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Brett M. Kavanaugh: Selected Primary Material [July 17, 2018]
"On July 9, 2018, President Trump announced the nomination of Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) to fill the impending vacancy on the Supreme Court caused by Justice Kennedy's scheduled retirement on July 31, 2018. This sidebar contains reference information about Judge Kavanaugh, including a biography; a list of publications he authored or co-authored; legislative documentation related to previous nominations; lists of his written opinions; a list of Supreme Court briefs to which he contributed; and additional resources. For initial observations about Judge Kavanaugh's nomination to the Supreme Court, please see CRS Legal Sidebar LSB10168, President Trump Nominates Judge Brett Kavanaugh: Initial Observations, by Andrew Nolan."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Taylor, Julia; Stophel, Keri B.; Tarnay, Eva M.
2018-07-17
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Export-Import Bank Reauthorization: Frequently Asked Questions [August 1, 2014]
"The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank or the Bank), a wholly owned federal government corporation, is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the U.S. government. Its mission is to assist in the financing of U.S. exports of goods and services to support U.S. employment. The agency's general statutory charter (Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended, 12 U.S.C. §635 et seq.) expires on September 30, 2014. A sunset in Ex-Im Bank's authority would mean that the agency's authority to enter into new obligations generally would cease and a wind-down of operations would be required. (This issue is distinct from an 'authorization of appropriations' expiring, which would not, in and of itself, terminate such authority to operate.) Congress is actively debating whether to renew Ex-Im Bank's authority; if so, for how long and under what terms; and if not, the possibility of other policy options. The issue of Ex-Im Bank reauthorization has raised a number of frequently asked questions regarding Ex-Im Bank itself and reauthorization policy options."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Carpenter, David Hatcher; Levit, Mindy R. . . .
2014-08-01
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Export-Import Bank Reauthorization: Frequently Asked Questions [September 10, 2014]
"The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank or the Bank), a wholly owned federal government corporation, is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the U.S. government. Its mission is to assist in the financing of U.S. exports of goods and services to support U.S. employment. The agency's general statutory charter (Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended, 12 U.S.C. §635 et seq.) expires on September 30, 2014. A sunset in Ex-Im Bank's authority would mean that the agency's authority to enter into new obligations generally would cease and a wind-down of operations would be required. (This issue is distinct from an 'authorization of appropriations' expiring, which would not, in and of itself, terminate such authority to operate.) Congress is actively debating whether to renew Ex-Im Bank's authority; if so, for how long and under what terms; and if not, the possibility of other policy options. The issue of Ex-Im Bank reauthorization has raised a number of frequently asked questions regarding Ex-Im Bank itself and reauthorization policy options. This report addresses many of those questions, including: (1) What is the Export-Import Bank? (2) What is the reauthorization debate over Ex-Im Bank? (3) What is the Bank's market and international context? (4) What is its leadership structure? (5) What are its programs, policies, and activities? (6) How does its budget work? (7) How does it manage risk? (8) What are the implications of a sunset in authority for the Bank's activities? (9) What are historical and current approaches to Ex-Im Bank reauthorization?"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Carpenter, David Hatcher; Levit, Mindy R. . . .
2014-09-10
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Export-Import Bank Reauthorization: Frequently Asked Questions [November 26, 2014]
"The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank or the Bank), a wholly owned federal government corporation, is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the U.S. government. Its mission is to assist in the financing of U.S. exports of goods and services to support U.S. employment. The FY2015 continuing resolution (CR; Sec. 147 of P.L. 113-164) extends Ex-Im Bank's general statutory charter (Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended, 12 U.S.C. §635 et seq.) through June 30, 2015. Previously, the charter was set to sunset on September 30, 2014 (P.L. 112-122). A sunset in Ex-Im Bank's authority would mean that the agency's authority to enter into new obligations generally would cease and a wind-down of operations would be required. (This issue is distinct from an 'authorization of appropriations' expiring, which would not, in and of itself, terminate such authority to operate.) As the new sunset date approaches, Congress is likely to debate whether to renew Ex-Im Bank's authority; if so, for how long and under what terms; and if not, other policy alternatives. The issue of Ex-Im Bank reauthorization raises a number of frequently asked questions regarding Ex-Im Bank itself and reauthorization policy options. This report addresses many of those questions, including: (1) What is the Export-Import Bank? (2) What is the reauthorization debate over Ex-Im Bank? (3) What is the Bank's market and international context? (4) What is its leadership structure? (5) What are its programs, policies, and activities? (6) How does its budget work? (7) How does it manage risk? (8) What are the implications of a sunset in authority for the Bank's activities? And (9) What are historical and current approaches to Ex-Im Bank reauthorization?"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Carpenter, David Hatcher; Levit, Mindy R. . . .
2014-11-26
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Export-Import Bank Reauthorization: Frequently Asked Questions [June 17, 2015]
"The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank or the Bank), a wholly owned federal government corporation, is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the U.S. government. Its mission is to assist in financing and facilitating U.S. exports of goods and services to support U.S. employment. The FY2015 continuing resolution (CR; §147 of P.L. 113-164) extends Ex-Im Bank's general statutory charter (Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended, 12 U.S.C. §635 et seq.) through June 30, 2015. Previously, the charter was set to sunset on September 30, 2014 (P.L. 112-122). A sunset in Ex-Im Bank's authority would mean that the agency's authority to enter into new obligations generally would cease and a wind-down of operations would be required. […] As the new sunset date approaches, Congress is considering whether to renew Ex-Im Bank's authority; if so, for how long and under what terms; and if not, the possibility of other policy alternatives. The issue of Ex-Im Bank reauthorization raises a number of frequently asked questions regarding Ex-Im Bank itself and reauthorization policy options. This report addresses many of those questions, including: [1] What is the Export-Import Bank? [2] What is the reauthorization debate over Ex-Im Bank? [3] What is its leadership structure? [4] What are its programs, policies, and activities? [5] What is its international context? [6] How does its budget work? [7] How does it manage risk? [8] What are the implications of a sunset in authority for the Bank's activities? [and 9] What are historical and current approaches to Ex-Im Bank reauthorization?"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Carpenter, David Hatcher; Taylor, Julia . . .
2015-06-17
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Export-Import Bank Reauthorization: Frequently Asked Questions [November 18, 2015]
"The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank or the Bank), a wholly owned federal government corporation, is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the U.S. government. Its mission is to assist in financing and facilitating U.S. exports of goods and services to support U.S. employment. Ex-Im Bank operates under a renewable general statutory charter (Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended), previously extended for nine months through June 30, 2015 (FY2015 continuing resolution, Section 147 of P.L. 113-164). Congress did not renew the charter before it expired on July 1, 2015. As a result, some but not all of the Bank's statutory authorities have expired. Ex-Im Bank retains statutory authority (12 U.S.C. Section 635f) to 'continu[e] as a corporate agency of the United States' and exercise any of its functions 'for purposes of orderly liquidation.' The charter offers little guidance on what an 'orderly liquidation' entails. In general, Ex-Im Bank states that, under an authorization lapse, no new loan, guarantee, or insurance commitments can be approved by its Board or under delegated authority, but the Bank may continue administering and servicing existing obligations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Carpenter, David Hatcher; Taylor, Julia . . .
2015-11-18
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Export-Import Bank: Frequently Asked Questions [April 13, 2016]
"The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank or the Bank), a wholly owned federal government corporation, is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the U.S. government. Its mission is to assist in financing and facilitating U.S. exports of goods and services to support U.S. employment. Ex-Im Bank operates under a renewable general statutory charter (Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended). In the 114th Congress, Ex-Im Bank's charter was extended through September 30, 2019, by the Export-Import Bank Reform and Reauthorization Act of 2015 (Division E of P.L. [Public Law] 114-94, a surface transportation authorization measure). Enacted on December 4, 2015, this act generally lowered Ex-Im Bank's statutory lending authority ('exposure cap' for outstanding portfolio) to $135 billion for each of FY2015-FY2019, and made reforms to, among other things, Ex-Im Bank's policies or operations in risk management, fraud controls, and ethics, as well as the U.S. approach to international negotiations on export credit financing. Ex-Im Bank's reauthorization, ultimately on a bipartisan basis in Congress, was preceded by active debate among Members about whether to renew Ex-Im Bank's authority and if so, for how long and under what terms."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Carpenter, David Hatcher; Driessen, Grant A. . . .
2016-04-13
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Legislative History Research: A Basic Guide [June 15, 2011]
From the Document: "This report provides an overview of federal legislative history research, the legislative process, and where to find congressional documents. The report also summarizes some of the reasons researchers are interested in legislative history, briefly describes the actions a piece of legislation might undergo during the legislative process, and provides a list of easily accessible print and electronic resources. This report will be updated as needed."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Taylor, Julia
2011-06-15
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