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Consular Identification Cards: Domestic and Foreign Policy Implications, the Mexican Case, and Related Legislation [Updated September 30, 2003]
"The current debate about consular identification cards in the United States has centered around the matrícula consular, the consular card issued by the Mexican government to its citizens in the United States when they register with a consulate. For this reason, this report focuses mainly on the Mexican matrícula consular. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, Mexico redesigned and added new features to the matrícula consular to make it a more useful and secure document. In recent years, and especially since September 2001, Mexican consulates in the United States and other interested parties have worked to gain acceptance of the matrícula consular as identification for a variety of purposes, with considerable success. A U.S. federal government interagency working group is in the process of developing recommendations for a federal policy on acceptance of consular identification cards and guidance to state and local government agencies and other entities on acceptance. The matrícula consular raises a number of controversial questions for U.S. domestic and foreign policy. With respect to domestic policy, supporters argue that acceptance of the card is necessary in a post-September 11, 2001 America, where photo identification is required to conduct daily business. They maintain that the card is a secure, reliable, fraud-resistant document that improves public safety and homeland security. Opponents argue that the matrícula consular is needed only by aliens who are illegally present in the United States and serves to undermine U.S. immigration law. They assert that the card is not secure and that its acceptance threatens public safety and homeland security."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bruno, Andorra; Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2003-09-30
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Consular Identification Cards: Domestic and Foreign Policy Implications, the Mexican Case, and Related Legislation [Updated March 31, 2005]
"The current debate about consular identification cards in the United States has centered around the matrícula consular, the consular identification card issued by Mexican consulates to Mexican citizens in the United States. In May 2003, the Treasury Department issued regulations allowing acceptance of the cards as proof of identity for the purpose of opening a bank account, and the cards are accepted for other purposes as well, including issuance of drivers licenses. Consular identification cards raise issues for domestic policy and foreign policy. With respect to domestic policy, supporters argue that acceptance of the cards is necessary in a post-September 11, 2001 America, where photo identification is required to conduct daily business. They maintain that the card is a secure and fraud-resistant document that improves security and brings people into the open financial community where transactions can be monitored more easily. Opponents argue that the cards are not secure and are needed only by aliens who are illegally present in the United States and serve to undermine U.S. immigration policy. In the area of foreign policy, supporters maintain that U.S. acceptance of the cards has improved bilateral relations with an important neighboring country. They argue that the cards help U.S. officials to notify consulates of the detention of foreign nationals and improve the likelihood that U.S. citizens will have the benefit of consular notification. Opponents contend that regulation of the cards is necessary to reinforce immigration policy and to defend against terrorism."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bruno, Andorra; Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2005-03-31
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues for the 109th Congress [Updated January 13, 2005]
"The Latin America and Caribbean region has made enormous strides over the past two decades in terms of political and economic development. While the region overall experienced an economic setback in 2002-2003, by the end of 2004, it had rebounded with an estimated growth rate of 5.5% for the year, surpassing even the most optimistic predictions. Nevertheless, several nations face considerable challenges that could threaten political stability, including persistent poverty, violent guerrilla conflicts, autocratic leaders, drug trafficking, and increasing crime."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Seelke, Clare Ribando; Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2005-01-13
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Consular Identification Cards: Domestic and Foreign Policy Implications, the Mexican Case, and Related Legislation [Updated May 26, 2005]
"The current debate about consular identification cards in the United States has centered around the matrícula consular, the consular identification card issued by Mexican consulates to Mexican citizens in the United States. In May 2003, the Treasury Department issued regulations allowing acceptance of the cards as proof of identity for the purpose of opening a bank account, and the cards are accepted for other purposes as well, including issuance of drivers licenses."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bruno, Andorra; Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2005-05-26
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Mexican Drug Certification Issues: U.S. Congressional Action, 1986-1998 [Updated April 9, 1998]
"This report summarizes U.S. congressional action relating to Mexican drug control and drug certification issues from 1986 to the present, with emphasis on recent actions. Beginning in 1986, in the context of the 1985 killing of DEA Agent Enrique Camarena, Congress required the President to certify annually, subject to congressional review, that drug-producing or drug transit countries had cooperated fully with the United States in drug control efforts to avoid a series of aid and trade sanctions. Mexico has been fully certified each year, despite some criticism, but Congress has closely monitored these certification decisions. Congress took some initial steps on resolutions to disapprove Mexico's certification in 1987 and 1988, and passed some drug-related restrictions on Mexico in 1989 and 1996. Congressional efforts to overturn the President's certification of Mexico advanced the furthest in 1997, when both houses passed modified resolutions of disapproval, which would have required additional reports on Mexican and U.S. drug control efforts. President Clinton reported to Congress in September 1997, in compliance with the Senate-passed version, even though it was never enacted into law. Following President Clinton's certification, on February 26, 1998, that Mexico was fully cooperative in drug control efforts, resolutions of disapproval (S.J.Res. 42 and S.J.Res. 43 and H.J.Res. 114) were introduced in both houses in early March 1998. When the Senate considered the Senate measures on March 26, 1998, objection was raised to a request for unanimous consent to consider S.J.Res. 43 (with a national interest waiver), and S.J.Res. 42 (a simple resolution of disapproval) was defeated by a vote of 45 to 54."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
1998-04-09
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Mexico's Counter-Narcotics Efforts under Zedillo [Updated March 4, 1998]
"This report provides information on Mexico's counter-narcotics efforts under the presidency of Ernesto Zedillo from December 1994 to March 1998 in the context of President Clinton's February 26, 1998 certification that Mexico was fully cooperative in drug control efforts. The report focuses on (1) trends in Mexico's share of illicit drug traffic to the United States, (2) measures of Mexico's efforts to control drug trafficking, and (3) Mexico's cooperation with the United States in counter-narcotics efforts. Mexico has remained the major transit point for cocaine entering the United States from South America, and a major source country for heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine, although more cocaine may be transiting the Caribbean recently. Seizures of cocaine, opium and marijuana increased in 1997, while seizures of heroin, methamphetamine and ephedrine declined significantly. Arrests declined in 1997, but Mexico had some limited success against major druglords. Eradication of opium remained nearly the same, while marijuana declined, although Mexico leads the world in this area. U.S.-Mexico counter-narcotics cooperation reached unprecedented levels, with the full range of law enforcement, military, border, and drug control agencies being involved, although corruption remains a persistent problem. Acting through cabinet-level and working groups of the High Level Contact Group (HLCG) on Narcotics Control, the countries announced completion of joint anti-drug strategy goals in February 1998."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
1998-03-04
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Border Security and the Southwest Border: Background, Legislation, and Issues [September 28, 2005]
From the Document: "Border security has emerged as an area of public concern, particularly after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Although recent public concerns pertaining to border security may be attributed to the threat of potential terrorists coming into the country, past concerns that centered around drug and human smuggling and the illegal entry of migrants remain important issues. As Congress passes legislation to enhance border security (e.g., P.L. 109-13) and the Administration puts into place procedures to tighten border enforcement, concerns over terrorists exploiting the porous southwest border continue to grow. The U.S. border with Mexico is some 2,000 miles long, with more than 800,000 people arriving from Mexico daily and more than 4 million commercial crossings annually. The United States and Mexico are linked together in various ways, including through trade, investment, migration, tourism, environment, and familial relationships. Mexico is the second most important trading partner of the United States and this trade is critical to many U.S. industries and border communities. In an effort to facilitate the legitimate flow of travel and trade, the governments of the United States and Mexico signed the U.S.-Mexico Border Partnership agreement. The agreement was accompanied by a 22-point action plan that included several immigration and customs-related border security items."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seghetti, Lisa M.; Brooks, Nathan; Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2005-09-28
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues for the 109th Congress [Updated January 24, 2006]
"The Latin America and Caribbean region has made enormous strides over the past two decades in terms of political and economic development. While the region overall experienced an economic setback in 2002-2003, by the end of 2004, it had rebounded with an estimated growth rate of nearly 6% for the year, surpassing even the most optimistic predictions. Nevertheless, several nations face considerable challenges that could threaten political stability, including persistent poverty, violent guerrilla conflicts, autocratic leaders, drug trafficking, and increasing crime. Legislative and oversight attention to Latin America and the Caribbean in the 109th Congress has focused on continued counter-narcotics efforts, especially in the Andean region; trade issues, including consideration of several free trade agreements (FTAs); threats to democracy in such nations as Haiti and Venezuela; and efforts to foster political change in Cuba. Congress also has maintained an active interest in neighboring Mexico, focusing especially on border security and migration issues. Since 2000, the Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI) has been the primary U.S. program supporting the Colombian governments efforts to combat drug trafficking and terrorist activity perpetrated by guerrilla and paramilitary groups. The 109th Congress approved the Administrations request to continue ACI funding in FY2006 at approximately the same levels as in previous years."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Hornbeck, J. F. (John F.); Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2005-11-16
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Mexico's Political History: From Revolution to Alternation, 1910-2006 [January 26, 2006]
"This brief overview of Mexico's political history from 1910 to 2006, with emphasis on electoral reforms and elections, demonstrates that Mexico has evolved from long-term domination by a single party to alternation and effective competition among the three major parties. This report sets the stage for the approaching July 2006 elections."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2006-01-26
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Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2002 Supplemental and FY2003 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors [July 22, 2003]
"On February 4, 2002, President Bush submitted a FY2003 budget request that would provide $979.8 million for the Andean Regional Initiative (ARI), with $731 million in counternarcotics assistance under the Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI). This request included $537 million in ARI funding for Colombia, with $439 million in ACI funding and $98 million in Foreign Military Financing (FMF) to train and equip a Colombian army brigade to protect an oil pipeline in northeastern Colombia. On March 21, 2002, the Administration proposed an Emergency FY2002 Supplemental for counter-terrorism purposes that included a request for $4 million of State Department international narcotics control (INCLE) funding for Colombia police post support, $6 million of FMF funding for Colombia and $3 million for Ecuador for counter-terrorism equipment and training, and $25 million for counterkidnapping training in Colombia. Also included in the submission were requests to broaden the authorities of the Defense and State Departments to utilize FY2002 and FY2003 assistance and unexpended Plan Colombia assistance to support the Colombian government's 'unified campaign against narcotics trafficking, terrorist activities, and other threats to its national security.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Serafino, Nina M.; Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2003-07-22
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Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2003 Supplemental and FY2004 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors [Updated January 30, 2004]
"In 2003, Congress considered President Bush's requests for FY2004 and FY2003 supplemental assistance for Colombia and six regional neighbors in a continuation of the Andean Regional Initiative (ARI) launched in 2001. ARI was proposed as an expansion of support for Plan Colombia, under the Clinton Administration, with more funding for social and economic development programs for Colombia and its neighbors, who are affected by Colombia's struggle against guerrillas and drug traffickers. From FY2000 through FY2003, Colombia and other ARI recipients have received more than $3 billion in U.S. funding. In early 2003, an FY2003 Emergency Wartime Supplemental bill (H.Rept. 108-76/P.L. 108-11) provided $105 million in additional assistance for the Andean Counterdrug Initiative and related programs. This included $34 million for the State Department's International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement account, $34 million for the Department of Defense's Drug Interdiction and Counter-Drug Activities account, and $37.1 million in Foreign Military Financing Program funds. The President submitted his FY2004 budget request to Congress on February 3, 2003, including $990.7 million for countries comprising the Andean Regional Initiative, including military funding for Colombia. Of the $990.7 million requested, $731 million is for the Andean Counterdrug Initiative, $133.5 million for the Foreign Military Financing Program, with the remainder of the overall figure in development, economic, and health programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Veillette, Connie; Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2004-01-30
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Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2002 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors [Updated February 14, 2002]
"In April and May 2001, the Bush Administration proposed $882.29 million in FY2002 economic and counter-narcotics assistance, as well as extension of trade preferences and other measures, for Colombia and regional neighbors in an initiative called the "Andean Regional Initiative" (ARI). Critics of the Andean Regional Initiative argue that it is a continuation of what they regard as the misguided approach of Plan Colombia assistance approved in 2000, with an overemphasis on military and counter-drug assistance, and with inadequate support for human rights and the peace process in Colombia. Supporters argue that it continues needed assistance to Colombia, while providing more support for regional neighbors and social and economic programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Serafino, Nina M.; Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2002-02-14
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Mexico's Counter-Narcotics Efforts under Fox, December 2000 to October 2004 [November 10, 2004]
"President Bush and President Fox have met many times and have made the bilateral relationship a top priority, although disagreements over Iraq created some tension. In these meetings, the presidents agreed to enhance law enforcement and counter-narcotics cooperation between the two countries, and this cooperation was facilitated by the modification of the U.S. drug certification process. Top officials say that the countries have achieved unprecedented levels of cooperation, including the sharing of sensitive intelligence and expanded training for Mexican anti-drug forces. In the post 9/11/01 period, the countries have expanded cooperation into overlapping counter-narcotics and counter-terrorism programs. This report provides information on Mexico's counter-narcotics efforts during the first four years of the presidency of Vicente Fox. Special emphasis is placed on calendar year 2003, covered by the State Department's March 2004 report on international narcotics control, and the first six months of 2004, covered in President Fox's September 2004 ' State of the Nation' report. This report will be updated when warranted by events."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2004-11-10
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Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2002 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors [Updated October 31, 2001]
"In April and May 2001, the Bush Administration proposed $882.29 million in FY2002 economic and counter-narcotics assistance, as well as extension of trade preferences and other measures, for Colombia and regional neighbors in an initiative called the 'Andean Regional Initiative' (ARI). Critics of the Andean Regional Initiative argue that it is a continuation of what they regard as the misguided approach of last year's Plan Colombia, with an overemphasis on military and counter-drug assistance, and with inadequate support for human rights and the peace process in Colombia. Supporters argue that it continues needed assistance to Colombia, while providing more support for regional neighbors and social and economic programs. [...] In action on the Andean Trade Preference Act, on October 5, 2001, the House Ways and Means Committee approved and ordered reported H.R. 3009, the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act, that would extend and expand theATPA through December 31, 2006."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Serafino, Nina M.; Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2001-10-31
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Drug Certification Requirements and Proposed Congressional Modifications in 2001 [Updated November 6, 2001]
"Since the mid-1980s, Congress has required the President to certify that specified drug producing and drug-transit countries are cooperating fully with the United States in counter-narcotics efforts in order to avoid a series of sanctions, including suspension of U.S. foreign assistance and financing, and opposition to loans in the multilateral development banks. The sanctions would also apply if the Congress, within 30 calendar days, passes a joint resolution of disapproval to overturn the presidential certification, however, any resolution would be subject to veto. [...] The Senate Foreign Relations Committee approved and reported out a substitute version of S. 219 on April 5, 2001, with elements from the various proposed modifications, and on September 4, 2001, it reported out S. 1401, the Foreign Relations Authorization for FY2002-FY2003, with Sections 741-745 containing similar provisions. These provisions would modify the existing drug certification procedures for FY2002-FY2004, require the President to designate only the worst offending countries subject to sanctions, and encourage the convening of a high-level conference to develop an effective multilateral strategy. On October 24, 2001, the Senate passed the Foreign Operations Appropriations for FY2002 (H.R. 2506), with an amendment by Senators Dodd and Hutchison (S.Amdt. 1959), that generally incorporated the provisions of S. 219 and S. 1401 as reported, except that the modifications would apply only to FY2002 and would apply only to countries in the Western Hemisphere."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2001-11-06
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Legislative Issues in 2001 [Updated October 10, 2001]
"This report provides an overview of the major legislative issues facing Congress in 2001 relating to the Latin American and Caribbean region, and provides reference and linkages to other reports covering the issues in more detail. The report is organized by the regions and subregions of the Western Hemisphere."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-; Hornbeck, J. F. (John F.); Sullivan, Mark P. . . .
2001-10-01
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Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2002 Supplemental and FY2003 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors [Updated January 8, 2003]
"In 2002 and early 2003, Congress has been considering President Bush's request for additional funding and additional authority to provide assistance to Colombia and six regional neighbors in a continuation of the Andean Regional Initiative that was launched in 2001. The region has been viewed as important primarily because it produces virtually all of the world's cocaine and increasing amounts of heroin. Moreover, the stability of Colombia and the region is threatened by Colombia's longstanding guerrilla insurgency and rightist paramilitary groups, which are both believed to be largely funded by 'taxes' on illegal narcotics cultivation and trade."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-; Serafino, Nina M.
2003-01-08
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Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2003 Supplemental and FY2004 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors [Updated July 25, 2003]
"In 2003, Congress is considering President Bush's requests for FY2003 supplemental and FY2004 funding for Colombia and six regional neighbors in a continuation of the Andean Regional Initiative that was launched in 2001. The region has been viewed as important primarily because it produces virtually all of the world's cocaine and increasing amounts of heroin. Moreover, the stability of Colombia and the region is threatened by Colombia's longstanding guerrilla insurgency and rightist paramilitary groups, which are both believed to be largely funded by 'taxes' on illegal narcotics cultivation and trade."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-; Veillette, Connie
2003-07-25
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Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2002 Supplemental and FY2003 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors [Updated June 12, 2002]
"In 2002, Congress is considering President Bush's request for additional funding and additional authority to provide assistance to Colombia and six regional neighbors in a continuation of the Andean Regional Initiative that was launched in 2001. The region has been viewed as important primarily because it produces virtually all of the world's cocaine and increasing amounts of heroin. Moreover, the stability of Colombia and the region is threatened by Colombia's longstanding guerrilla insurgency and rightist paramilitary groups, which are both believed to be largely funded by 'taxes' on illegal narcotics cultivation and trade."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Serafino, Nina M.; Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2002-06-12
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Drug Certification Requirements and Congressional Modifications in 2001 [January 10, 2002]
"Since the mid-1980s, Congress has required the President to certify that specified drug producing and drug-transit countries are cooperating fully with the United States in counter-narcotics efforts in order to avoid a series of sanctions, including suspension of U.S. foreign assistance and financing, and opposition to loans in the multilateral development banks. The sanctions would also apply if the Congress, within 30 calendar days, passes a joint resolution of disapproval to overturn the presidential certification, however, any resolution would be subject to veto. Over the years, spokesmen from many countries have complained about the unilateral and non-cooperative nature of the drug certification requirements, and have urged the United States to end the process and to rely upon various multilateral methods of evaluation that have been developed. Mexico, often the focus of congressional debate, particularly expressed dissatisfaction with the process, even though it was regularly certified as being a fully cooperative country. Following the July 2000 election of opposition candidate Vicente Fox as President of Mexico, legislative measures were introduced to modify the drug certification requirements, and these initiatives were mentioned when President Bush met with President Fox in Mexico in mid-February 2001, and in the United States in early September 2001."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2002-01-10
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Mexico's Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United States [January 18, 2006]
"This report provides information on the importance of Mexico to U.S. interests and catalogues the many ways Mexico and the United States interact. The report is a snapshot of the bilateral relationship at the beginning of 2006. It will not be updated on a regular basis...The United States and Mexico have developed a wide variety of mechanisms for consultation and cooperation on the range of issues in which the countries interact. These include (1) periodical presidential meetings; (2) annual cabinet-level Binational Commission meetings with 10 Working Groups on major issues; (3) annual meetings of congressional delegations in the Mexico-United States Interparliamentary Group Conferences; (4) NAFTA-related trilateral trade meetings under various groups; (5) regular meetings of the Attorneys General and the Senior Law Enforcement Plenary to deal with law enforcement and counter-narcotics matters; (6) a wide variety of bilateral border area cooperation meetings dealing with environment, health, transportation, and border crossing issues; and (7) trilateral meetings under the 'Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP) of North America' launched in Waco, Texas, in March 2005."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2006-01-18
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Drug Certification of Mexico in 1999: Arguments For and Against Congressional Resolutions of Disapproval [Updated March 30, 1999]
"This report presents arguments for and against congressional resolutions to disapprove President Clinton's February 26, 1999 certification of Mexico as a fully cooperative country in efforts to control illicit narcotics. These resolutions (H.J.Res. 1 35--Bachus, and H.J.Res. 43--Mica and Gilman) would disapprove the President's certification, but would permit him to avoid withholding of assistance to Mexico if he determined that vital national interests required such assistance. While the drug certification legislation requires that Congress act within 30 calendar days after the President's certification, H.J.Res. 43 contains a rule of construction providing that congressional approval would be deemed to have been enacted within the 30-day period. Supporters of the resolutions might argue that Mexico's performance does not justify certification, that Mexico has failed to take adequate action against corruption and drug traffickers, and that passage would send a message of seriousness that would encourage greater Mexican efforts. Opponents might argue that the action would be seen as a unilateral and punitive approach, that disapproval of Mexico might have negative effects within the United States and might fail to encourage greater Mexican cooperation in counter-narcotics efforts, and that disapproval may negatively affect other areas of bilateral cooperation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
1999-03-30
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Mexican Drug Certification Issues: U.S. Congressional Action, 1986-2002 [Updated October 22, 2002]
"This report summarizes U.S. congressional action relating to Mexican drug control and drug certification issues from 1986 to 2002, with emphasis on recent actions. It explains the development and the procedures of the drug certification requirements in the mid-1980s and the steps taken in the initial years following enactment of the bill. It provides detailed information about congressional action in the more recent years, from 1996 to 2002, including the temporary modification of the requirements in 2001 and the permanent modification of the procedures in 2002."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2002-10-22
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Mexico and Drug Certification in 1999: Consequences of Decertification [March 4, 1999]
"This report summarizes the drug certification requirements mandated by Congress, and indicates the types of U.S. assistance that could be suspended if Mexico were to be decertified. It also indicates the types of assistance that could be exempted from suspension, or be provided by the President anyway, using special authorities. It also indicates how the negative votes of U.S. representatives would affect multilateral development bank lending to Mexico."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
1999-03-04
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Drug Certification of Mexico in 1998: Arguments For and Against Congressional Resolutions of Disapproval [March 20, 1998]
"This report presents arguments for and against congressional resolutions which have been introduced to disapprove President Clinton's February 26, 1998 certification of Mexico as a fully cooperative country in efforts to control illicit narcotics. These resolutions, which must be approved within 30 calendar days of the President's certification, would disapprove the President's certification and require the withholding of assistance and support from Mexico (S.J.Res. 42), or they would disapprove the President's certification, but would permit him to avoid withholding of assistance if he determined that vital national interests required such assistance (S.J.Res. 43, H.J.Res. 114). Arguments for such resolutions include that Mexico's performance does not justify certification, that Mexico has failed to take adequate action against corruption and drug traffickers, and that such action would send a message of seriousness that would encourage greater Mexican efforts. Arguments against such resolutions include that the action would be seen as a unilateral and punitive approach, that disapproval of Mexico might have negative U.S. effects and might fail to encourage greater Mexican cooperation in counter-narcotics efforts, and that disapproval may negatively affect other areas of bilateral cooperation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
1998-03-20
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Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2002 Supplemental and FY2003 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors [April 23, 2002]
"In 2002, Congress is considering President Bush's request for additional funding and additional authority to provide assistance to Colombia and six regional neighbors in a continuation of the Andean Regional Initiative that was launched in 2001. The region has been viewed as important primarily because it produces virtually all of the world's cocaine and increasing amounts of heroin. Moreover, the stability of Colombia and the region is threatened by Colombia's longstanding guerrilla insurgency and rightist paramilitary groups, which are both believed to be largely funded by 'taxes' on illegal narcotics cultivation and trade."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-; Serafino, Nina M.
2002-04-23
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Central America and the Dominican Republic in the Context of the Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) with the United States [Updated August 4, 2005]
"On October 1, 2002, the Bush Administration notified Congress of the intention to enter into negotiations leading to a free trade agreement with five Central American countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua). Negotiations for a U.S.-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) were launched in January 2003 and were completed on December 17, 2003, although Costa Rica withdrew from the negotiations at the last minute. Negotiations with Costa Rica continued in early January 2004, and were completed on January 25, 2004. On February 20, 2004, President Bush notified Congress of his intention to sign the CAFTA pact, and it was signed on May 28, 2004. In August 2003, the Administration notified Congress of plans to negotiate a free trade agreement with the Dominican Republic and to incorporate it into the free trade agreement with Central American countries. Negotiations with the Dominican Republic began in January 2004, and were completed on March 15, 2004. The new pact, to be known as the United States-Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA), was signed by all seven countries on August 5, 2004."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-; Seelke, Clare Ribando; Sek, Lenore . . .
2005-08-04
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Central America and the Dominican Republic in the Context of the Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) with the United States [Updated October 24, 2005]
"On October 1, 2002, the Bush Administration notified Congress of the intention to enter into negotiations leading to a free trade agreement with five Central American countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua). Negotiations for a U.S.-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) were launched in January 2003 and were completed on December 17, 2003, although Costa Rica withdrew from the negotiations at the last minute. Negotiations with Costa Rica continued in early January 2004, and were completed on January 25, 2004. On February 20, 2004, President Bush notified Congress of his intention to sign the CAFTA pact, and it was signed on May 28, 2004. In August 2003, the Administration notified Congress of plans to negotiate a free trade agreement with the Dominican Republic and to incorporate it into the free trade agreement with Central American countries. Negotiations with the Dominican Republic began in January 2004, and were completed on March 15, 2004. The new pact, to be known as the United States-Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA), was signed by all seven countries on August 5, 2004."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-; Seelke, Clare Ribando; Sek, Lenore . . .
2005-10-24
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Legislative Issues in 2001-2002 [Updated December 6, 2002]
"This report provides an overview of the major legislative issues Congress dealt with in 2001 and 2002 relating to Latin America and the Caribbean. Organized by the regions and subregions of the Western Hemisphere, the report provides reference and linkages to other reports covering the issues in more detail. The importance of the region to the United States has been emphasized by President Bush's trips to Mexico in February 2001 and March 2002 and his trips to Peru and El Salvador in March 2002, and by a number of congressional trips to the region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Hornbeck, J. F. (John F.); Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937- . . .
2002-12-06
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Legislative Issues in 2001-2002 [Updated June 12, 2002]
"This report provides an overview of the major legislative issues Congress dealt with in 2001 and 2002 relating to Latin America and the Caribbean. Organized by the regions and subregions of the Western Hemisphere, the report provides reference and linkages to other reports covering the issues in more detail. The importance of the region to the United States has been emphasized by President Bush's trips to Mexico in February 2001 and March 2002 and his trips to Peru and El Salvador in March 2002, and by a number of congressional trips to the region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Hornbeck, J. F. (John F.); Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937- . . .
2002-06-12
