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Niger: Frequently Asked Questions About the October 2017 Attack on U.S. Soldiers [October 27, 2017]
"A deadly attack on U.S. soldiers in Niger and their local counterparts on October 4, 2017, has prompted many questions from Members of Congress about the incident. It has also highlighted a range of broader issues for Congress pertaining to oversight and authorization of U.S. military deployments, evolving U.S. global counterterrorism activities and strategy, interagency security assistance and cooperation efforts, and U.S. engagement with countries historically considered peripheral to core U.S. national security interests."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Blanchard, Lauren Ploch; Feickert, Andrew . . .
2017-10-27
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Trump Administration's National Strategy for Counterterrorism: Overview and Comparison to the Prior Administration [January 29, 2019]
"On October 4, 2018, President Trump released his Administration's first National Strategy for Counterterrorism. The overarching goal of the strategy is to 'defeat the terrorists who threaten America's safety, prevent future attacks, and protect our national interests.' In describing the need for this strategy, National Security Advisor John Bolton stated that the terrorist 'landscape is more fluid and complex than ever' and that the strategy will not 'focus on a single organization but will counter all terrorists with the ability and intent to harm the United States, its citizens and our interests.' The strategy states that a 'new approach' will be implemented containing six primary thematic areas of focus: (1) pursuing terrorists to their source; (2) isolating terrorists from their sources of support; (3) modernizing and integrating the United States' counterterrorism authorities and tools; (4) protecting American infrastructure and enhancing resilience; (5) countering terrorist radicalization and recruitment; and (6) strengthening the counterterrorism abilities of U.S. international partners."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rollins, John W.
2019-01-29
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Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) [Updated January 15, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress has shown recurring interest in the administration of the FTO [Foreign Terrorist Organization] list and its application to groups that the U.S. government considers to be undertaking terrorism-related activities. The State Department's Bureau of Counterterrorism (CT) is responsible for identifying entities for designation as an FTO."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rollins, John W.
2019-01-15
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Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects [May 5, 2017]
"When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration of full-year or interim appropriations, the agencies and programs experience a funding gap. If funding does not resume in time to continue government operations, then, under the Antideficiency Act, an agency must cease operations, except in certain situations when law authorizes continued activity. The criteria that flow from the Antideficiency Act for determining which activities are affected are complex. [...] This CRS [Congressional Research Service] report is intended to address questions that arise frequently related to the topic of government shutdowns. However, the report does not closely track developments related to the appropriations process for a given fiscal year."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brass, Clinton T.; Brudnick, Ida A.; Glassman, Matthew . . .
2017-05-05
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Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects [November 30, 2017]
"When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration of full-year or interim appropriations, the agencies and programs experience a funding gap. If funding does not resume in time to continue government operations, then, under the Antideficiency Act, an agency must cease operations, except in certain situations when law authorizes continued activity. The criteria that flow from the Antideficiency Act for determining which activities are affected are complex. Failure of the President and Congress to reach agreement on full-year or interim funding measures occasionally has caused shutdowns of affected federal government activities. The longest such shutdown lasted 21 full days during FY1996, from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996. More recently, a funding gap commenced on October 1, 2013, the first day of FY2014, after funding for the previous fiscal year expired. Because funding did not resume on October 1, affected agencies began to cease operations and furlough personnel that day. A 16-full-day shutdown ensued, the first to occur in over 17 years."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brass, Clinton T.; Brudnick, Ida A.; Keegan, Natalie . . .
2017-11-30
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Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects [December 10, 2018]
"When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration of full-year or interim appropriations, the agencies and programs experience a funding gap. If funding does not resume in time to continue government operations, then, under the Antideficiency Act, an agency must cease operations, except in certain situations when law authorizes continued activity. Funding gaps are distinct from shutdowns, and the criteria that flow from the Antideficiency Act for determining which activities are affected by a shutdown are complex. Failure of the President and Congress to reach agreement on full-year or interim funding measures occasionally has caused shutdowns of affected federal government activities. The longest such shutdown lasted 21 full days during FY1996, from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996. More recently, a relatively long funding gap commenced on October 1, 2013, the first day of FY2014, after funding for the previous fiscal year expired. Because funding did not resume on October 1, affected agencies began to cease operations and furlough personnel that day. A 16-full-day shutdown ensued, the first to occur in over 17 years. Subsequently, two comparatively brief shutdowns occurred during FY2018, in January and February 2018, respectively."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brass, Clinton T.; Brudnick, Ida A.; Keegan, Natalie . . .
2018-12-10
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Selected Homeland Security Issues in the 116th Congress [Updated November 26, 2019]
From the Document: "In 2001, in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 'homeland security' went from being a concept discussed among a relatively small cadre of policymakers and strategic thinkers to one broadly discussed among policymakers, including a broad swath of those in Congress. Debates over how to implement coordinated homeland security policy led to the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296), the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and extensive legislative activity in the ensuing years. Initially, homeland security was largely seen as counterterrorism activities. Today, homeland security is a broad and complex network of interrelated issues, in policymaking terms. For example, in its executive summary, the Quadrennial Homeland Security Review issued in 2014 delineated the missions of the homeland security enterprise as follows: prevent terrorism and enhance security; secure and manage the borders; enforce and administer immigration laws; safeguard and secure cyberspace; and strengthen national preparedness and resilience. This report compiles a series of Insights by CRS [Congressional Research Services] experts across an array of homeland security issues that may come before the 116th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.; DeVine, Michael E.; Finklea, Kristin . . .
2019-11-26
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Terrorism in Southeast Asia [Updated May 5, 2017]
From the Summary: "There are several factors that characterize the terrorism threat in Southeast Asia. The region's largest Muslim-majority nations, Indonesia and Malaysia, have long been known for moderate forms of Islam and the protection of religious diversity--policies that have widespread popular support but which raise resentments among small numbers of conservative actors. In other Southeast Asian countries with substantial Muslim populations, including the Philippines and Thailand, simmering resentments in Muslim-majority regions have been fed by perceived cultural and economic repression, leading to separatist movements that have posed threats to domestic groups--and in the case of the Philippines, to Western targets."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dolven, Ben; Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-; Chanlett-Avery, Emma . . .
2017-05-05
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State Department 'Country Report on Terrorism': 2001-2016 Trends [August 18, 2017]
From the Document: "By April 30 of each year, the Secretary of State is required by law to provide Congress a 'Country Report on Terrorism'. According to 22 U.S.C. §2656f, the report must contain 'detailed assessments with respect to each foreign country in which acts of international terrorism occurred, which were, in the opinion of the Secretary, of major significance.' While the report does not speak to the effectiveness of U.S. counterterrorism strategies, policies, or operations, it does offer a perspective of general trends of global casualties resulting from terrorist attacks. By law, the 'Country Report on Terrorism' must include [1] an examination of foreign counterterrorism efforts; [2] any judicial responses of foreign countries regarding terrorism affecting American citizens or facilities; [3] a list of countries that support terrorist groups; [4] an assessment of countries in which terrorists operate, including actions taken by those governments; [5] a report on terrorism-related deaths, injuries, and kidnappings; [6] a strategy for addressing terrorist sanctuaries; and [7] an analysis of international terrorism trends."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rollins, John W.
2017-08-17
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Yemen: Recent Terrorism Designations [January 29, 2021]
From the Overview: "On January 19, 2021, the Trump Administration designated the Yemeni group 'Ansar Allah' (Arabic for 'the Partisans of God'), commonly referred to as the Houthis, as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT). In notifying Congress, (per 8 U.S.C. §1189), then Secretary of State Michael Pompeo identified that the Houthis were closely linked to Iran and that the designations were intended to hold the Houthis accountable for terrorist acts. The designations reportedly had been under consideration for months, though aid organizations repeatedly cautioned that designations would exacerbate what the United Nations presently considers the world's worst humanitarian crisis."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell; Margesson, Rhoda; Rennack, Dianne E. . . .
2021-01-29
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Designating Mexican Drug Cartels as Foreign Terrorists: Policy Implications [December 6, 2019]
From the Document: "Whether DTO [drug trafficking organization] violence meets the criteria for terrorist activity or terrorism, terms defined in U.S. law, was debated during the Obama Administration and continues to be raised by some Members of Congress. President Trump's comments have reinvigorated this debate and drawn consternation from Mexico. Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office last December, is under pressure to adopt a security strategy that can successfully deal with the DTOs and reduce drug trafficking-related violence. He has rejected the call for a 'war' on DTOs, which he asserts would increase the number of civilian casualties. He and Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard oppose any U.S. intervention that could be construed as a violation of Mexican sovereignty. López Obrador and Ebrard did discuss bilateral efforts against arms trafficking that has fueled DTO-related violence when they met Attorney General William Barr on December 5."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosen, Liana W.; Rollins, John W.; Beittel, June S. . . .
2019-12-06
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North Korean Cyber Capabilities: In Brief [August 03, 2017]
"As North Korea has accelerated its missile and nuclear programs in spite of international sanctions, Congress and the Trump Administration have elevated North Korea to a top U.S. foreign policy priority. Legislation such as the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-122) and international sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council have focused on North Korea's WMD and ballistic missile programs and human rights abuses. According to some experts, another threat is emerging from North Korea: an ambitious and well-resourced cyber program. North Korea's cyberattacks have the potential not only to disrupt international commerce, but to direct resources to its clandestine weapons and delivery system programs, potentially enhancing its ability to evade international sanctions. As Congress addresses the multitude of threats emanating from North Korea, it may need to consider responses to the cyber aspect of North Korea's repertoire. This would likely involve multiple committees, some of which operate in a classified setting. This report will provide a brief summary of what unclassified open-source reporting has revealed about the secretive program, introduce four case studies in which North Korean operators are suspected of having perpetrated malicious operations, and provide an overview of the international finance messaging service that these hackers may be exploiting."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Rosen, Liana W.; Rollins, John W. . . .
2017-08-03
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National Security Council: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 3, 2021]
From the Summary: "On February 4, 2021, President Joseph R. Biden signed National Security Memorandum (NSM)- 2, 'Renewing the National Security Council System.' In it, the Biden Administration articulates how it intends to manage and coordinate national security issues among relevant departments and agencies. This report offers a brief historical overview of the formation of the National Security Council (NSC), clarifies the terms and structures associated with it, and provides a table of the NSC's current composition."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.; Rollins, John W.
2021-06-03
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