the nation's ground wars. The Army's mission is both operational and institutional, and it is composed of four distinct components: the regular Active component (AC), the reserve components of the United States Army Reserve (USAR), the Army National Guard (ARNG), and Department of the Army civilians (DAC)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Feickert, Andrew
2018-11-16
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Defense Primer: Special Operations Forces [November 16, 2018]
"Special Operations Forces (SOF) are those active duty and reserve component forces of the military services designated by the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) and specifically selected, organized, trained, and equipped to conduct and support special operations. Special operations frequently require unique modes of employment, tactics, techniques, procedures, and equipment. They are often conducted in hostile, politically, and/or diplomatically sensitive environments, and are characterized by one or more of the following: time-sensitivity, clandestine or covert nature, low visibility, work with or through indigenous forces, greater requirements for regional orientation and cultural expertise, and a high degree of risk."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Feickert, Andrew
2018-11-16
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Defense Primer: Special Operations Forces [December 6, 2018]
"Special Operations Forces (SOF) are those active duty and reserve component forces of the military services designated by the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) and specifically selected, organized, trained, and equipped to conduct and support special operations. Special operations frequently require unique modes of employment, tactics, techniques, procedures, and equipment. They are often conducted in hostile, politically, and/or diplomatically sensitive environments, and are characterized by one or more of the following: time-sensitivity, clandestine or covert nature, low visibility, work with or through indigenous forces, greater requirements for regional orientation and cultural expertise, and a high degree of risk."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Feickert, Andrew
2018-12-06
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2018 [December 28, 2018]
"This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Plagakis, Sofia
2018-12-28
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Military Service Records, Awards, and Unit Histories: A Guide to Locating Sources [August 7, 2018]
"The Military Personnel Records division of the National Personnel Records Center (NPRC), a component of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) located in St. Louis, Missouri, holds most existing U.S. military personnel, health, and medical records of discharged and deceased veterans of all services from World War I to the present. Official Military Personnel File (OMPF) records may be requested online at https://www.archives.gov/veterans/militaryservice-records, by mail (the appropriate address listed on the back of the form), or fax (314-8019195) using the Standard Form 180. Veterans and their next-of-kin (NOK) may request these records. According to the NPRC, for the Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the NOK is defined as the unremarried widow or widower, son, daughter, father, mother, brother or sister; for the Army, the NOK is defined as the surviving spouse, eldest child, father or mother, eldest sibling or eldest grandchild."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeBruyne, Nese F.; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2018-08-07
