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United States Border Security and Reserve Component Forces
"The 2002 National Homeland Security Strategy cited border and transportation security as one of the six critical mission areas for securing America from terrorist attacks. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was abolished in March 2003, and all its immigration-related functions were transferred into the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) under the newly created Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This Strategic Research Project examines the history of border security, strategic implications of the new mission, practices, and policies of the CBP. Further, it analyzes the international border security agreements between Canada, Mexico, and the United States, and reviews the use of Reserve Components in Joint Task Force North and Operation Jumpstart. Finally, it discusses the volunteer Minuteman Civil Defense Corps and concludes with recommendations for improving border security."
Army War College (U.S.)
Smith, Jeffrey A.
2007-03-15
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White Paper: Coast Guard Law Enforcement/Security-- the Way Ahead in the 21st Century
This United States Coast Guard White Paper addresses "our changing Country's security environment has compelled an extraordinary leap in the size and magnitude of Coast Guard law enforcement activities and attendant personnel requirements. [...]. The three focus areas of the Commandant's Direction; Readiness, People, and Stewardship all directly apply. In the interests of 'Stewardship' we must capture synergies available within the new Department. [...].Certification would provide professional development opportunities, and relates directly to the 'People' focus in the Commandant's Direction. ALCOAST 021/03 speaks to the area of 'People and Readiness.' It states, 'In the new Homeland Security environment, the Coast Guard's Law Enforcement requirements have expanded by the creation of new PSUs, MSSTs, the Sea Marshal Program, and other initiatives. These new initiatives, coupled with our ongoing Law Enforcement missions, require us to take a comprehensive look at how we grow and retain our workforce skills in these critical areas.' It is evident that in the new normalcy, to raise the degree of competency in the Law Enforcement arena we must be prepared to reorganize. The mandate is clear, in order to meet the challenge of current and future missions, and comply with current legislation, the Coast Guard must forge ahead with an examination of these critical issues. This paper considers two possible options, (1) the creation of a Maritime Enforcement Rate, and (2) the creation of a Maritime Enforcement Community."
United States. Coast Guard
Bowen, Charles; Smith, Jeffrey; Ingraham, George
2003-05-05
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Transporting Alberta Oil Sands Products: Defining the Issues and Assessing the Risks
"Oil sands are unconventional hydrocarbon deposits that consist of clay, sand, water,
and a highly viscous petroleum product known as bitumen. Over the past decade,
extracting bitumen from oil sands has become profitable as oil prices have increased and
extraction technologies improved. With the rapid growth of the oil sands industry in
Alberta, production is expected to grow from 1.25 million barrels per day (mbl/d) in 2011
to around 3.75 mbl/d by 2030. Most oil sands products are transported to market via
existing and proposed pipelines; however, a sharp increase in the use of rail and marine
transport can be expected while new pipelines are constructed to match the increasing
production of oil sands products. […] Little research is currently available regarding the behavior of oil sands products spilled into water, and how they weather in the environment. Most tests have been conducted in the laboratory, so predicting the actual behavior of oil sands products for a range of spills is difficult. […] There are additional gaps in policies and regulations that warrant scrutiny as transport of oil sands products and other unconventional oils increases. Federal and state railway regulators have previously played relatively minor roles in oil spill planning, but the rapid increase in rail transport of petroleum products and recent high-profile accidents involving oil and rail tank cars suggest the agencies with regulatory oversight over rail transportation should consider increasing effort for spill contingency planning."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Crosby, Shanese; Fay, Robin; Groark, Colin . . .
2013-09
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Intercomparison of 7 Planetary Boundary-Layer/Surface-Layer Physics Schemes Over Complex Terrain for Battlefield Situational Awareness
From the abstract: "This study considers the performance of 7 of the Weather Research and Forecast model boundary-layer (BL) parameterization schemes in a complex terrain environment. These BL/surface-layer options were compared and represent local, nonlocal, and hybrid approaches. Based on surface parameter root-mean-square error and bias measures, there is no clearly superior scheme; however, the BouLac, Quasi-normal Scale Elimination, and Yonsei University (YSU) schemes performed best. The surface parameters, planetary BL structure, and vertical profiles are important for US Army Research Laboratory applications, including in the formulation of some weather impact decision aids. Both the YSU and Mellor-Yamada-Janjic schemes, used in the common Weather Running Estimate-Nowcast model configurations and in operational configurations, appear to perform reasonably well in this environment. While the scale-aware scheme addresses the scale dependency problem, we have found no clear improvement when using this scheme with a 1-km inner mesh in this study. There is little variation between the schemes in the daytime BL, but at nighttime the schemes differ notably. The model's greatest difficulty is in simulating the transition between daytime and nighttime BLs. There is insufficient statistical spread in the members tested to consider a BLphysics-only-based ensemble to quantify model uncertainty."
U.S. Army Research Laboratory
Penc, Richard S.; Smith, Jeffrey A.; Raby, John . . .
2018-04
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report 92-0224-2379; Norfolk Police Department Norfolk, Virginia
"On April 20, 1992, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) from traffic police officers at the Norfolk Police Department concerning the risk of cancer from the use of traffic radar devices which emit microwave radiation. On July 13, 1992, NIOSH investigators conducted a site visit. During the course of the visit, employees were interviewed, medical and employment records were reviewed, measurements of microwave exposure were made and work practices associated with the use of the radar units were assessed. Two main types of radar units were identified, hand held devices (radar guns) and fixed units, mounted in automobiles."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Malkin, Robert; Moss, C. Eugene; Kadamami, Salaam . . .
1994-01
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