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• Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress [June 12, 2013]

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  "In the 113th Congress, 13 Asian Pacific Americans were elected to the United States Congress: 1 Senator, 10 Representatives, and 2 Delegates. A total of 52 Asian Pacific Americans have served in the House and Senate from 1900 to the present: 6 Senators (4 who have also served in the House), 26 Representatives (including the 4 who served in the Senate), 11 territorial Delegates, and 13 Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands. Resident Commissioners served from 1907 to 1946 while the Philippines was a U.S. territory and commonwealth (all were Philippine born). Asian Pacific Americans served in a total of 56 seats. Of the 39 Asian Pacific Americans who were not Resident Commissioners, 26 were Democrats (one was elected as an Independent and subsequently changed party affiliation to Democrat), 12 were Republicans, and 1 was an Independent. The ancestry of these Asian Pacific Americans has included Chinese, Chamorro, Filipino, Asian Indian, Japanese, Korean, Native Hawaiian, Samoan, South Asian, Thai, and Vietnamese. They have represented California, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. This report presents information on Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, including previous occupations and leadership positions (such as committee and subcommittee chairmanships), and the bipartisan and bicameral Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus. It also provides a list of Members' and Delegates' party affiliations, length and dates of service, and committee assignments. Also included in the report is a map showing the total number of Asian Pacific Americans and the states or territories they represent in the 113th Congress. Four separate tables show (1) the Congress, the dates, and the name of the Members and Delegates who served in the House and Senate; (2) the state or territory, the number of Members and Delegates elected from the state or territory, and their names; (3) the Congress, years, total number of Members and Delegates, and the number of Members and Delegates in the House and Senate; and (4) the Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands, the Congresses in which they served, and the dates of their service. The report will be updated in each new Congress when information becomes available, or as events warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2013-06-12
• Senate Confirmation Process: A Brief Overview [March 27, 2008]

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  "The role of the Senate in the confirmation process is defined in the Constitution. Article II, Section 2 provides that the President 'shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint high government officials.' Positions requiring confirmation are specified by statute. Senate Rule XXXI regulates proceedings on nominations in executive sessions ('executive' in this case refers to executive business, not to a closed or secret session). Each Senate committee may adopt its own procedures as long as they do not conflict with Senate rules. For more information on congressional processes, see [http://www.crs.gov/products/guides/guidehome.shtml]. The Senate gives its advice and consent to presidential appointments to the Supreme Court and to high-level positions in the Cabinet departments and independent agencies. The Senate also confirms appointments of members of regulatory commissions, ambassadors, federal judges, U.S. attorneys, and U.S. marshals. There are more than 2,000 of these appointments as well as thousands of routine non-political appointments to and promotions in the military and other civilian positions that require confirmation. Appointees named to be Supreme Court justices and Cabinet secretaries receive the Senate's closest scrutiny due to the significance of these positions. Approximately 99% of all presidential appointments are approved."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2008-03-27
• Senate Confirmation Process: An Overview [Updated April 4, 2003]

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  "The role of the Senate in the confirmation process is defined in the Constitution. Article II, Section 2 provides that the President 'shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint high government officials.' All positions requiring confirmation are set by statute. Senate Rule XXXI regulates proceedings on nominations in executive sessions ('executive' in this case refers to executive business, not to a closed or secret session). Each Senate committee may adopt its own procedures as long as they do not conflict with Senate rules. For more information on legislative process, see [http://www.crs.gov/products/guides/guidehome.shtml]. The Senate gives its advice and consent to presidential appointments to the Supreme Court and to high-level positions in the Cabinet departments and independent agencies. The Senate also confirms appointments of members of regulatory commissions, ambassadors, federal judges, U.S. attorneys, and U.S. marshals. There are over 2,000 of these appointments. Appointees named to be Cabinet secretaries and Supreme Court justices receive the Senate's closest scrutiny due to the significance of these positions. About 99% of all presidential appointments are approved."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2003-04-04
• Senate Confirmation Process: A Brief Overview [December 1, 2008]

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  "The role of the Senate in the confirmation process is defined in the Constitution. Article II, Section 2 provides that the President 'shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint high government officials.' Positions requiring confirmation are specified by statute. Senate Rule XXXI regulates proceedings on nominations in executive sessions ('executive' in this case refers to executive business, not to a closed or secret session). Each Senate committee may adopt its own procedures as long as they do not conflict with Senate rules. For more information on congressional processes, see http://www.crs.gov/ products/guides/guidehome.shtml. The Senate gives its advice and consent to presidential appointments to the Supreme Court and to high-level positions in the Cabinet departments and independent agencies. The Senate also confirms appointments of members of regulatory commissions, ambassadors, federal judges, U.S. attorneys, and U.S. marshals. There are more than 2,000 of these appointments as well as thousands of routine non-political appointments and promotions in the military and other civilian positions that require confirmation. Appointees named to be Supreme Court justices and Cabinet secretaries receive the Senate's closest scrutiny due to the significance of these positions. Approximately 99% of all presidential appointments are approved."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2008-12-01
• Senate Confirmation Process: A Brief Overview [August 21, 2007]

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  "The role of the Senate in the confirmation process is defined in the Constitution. Article II, Section 2 provides that the President 'shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint high government officials.' Positions requiring confirmation are specified by statute. Senate Rule XXXI regulates proceedings on nominations in executive sessions ('executive' in this case refers to executive business, not to a closed or secret session). Each Senate committee may adopt its own procedures as long as they do not conflict with Senate rules. For more information on congressional processes, see [http://www.crs.gov/products/guides/guidehome.shtml]. The Senate gives its advice and consent to presidential appointments to the Supreme Court and to high-level positions in the Cabinet departments and independent agencies. The Senate also confirms appointments of members of regulatory commissions, ambassadors, federal judges, U.S. attorneys, and U.S. marshals. There are more than 2,000 of these appointments as well as thousands of routine non-political appointments to and promotions in the military and other civilian positions that require confirmation. Appointees named to be Supreme Court justices and Cabinet secretaries receive the Senate's closest scrutiny due to the significance of these positions. About 99% of all presidential appointments are approved."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2007-08-21
• Senate Confirmation Process: A Brief Overview [March 15, 2007]

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  "The role of the Senate in the confirmation process is defined in the Constitution. Article II, Section 2 provides that the President 'shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint high government officials.' All positions requiring confirmation are set by statute. Senate Rule XXXI regulates proceedings on nominations in executive sessions ('executive' in this case refers to executive business, not to a closed or secret session). Each Senate committee may adopt its own procedures as long as they do not conflict with Senate rules. For more information on congressional processes, see [http://www.crs.gov/products/guides/guidehome.shtml]. The Senate gives its advice and consent to presidential appointments to the Supreme Court and to high-level positions in the Cabinet departments and independent agencies. The Senate also confirms appointments of members of regulatory commissions, ambassadors, federal judges, U.S. attorneys, and U.S. marshals. There are over 2,000 of these appointments. Appointees named to be Supreme Court justices and Cabinet secretaries receive the Senate's closest scrutiny due to the significance of these positions. About 99% of all presidential appointments are approved."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2007-03-15
• Federal Building and Facility Security [May 26, 2010]

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  "The security of federal government buildings and facilities affects not only the daily operations of the federal government but also the health, well-being, and safety of federal employees and the public. Recent congressional action concerning the security of federal buildings includes P.L. 111-83 (FY2010 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security), which addressed the issue of the transfer of the Federal Protective Service from Immigration and Customs Enforcement to the National Protection and Programs Directorate."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Reese, Shawn; Tong, Lorraine H.

  2010-06-26
• Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress [February 1, 2010]

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  "In the 111th Congress, a record 12 Asian Pacific Americans were elected to the United States Congress: 2 Senators, 8 Representatives, and 2 Delegates. Of the 40 Asian Pacific Americans who have served in Congress from 1903 to the present, there have been 5 Senators (3 of whom have also served in the House), 15 Representatives, 7 territorial Delegates, and 13 Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands. Resident Commissioners served from 1907-1946 while the Philippines was a U.S. territory and commonwealth (all were Philippine born). Of the 27 Asian Pacific Americans who were not resident commissioners, 18 were Democrats and 9 were Republicans. The ancestry of these Asian Pacific Americans has included Chinese, Chamorro, Filipino, Asian Indian, Japanese, Korean, Native Hawaiian, Samoan, and Vietnamese. They have represented California, Hawaii, Louisiana, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. They have served in leadership positions, including committee and subcommittee chairmanships. This report presents information on Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, including party affiliations, length and dates of service, and committee assignments. The bipartisan and bicameral Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus is also discussed in this report. It will be updated in each new Congress when information becomes available, or as events warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2010-02-01
• Judicial Security: Responsibilities and Current Issues [Updated April 7, 2008]

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  "The importance of judicial security was underscored by the murders of family members of a Chicago federal judge on February 28, 2005, and the killings less than two weeks later of a state judge, a court reporter, and a sheriff's deputy in an Atlanta courthouse. Shortly after these incidents, the House and the Senate held hearings and legislation was introduced to (among other things) improve courtroom security for judicial officers; safeguard judges and their families at home; restrict postings of personal information about judicial officers and their families on the Internet; extend or make permanent the authority to redact certain information from judicial officers, judicial employees, and their families' financial disclosure forms; and increase penalties for attacks against them and other law enforcement personnel. […] Both federal and state judicial entities have addressed judicial security concerns. By statute, the United States Marshals Service (USMS) within the Department of Justice has primary responsibility for the security of the judiciary. USMS works closely with the Judicial Conference of the United States, the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, and the Federal Protective Service within the Department of Homeland Security. Concerns have been raised, however, about the staffing of, and the communication and coordination between, these offices. The Judicial Conference has, among other things, encouraged newly appointed judges to provide personal information to USMS, and urged USMS to provide additional training to marshals and inspectors. The National Center for the State Courts issued a document intended to serve as a framework for state judicial security, and has held two summits on court safety and security."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2008-04-07
• Judicial Security: Responsibilities and Current Issues [Updated July 9, 2007]

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  "The importance of judicial security was underscored by the murders of family members of a Chicago federal judge on February 28, 2005, and the killings less than two weeks later of a state judge, a court reporter, and a sheriff's deputy in an Atlanta courthouse. Shortly after these incidents, the House and the Senate held hearings and legislation was introduced to (among other things) improve courtroom security for judicial officers; safeguard judges and their families at home; restrict postings of personal information about judicial officials and their families on the Internet; extend or make permanent the authority to redact certain information from judicial officers, judicial employees, and their families' financial disclosure forms; and increase penalties for attacks against them and other law enforcement personnel. Although several judicial security bills were introduced in the House and Senate in the 109th Congress, the security provisions enacted were in an appropriations act (P.L. 109-13), which included funding for intrusion detection alarms in judges' homes. Early in the 110th Congress, the chairmen of the House and Senate Judiciary Committees introduced H.R. 660 and S. 378, companion bills similar to the bills introduced in the previous Congress. H.R. 660 was referred to three committees: Judiciary, Ways and Means, and Oversight and Government Reform. On May 3, 2007, the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security held a hearing on H.R. 660; and on June 13, 2007, the House Judiciary Committee amended H.R. 660 and ordered the bill reported."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2007-07-09
• Judicial Security: Responsibilities and Current Issues [Updated November 13, 2007]

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  "The importance of judicial security was underscored by the murders of family members of a Chicago federal judge on February 28, 2005, and the killings less than two weeks later of a state judge, a court reporter, and a sheriff's deputy in an Atlanta courthouse. Shortly after these incidents, the House and the Senate held hearings and legislation was introduced to (among other things) improve courtroom security for judicial officers; safeguard judges and their families at home; restrict postings of personal information about judicial officials and their families on the Internet; extend or make permanent the authority to redact certain information from judicial officers, judicial employees, and their families' financial disclosure forms; and increase penalties for attacks against them and other law enforcement personnel. Although several judicial security bills were introduced in the House and Senate in the 109th Congress, the security provisions enacted were in an appropriations act (P.L. 109-13), which included funding for intrusion detection alarms in judges' homes. Early in the 110th Congress, the chairmen of the House and Senate Judiciary Committees introduced H.R. 660 and S. 378, companion bills similar to the bills introduced in the previous Congress. H.R. 660 was referred to three committees: Judiciary, Ways and Means, and Oversight and Government Reform. On May 3, 2007, the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security held a hearing on H.R. 660; and on June 13, 2007, the House Judiciary Committee amended H.R. 660 and ordered the bill reported."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2007-11-13
• Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress [June 23, 2008]

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  "Nine Asian Pacific Americans served in the first session of the 110th Congress: two Senators, six Representatives, and one Delegate. With the resignation of one Representative at the beginning of the second session, eight Asian Pacific Americans currently serve in the 110th Congress. Of the 36 Asian Pacific Americans who have served in the United States Congress from 1903 to the present, there have been five Senators (three have also served in the House), 15 Representatives, six territorial Delegates, and 13 Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands. Resident Commissioners served from 1907-1946 while the Philippines was a U.S. territory and commonwealth (all were Philippine born). The ancestry of these Asian Pacific Americans has included Chinese, Chamorro, Filipino, Asian Indian, Japanese, Korean, Native Hawaiian, and Samoan. Of the 23 Asian Pacific Americans, 16 were Democrats and 7 were Republicans. Asian Pacific Americans have served in both houses of Congress representing California, Hawaii, Louisiana, Oregon, Virginia, American Samoa, and Guam. They have served in leadership positions, including committee and subcommittee chairmanships. This report presents information on Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, including party affiliations, length and dates of service, and committee assignments. It will be updated in each new Congress when information becomes available, or as events warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.

  2008-06-23
• Federal Building, Courthouse, and Facility Security [Updated December 9, 2011]

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  From the Summary: "The security of federal government buildings and court facilities affects not only the daily operations of the federal government but also the health, well-being, and safety of federal employees and the public. Early in the 112th Congress, legislation was introduced in the House of Representatives and Senate to improve the Federal Protective Service (FPS), the agency charged with responsibility to protect federal buildings, the employees who work in the buildings, and public visitors. On January 5, 2011, H.R. 176, the Federal Protective Service Improvement and Accountability Act of 2011, was introduced in the House. On April 8, 2011, similar legislation, S. 772, the Supporting Employee Competency and Updating Readiness Enhancements for Facilities Act of 2011, was introduced in the Senate. The purpose of both bills is to strengthen the security of federal facilities and the ability of FPS to provide the necessary security. For the purposes of this report, federal facilities include any building leased or owned by the General Services Administration. In FY2007, the federal government's real property portfolio comprised 446,000 buildings with an area of 3.3 billion square feet and a replacement value of $772.8 billion. Federal courthouses and facilities are also discussed in this report. Additionally, it should be noted that many Members of Congress have state and district offices located in multi-tenant federal buildings."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tong, Lorraine H.; Reese, Shawn

  2011-12-09