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D-Day: The French Jubilee of Liberty Medal and the 60th Anniversary Commemoration on June 6, 2004, and Events for June 6, 2005 [Updated May 27, 2005]
"This report details the Jubilee of Liberty Medal awarded to U.S. veterans by the French government to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the invasion of Normandy by the Allied forces on June 6, 1994 (D-Day). These medals are no longer distributed by the French government. Included is information on how to obtain this medal from a commercial source and how U.S. veterans may obtain an official 'Thank-You-America 1944-1945' certificate of participation from the French government. Also included is information on official events and activities in Normandy during the 60th anniversary on June 6, 2004, and scheduled events for June 6, 2005. This report will be updated as needed."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2005-05-27
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [Updated January 19, 2005]
"This fact sheet tracks the current heads of government in Central and South America, Mexico, and the Caribbean, and provides the dates of the last and next election for head of government. It also provides the national independence date for each country."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2005-01-19
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U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Current Conflicts [August 23, 2011]
"Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated 'periods of war,' dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the 'Code of Federal Regulations', dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. Also included are dates for the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. This report will be updated when events warrant. For additional information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RL31133, 'Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications', by Jennifer K. Elsea and Richard F. Grimmett."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2011-08-23
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U.S. International Borders: Brief Facts [January 18, 2006]
"The terrorist attacks of 2001 and continued threats of future attacks have directed the attention of Congress to border related issues. This report provides information on the international boundaries that the United States shares with Canada and Mexico. Included is data on land and water boundaries for the northern Canadian border and the southern Mexican border, as well as the international boundaries for the U.S. states that border these countries. Coastline figures for the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, the Great Lakes, and extraterritorial areas are also included. For additional information on current border security issues, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RS22026, 'Border Security: Fences Along the U.S. International Border'; CRS Report RL33106, 'Border Security and the Southwest Border: Background, Legislation, and Issues'; CRS Report RL31826, 'Protecting Our Perimeter: 'Border Searches' under the Fourth Amendment'; and CRS Report RL32399, 'Border Security: Inspections Practices, Policies, and Issues'. This report will be updated as needed."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2006-01-18
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [March 12, 2013]
"This fact sheet tracks the current heads of government in Central and South America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. It provides the dates of the last and next elections for the head of government and the national independence date for each country. "
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-03-12
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Guide to Major Congressional and Presidential Awards [Updated March 31, 2004]
"This report is designed to help congressional offices obtain information about major awards given by Congress and the President. It lists details about the establishment, criteria, selection process, and presentation of each of the major presidential and congressional awards: Congressional Award, Congressional Gold Medal, Medal of Honor, Presidential Citizens Medal, and Presidential Medal of Freedom. Brief entries are provided for additional awards made by the President including two new military medals for service in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT): the GWOT Expeditionary Medal and the GWOT Service Medal. Contact information is provided for the organization responsible for making the award and for more data about an award. References to CRS [Congressional Research Service] products on awards are also given. This report will be updated as necessary."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2004-03-31
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U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Current Conflicts [December 28, 2012]
"Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated 'periods of war,' dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the 'Code of Federal Regulations', dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. The dates for the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan are included along with the official end date for Operation New Dawn on December 15, 2011. This report will be updated when events warrant. For additional information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RL31133, 'Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications', by Jennifer K. Elsea and Richard F. Grimmett, and CRS Report R42738, 'Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2012', by Barbara Salazar Torreon."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2012-12-28
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [January 2, 2013]
This report for Congress provides information on the leaders of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, the dates of the last and next elections, and the independence dates of the countries.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-01-02
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [January 29, 2013]
This report for Congress provides information on the leaders of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, the dates of the last and next elections, and the independence dates of the countries.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-01-29
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U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Current Conflicts [December 29, 2011]
"Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated 'periods of war,' dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations, dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. The dates for the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan are included along with the official end date for Operation New Dawn on December 15, 2011. This report will be updated when events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2011-12-29
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Countries of the World and International Organizations: Sources of Information [Updated January 30, 2008]
"This report provides a selection of authoritative materials for locating information on foreign countries and international organizations. In the general information section, it presents sources giving an overview of politics, economics, and recent history. A specialized information section cites sources on human rights, immigration, international organizations, military strengths, terrorism, and other topics. Included are titles of some of the most frequently consulted bibliographic sources that are available for use in many libraries. Electronic information on foreign countries is also provided, via the Internet, by agencies of the federal government, official foreign government websites, international organizations, and related sources. Included is a current list of foreign chanceries located in Washington, DC, as of the date of this report. This report will be updated periodically through the year as new materials become available."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2008-01-30
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Countries of the World and International Organizations: Sources of Information [Updated April 9, 2007]
"This report provides a selection of materials for locating information on foreign countries and international organizations. In the general information section, it presents sources giving an overview of politics, economics, and recent history. A specialized information section cites sources on human rights, immigration, international organizations, military strengths, terrorism, and other topics. Included are titles of some of the most frequently consulted bibliographic sources that are available for use in many libraries. Electronic information on foreign countries is also provided, via the Internet, by agencies of the federal government, international organizations, and related sources. Included is a list of foreign chanceries located in Washington, DC. This report will be updated periodically through the year as new materials become available. "
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2007-04-09
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Countries of the World and International Organizations: Sources of Information [Updated August 8, 2006]
"This report provides a selection of materials for locating information on foreign countries and international organizations. In the general information section, it presents sources giving an overview of politics, economics, and recent history. A specialized information section cites sources on human rights, immigration, international organizations, military strengths, terrorism, and other topics. Included are titles of some of the most frequently consulted bibliographic sources that are available for use in many libraries. Electronic information on foreign countries is also provided, via the Internet, by agencies of the federal government, international organizations, and related sources. Included is a list of foreign chanceries located in Washington, DC. This report will be updated periodically through the year as new materials become available."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2006-08-08
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Countries of the World and International Organizations: Sources of Information [Updated January 8, 2007]
"This report provides a selection of materials for locating information on foreign countries and international organizations. In the general information section, it presents sources giving an overview of politics, economics, and recent history. A specialized information section cites sources on human rights, immigration, international organizations, military strengths, terrorism, and other topics. Included are titles of some of the most frequently consulted bibliographic sources that are available for use in many libraries. Electronic information on foreign countries is also provided, via the Internet, by agencies of the federal government, international organizations, and related sources. Included is a list of foreign chanceries located in Washington, DC. This report will be updated periodically through the year as new materials become available."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2007-01-08
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Periods of War [May 1, 2006]
"Many wars or conflicts in United States history have a federally designated 'periods of war' date for their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. The American Legion also follows these dates closely in determining who is eligible for membership; the Veterans of Foreign Wars has its own much more elaborate list of dates. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the 'Code of 'Federal Regulations', dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs. It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. This report will be updated when events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2006-05-01
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U.S. Periods of War [September 14, 2010]
"Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated 'periods of war,' dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations, dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. This report will be updated when events warrant. For additional information, see CRS Report RL31133, Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications, by Jennifer K. Elsea and Richard F. Grimmett."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2010-09-14
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U.S. Periods of War [Updated August 19, 2008]
"Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated 'periods of war,' dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the 'Code of Federal Regulations', dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities' dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. This report will be updated when events warrant. For additional information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RL31133, 'Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2008-08-19
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Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers [July 12, 2013]
"The strength of our nation's Armed Forces, including the reserve components, has historically been an area of keen interest to the Congress. The increasing use of the reserves since the end of the Cold War has led to greater congressional interest in various issues that bear on the vitality of the reserve components, such as funding, equipment, and personnel policy. This report is designed to provide an overview of key reserve component personnel issues. The term 'Reserve Component' refers collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the Armed Forces: the Army National Guard of the United States, the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. The purpose of these seven reserve components, as codified in law at 10 U.S.C. 10102, is to 'provide trained units and qualified persons available for active duty in the armed forces, in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require, to fill the needs of the armed forces whenever more units and persons are needed than are in the regular components.' […] This report provides insight to reserve component personnel issues through a series of questions and answers which address: [1] How reserve component personnel are organized (questions 2 and 4); [2] How many people are in each of the different categories of the reserve component (question 3); [3] How reserve component personnel have been and may be used (questions 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11); [4] How reserve component personnel are compensated (questions 8 and 10); [5] The types of legal protections that exist for reserve component personnel (question 12); and, [6] Recent changes in reserve component pay and benefits made by Congress (question 13)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-07-12
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [April 24, 2013]
"This fact sheet tracks the current heads of government in Central and South America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. It provides the dates of the last and next elections for the head of government and the national independence date for each country."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-04-24
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2013 [May 3, 2013]
"This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-05-03
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Economic and Social Indicators [May 30, 2013]
"This fact sheet tracks selected economic and social development indicators for Latin American and Caribbean countries. Table 1 and Table 2 illustrate levels of human development throughout the region. Table 3 classifies country economies by income. Table 4 lists poverty trends in selected Latin American countries. This fact sheet shows the most recent data available from the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Robinson, Dindy
2013-05-30
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Military Sexual Assault: Chronology of Activity in Congress and Related Resources [July 30, 2013]
"This report focuses on activity in Congress regarding recent high profile incidents of sexual assault in the military. Included are separate sections on the official responses related to these incidents by the Department of Defense (DOD), the Administration, and Congress including legislation in the 113th Congress. The last section is a resource guide for sources in this report and related materials on sexual assault and prevention."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-07-30
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FY2015 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [July 16, 2014]
"Military personnel issues typically generate significant interest from many Members of Congress and their staffs. Ongoing operations in Afghanistan, along with the operational role of the Reserve Components, further heighten interest in a wide range of military personnel policies and issues. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has selected a number of the military personnel issues considered in deliberations on the initial House-passed version of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015. This report provides a brief synopsis of sections that pertain to personnel policy. These include end strengths, pay raises, health care, and sexual assault, as well as less prominent issues that nonetheless generate significant public interest. This report focuses exclusively on the annual defense authorization process. It does not include language concerning appropriations, veterans' affairs, tax implications of policy choices, or any discussion of separately introduced legislation, topics which are addressed in other CRS products."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Burrelli, David F., 1958-; Kapp, Lawrence; Jansen, Don J. . . .
2014-07-16
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [May 12, 2014]
"This report provides the results of recent elections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Below are three tables organized by region, including the date of each country's independence, the name of the newly elected president or prime minister, and the projected date of the next election. Information in this report was gathered from numerous sources, including the U.S. State Department, the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA's) Open Source, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), and other news sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2014-05-12
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2014 [September 15, 2014]
"This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here. The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of hostilities, and legal authorization. Eleven times in its history the United States has formally declared war against foreign nations. These 11 U.S. war declarations encompassed 5 separate wars: the war with Great Britain declared in 1812; the war with Mexico declared in 1846; the war with Spain declared in 1898; the First World War, during which the United States declared war with Germany and with Austria-Hungary during 1917; and World War II, during which the United States declared war against Japan, Germany, and Italy in 1941, and against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania in 1942."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2014-09-15
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Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers [June 13, 2014]
"The strength of the nation's Armed Forces, including the reserve components, has historically been an area of keen interest to Congress. The increasing use of the reserves since the end of the Cold War has led to greater congressional interest in various issues that bear on the vitality of the reserve components, such as funding, equipment, and personnel policy. This report is designed to provide an overview of key reserve component personnel issues. The term 'Reserve Component' refers collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the Armed Forces: the Army National Guard of the United States, the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. The purpose of these seven reserve components, as codified in law at 10 U.S.C. 10102, is to 'provide trained units and qualified persons available for active duty in the armed forces, in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require, to fill the needs of the armed forces whenever more units and persons are needed than are in the regular components.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2014-06-13
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2013 [August 30, 2013]
"This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2013-08-30
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [March 21, 2014]
"This report provides the results of recent elections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Below are three tables organized by region, including the date of each country's independence, the name of the newly elected president or prime minister, and the projected date of the next election. Information in this report was gathered from numerous sources, including the U.S. State Department, the CIA's Open Source, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), and other news sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2014-03-21
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Display of the Confederate Flag at Federal Cemeteries [July 10, 2015]
"The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the National Park Service (NPS), and the Department of the Army all administer federal cemeteries that sometimes display the Confederate flag. There are 147 national cemeteries in all. The VA, through its National Cemetery Administration (NCA), administers 131 of them. The Army, in the Department of Defense (DOD), administers 2 national cemeteries, Arlington National Cemetery and Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery. Another 14 national cemeteries are maintained by the NPS, in the Department of the Interior. The NPS, the VA, and the Army all have policies concerning the Confederate flag's display. Following the June 17, 2015, shooting deaths of nine people in a historically black church in Charleston, SC, the display of Confederate flags at federal cemeteries has come under scrutiny."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Comay, Laura B.; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2015-07-10
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2015 [October 15, 2015]
"This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here. The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of hostilities, and legal authorization. Eleven times in its history, the United States has formally declared war against foreign nations. These 11 U.S. war declarations encompassed five separate wars: the war with Great Britain declared in 1812; the war with Mexico declared in 1846; the war with Spain declared in 1898; the First World War, during which the United States declared war with Germany and with Austria-Hungary during 1917; and World War II, during which the United States declared war against Japan, Germany, and Italy in 1941, and against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania in 1942."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2015-10-15
