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Supersonic Passenger Flights [November 14, 2018]
"Four decades have passed since the first trans-oceanic supersonic passenger flight took off from London Heathrow Airport in 1976. Subsequently, more than 2.5 million passengers flew supersonically until British Airways and Air France took the Concorde out of service in 2003. Although no supersonic passenger aircraft have flown since then, aviation enthusiasts, aircraft and parts manufacturers, airlines, and some Members of Congress have expressed interest in restarting supersonic air travel. Several U.S. startup companies are now developing supersonic commercial and business jets. The major issues affecting the introduction of supersonic aircraft appear to remain the same as in the Concorde era--how to translate technological advances into commercial ventures that are economically viable and acceptable to regulators and the public. Gaining international consensus and approvals to fly supersonically over other countries besides the United States may be a critical element in determining the market viability of future civil supersonic aircraft designs. International agreements would also need to address permissible conditions for supersonic flight operations over water and over polar regions that have opened up to civil aircraft operations over the past decade and offer shorter flights between the United States and Asia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tang, Rachel Y.; Elias, Bartholomew; Luther, Linda . . .
2018-11-14
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Federal Civil Aviation Programs: In Brief [Updated January 11, 2019]
"Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) programs are funded under four broad budget accounts: operations and maintenance (such as air traffic control and aviation safety functions); facilities and equipment (such as control towers and navigation beacons); grants for airports under the Airport Improvement Program (AIP); and civil aviation research conducted or sponsored by FAA. Additionally, certain aviation programs are administered by the Department of Transportation (DOT) Office of the Secretary, including the Essential Air Service (EAS) program, which subsidizes airline service to certain small or isolated communities. These programs are funded primarily through a special trust fund, the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF), and, in part, through general fund contributions. The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-254) authorizes AATF taxes and revenue collections and civil aviation program expenditures through FY2023."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elias, Bartholomew; Tang, Rachel Y.
2019-01-11
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Treasury and Federal Reserve Financial Assistance in Title IV of the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) [April 28, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; H.R. 748) was signed into law as P.L. 116-136 on March 27, 2020, to assist those affected by the economic impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This assistance is targeted to consumers, businesses, and the financial services sector. A key part of this assistance is provided to eligible businesses, states, and municipalities in Division A, Title IV of the CARES Act. Title IV allocates $500 billion to the Department of the Treasury (through the Exchange Stabilization Fund) to make loans and guarantees for three specified industries--passenger airlines, cargo airlines, and businesses critical to national security--and to support Federal Reserve lending facilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Scott, Andrew P.; Egar, William T.; Gnanarajah, Raj . . .
2020-04-28
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Federal Civil Aviation Programs: In Brief [October 16, 2018]
"Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) programs are funded under four broad budget accounts: operations and maintenance (such as air traffic control and aviation safety functions); facilities and equipment (such as control towers and navigation beacons); grants for airport sunder the Airport Improvement Program (AIP); and civil aviation research conducted or sponsored by FAA. Additionally, certain aviation programs are administered by the Department of Transportation (DOT) Office of the Secretary, including the Essential Air Service (EAS) program, which subsidizes airline service to certain small or isolated communities. These programs are funded primarily through a special trust fund, the Airport and Airways Trust Fund (AATF), and, in part, through general fund contributions. The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-254) authorizes AATF taxes and revenue collections and civil aviation program expenditures through FY2023."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elias, Bartholomew; Tang, Rachel Y.
2018-10-16
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Norwegian Air International and Low-Cost Long-Haul Flights [August 22, 2019]
From the Document: "Legislation introduced in the House of Representatives in July 2019 would prohibit the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) from allowing a foreign airline to serve the United States if it 'is established in a country other than the home country of its majority owner or owners in order to avoid regulations of the home country.' The bill, H.R. 3632, is the latest salvo in a prolonged battle over issuance of a foreign air carrier permit that allows Norwegian Air Shuttle, which owns a group of discount carriers, to operate transatlantic flights to U.S. destinations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tang, Rachel Y.
2019-08-22
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CARES Act Payroll Support to Air Carriers and Contractors [August 13, 2020]
From the Document: "The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136), signed into law on March 27, 2020, provided assistance to consumers and businesses, including aid to air carriers and eligible contractors. Emergency funds also were provided to eligible airports. Assistance to air carriers in Division A, Title IV of the CARES Act included loans and loan guarantees, funds to support the pay and benefits of air carrier workers, and a suspension of aviation excise taxes on air transport of people, cargo, and aviation fuel through calendar year 2020. This Insight focuses on the payroll support program (PSP)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tang, Rachel Y.
2020-08-13
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Treasury and Federal Reserve Financial Assistance in Title IV of the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) [Updated August 5, 2020]
From the Introduction: "On March 27, 2020, the President signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; H.R. 748) into law as P.L. 116-136. The CARES Act is a wide-ranging act to provide relief to consumers, small businesses, and certain industries amid the economic fallout of COVID-19. [...] Title IV of the CARES Act contains numerous provisions aimed broadly at stabilizing the economy and helping affected households and businesses. It has received considerable attention for containing funding for industry and financial services. Specifically, Section 4003 directs the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) and the Federal Reserve (Fed) to make up to $500 billion available to support various businesses in the aviation sector, as well as the financial system. [...] This report provides an overview of Section 4003 and related provisions and explains the terms and conditions associated with the assistance. The report's Appendix compares these provisions to the 2008 Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Scott, Andrew P.; Egar, William T.; Gnanarajah, Raj . . .
2020-08-05
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COVID-19 and Funding for Civil Aviation [March 23, 2020]
From the Document: "The COVID [coronavirus disease]-19 pandemic has created headwinds for the airline industry. Out of health concerns, customers were canceling international air travel to China and other affected countries in Asia as early as January 2020. Since then, travel restrictions imposed by governments around the world as well as suspension of nonessential travel by businesses and organizations have led to a sharp drop in air travel. These developments could also have significant implications for civil aviation programs. The International Air Transport Association, an airline industry group, projected on March 17 that the industry's losses globally due to COVID-19 would exceed $113 billion--more than 19% of the annual revenue--and warned that numerous airlines around the world were running out of cash. Many passenger carriers have canceled services in the face of reduced demand, and have sought to conserve cash by offering voluntary leaves of absence, placing workers on furlough, and grounding or accelerating retirement of some aircraft."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tang, Rachel Y.
2020-03-23
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Federal Civil Aviation Programs: In Brief [Updated July 22, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) programs are funded under four broad budget accounts: operations and maintenance (such as air traffic control and aviation safety functions); facilities and equipment (such as control towers and navigation beacons); grants for airports under the Airport Improvement Program (AIP); and civil aviation research conducted or sponsored by FAA. Additionally, certain aviation programs are administered by the Department of Transportation (DOT) Office of the Secretary, including the Essential Air Service (EAS) program, which subsidizes airline service to certain small or isolated communities. Civil aviation programs are funded primarily through a special trust fund, the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF), and, in part, through general fund contributions. The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (P.L. 115- 254) authorizes AATF taxes and revenue collections and civil aviation program expenditures through FY2023. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) provided loans, loan guarantees, and payroll support programs, as well as emergency program funding, to help the aviation sector during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This report offers an overview of FAA programs and also discusses the additional supplemental relief and assistance provided by the CARES Act."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elias, Bartholomew; Tang, Rachel Y.
2020-07-22
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Title IV Provisions of the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) [April 2, 2020]
From the Document: "Economic conditions have deteriorated rapidly in the past few weeks, as the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused many businesses and public institutions to limit or close their operations, increasing financial hardship for many Americans due to layoffs or time off of work due to illness. COVID-19's effect on the airline industry has been one of many areas of interest for Congress. On March 27, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law as P.L. 116-136. The act contains a number of provisions aimed broadly at stabilizing the economy and helping affected households and businesses. Specifically, Title IV of the CARES Act grants funds to industries affected by the virus and new authorities to the regulators and agencies responsible for those industries, waives requirements for industries to meet certain regulatory requirements, and provides added oversight and consumer protections, each on a temporary basis."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Scott, Andrew P.; Cecire, Michael H.; Cooper, Cheryl R. . . .
2020-04-02
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CARES Act Payroll Support to Air Carriers and Contractors [Updated October 22, 2020]
From the Document: "The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136), signed into law on March 27, 2020, provided assistance to consumers and businesses, including aid to air carriers and eligible contractors. Emergency funds also were provided to eligible airports. Assistance to air carriers in Division A, Title IV of the CARES Act included loans and loan guarantees, funds to support the pay and benefits of air carrier workers, and a suspension of aviation excise taxes on air transport of people, cargo, and aviation fuel through calendar year 2020. This Insight focuses on the payroll support program (PSP)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tang, Rachel Y.
2020-10-22
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CARES Act Payroll Support to Air Carriers and Contractors [Updated October 8, 2020]
From the Document: "The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136), signed into law on March 27, 2020, provided assistance to consumers and businesses, including aid to air carriers and eligible contractors. Emergency funds also were provided to eligible airports. Assistance to air carriers in Division A, Title IV of the CARES Act included loans and loan guarantees, funds to support the pay and benefits of air carrier workers, and a suspension of aviation excise taxes on air transport of people, cargo, and aviation fuel through calendar year 2020. This Insight focuses on the payroll support program (PSP). Section 4112 of the CARES Act provided $32 billion in payroll support to aviation workers. From this amount, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized to provide up to [1] $25 billion for passenger air carriers (any air carrier that, during the period from April 1, 2019, to September 30, 2020, derived more than 50% of its air transportation revenue from the transportation of passengers); [2] $4 billion for cargo air carriers (any air carrier that, during the period from April 1, 2019, to September 30, 2020, derived more than 50% of its air transportation revenue from the transportation of property or mail, or both); and [3] $3 billion for contractors who provide ground services directly to air carriers, such as catering services or on-airport functions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tang, Rachel Y.
2020-10-08
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Treasury and Federal Reserve Financial Assistance in Title IV of the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) [Updated January 6, 2021]
From the Introduction: "On March 27, 2020, the President signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; H.R. 748) into law as P.L. 116-136. The CARES Act is a wide-ranging act to provide relief to consumers, small businesses, and certain industries amid the economic fallout of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], which featured unprecedented business disruptions. Title IV of the CARES Act contains numerous provisions aimed broadly at stabilizing the economy and helping affected households and businesses. It has received considerable attention for containing funding for industry and financial services. Specifically, Section 4003 directs the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) and the Federal Reserve (Fed) to make up to $500 billion available to support various businesses in the aviation sector as well as the financial system. [...] This report provides an overview of Section 4003 and related provisions and explains the terms and conditions associated with the assistance. Additionally, it discusses the funds made available in Section 4112 of Title IV for worker support at air carriers and related businesses."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Scott, Andrew P.; Labonte, Marc; Tang, Rachel Y. . . .
2021-01-06
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Federal Civil Aviation Programs: In Brief [Updated January 22, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) programs are funded under four broad budget accounts: operations and maintenance (such as air traffic control and aviation safety functions); facilities and equipment (such as control towers and navigation beacons); grants for airports under the Airport Improvement Program (AIP); and civil aviation research conducted or sponsored by FAA. Additionally, certain aviation programs are administered by the Department of Transportation (DOT) Office of the Secretary, including the Essential Air Service (EAS) program, which subsidizes airline service to certain small or isolated communities. Civil aviation programs are funded primarily through a special trust fund, the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF), and, in part, through general fund contributions. The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (P.L. 115- 254) authorizes AATF taxes and revenue collections and civil aviation program expenditures through FY2023. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) provided loans, loan guarantees, and payroll support programs, as well as emergency program funding, to help the aviation sector during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Additional funding to the aviation sector was provided in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260). This report offers an overview of FAA programs and also discusses the supplemental relief and assistance provided by the CARES Act and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elias, Bartholomew; Tang, Rachel Y.
2021-01-22
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