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U.S. Secret Service Protection of Persons and Facilities: Homeland Security Issues in the 116th Congress [March 6, 2019]

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"Congress has historically legislated and conducted oversight on the U.S. Secret Service (USSS) because of USSS' public mission of protecting individuals such as the President and his family, and the USSS mission of investigating financial crimes. Most recently, the 115th Congress conducted oversight on challenges facing the Service and held hearings on legislation that addressed costs associated with USSS protective detail operations and special agents' pay. These two issues remain pertinent in the 116th Congress due to recent, but failed, attacks on USSS protectees, and the media's and public's attention on the cost the USSS incurs while protecting President Donald Trump and his family."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2019-03-06
Hurricane Michael: Brief Overview of FEMA Programs and Resources [October 11, 2018]

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"This Insight provides a brief overview of emergency and major disaster declarations relevant to Hurricane Michael, and selected federal resources and links to CRS [Congressional Budget Office] products related to Stafford Act declarations, disaster response, and recovery. Hurricane Michael made landfall on the panhandle of Florida as a category 4 on October 10, 2018 and affected parts of Georgia. In anticipation of the landfall, President Trump issued an emergency declaration to Florida on October 7, 2018. On October 11, 2018, the President issued an emergency declaration to Georgia, and issued a major disaster declaration to Florida. Authorized under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, emergency declarations may authorize direct federal assistance and grant assistance to affected state and local governments to protect property, ensure public health and safety, and other activities that lessen or avert an incident becoming a catastrophic incident."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Lindsay, Bruce R.; Reese, Shawn; Brown, Jared T. . . .

2018-10-11
Hurricane Dorian: FEMA and Additional Storm-Related Resources [Updated September 6, 2019]

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From the Introduction: "On September 6, Hurricane Dorian made landfall as a category 1 storm at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. This Insight provides a brief overview of emergency and major declarations and federal assistance programs potentially available to those affected by Hurricane Dorian. It also lists resources for forecast information, hurricane and flooding information, and selected CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports on federal emergency management policy."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Horn, Diane P.; Lipiec, Eva

2019-09-06
2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review: Evolution of a Strategic Review [Updated September 9, 2019]

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From the Overview: "In June 2014, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) reported the second iteration of the Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR) to Congress. DHS states that the QHSR is a 'comprehensive examination of the homeland security strategy of the Nation, including recommendations regarding the long-term strategy and priorities of the Nation for homeland security.' The QHSR is a process in which DHS examines the nation's homeland security strategy; the report delivered to Congress provides an explanation of this process. Neither the review process nor the report to Congress is the strategy, instead the 2014 QHSR (both the process and the report) are part of the constant reevaluation of the nation's homeland security and part of the process by which the combined National and Homeland Security Staff develops the next iteration of the national security strategy."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2019-09-09
Protection of Executive Branch Officials [Updated September 10, 2019]

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From the Overview: "Due to the October 2018 attempted bombing attacks on current and former government officials (and others), there may be congressional interest in protective details for government officials. Congress may also be interested due to media reports of costs or budgetary requests associated with funding security details for the Secretaries of some departments or agencies, including the Department of Education, the Department of Labor, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Attacks against political leaders and other public figures have been a consistent security issue in the United States. Since the U.S. Secret Service (USSS) started protecting Presidents in 1906, seven assaults or assassination attempts have occurred, with one resulting in a death (President John F. Kennedy)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Nagel, Jared C.

2019-09-10
Department of Homeland Security: FY2015 Appropriations [Updated June 2, 2015]

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From the Document: "This report describes and analyzes the discretionary appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for fiscal year 2015 (FY2015). It compares the President's request for FY2015 funding for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the enacted FY2014 appropriations for DHS, the House- and Senate-reported homeland security appropriations measures for FY2015, and the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 114-4)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Painter, William L.; Schwemle, Barbara L.; Bjelopera, Jerome P. . . .

2015-06-02
Department of Homeland Security: FY2013 Appropriations [Updated June 21, 2013]

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From the Document: "This report presents an analysis of the discretionary appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for fiscal year 2013 (FY2013). It compares the President's request for FY2013 funding for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the enacted FY2012 appropriations for DHS, the House-passed and Senate-reported DHS appropriations legislation for FY2013, and the final DHS appropriations legislation included in Division D of P.L. 113-6. It tracks legislative action and congressional issues related to these bills with particular attention paid to discretionary funding amounts. The report does not provide indepth analysis of specific issues related to mandatory funding--such as retirement pay--nor does the report systematically follow any other legislation related to the authorization or amendment of DHS programs, activities, or fee revenues."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Painter, William L.; Schwemle, Barbara L.; Bjelopera, Jerome P. . . .

2013-06-21
Hurricane Michael: Brief Overview of FEMA Programs and Resources [November 5, 2018]

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"This Insight provides a brief overview of emergency and major disaster declarations relevant to Hurricane Michael, and selected federal resources and links to CRS [Congressional Research Service] products related to Stafford Act declarations, disaster response, and recovery. Hurricane Michael made landfall on the panhandle of Florida as a category 4 on October 10, 2018 and affected parts of Georgia. In anticipation of the landfall, President Trump issued an emergency declaration to Florida on October 7, 2018. On October 11, 2018, the President issued an emergency declaration to Georgia, and issued a major disaster declaration to Florida. Authorized under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, emergency declarations may authorize direct federal assistance and grant assistance to affected state and local governments to protect property, ensure public health and safety, and other activities that lessen or avert an incident becoming a catastrophic incident."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Lindsay, Bruce R.; Reese, Shawn; Brown, Jared T. . . .

2018-11-05
U.S. Secret Service: An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions [January 8, 2013]

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"The U.S. Secret Service (USSS), a distinct entity within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), has two missions--criminal investigations and protection. Criminal investigation activities encompass financial crimes, identity theft, counterfeiting, computer fraud, and computer-based attacks on the nation's financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure. The protection mission is the most prominent of the two, covering the President, Vice President, their families, former Presidents, and major candidates for those offices, along with the White House and the Vice President's residence (through the Service's Uniformed Division). Protective duties of the Service also extend to foreign missions in the District of Columbia and to designated individuals, such as the Homeland Security Secretary and visiting foreign dignitaries. Separate from these specific mandated assignments, USSS is responsible for certain security activities such as National Special Security Events (NSSEs), which included the inaugural ceremony of President Obama, the major party quadrennial national conventions, as well as international conferences and events held in the United States. […] This report frames potential policy questions concerning the Service's mission and organization through an examination of the USSS history and its statutory authorities, mission, and present activities within DHS. Additionally, Appendix B provides information on direct assaults on and threats to Presidents, Presidents-Elect, and candidates."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Corcoran, David

2013-01-08
U.S. Secret Service: An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions [April 16, 2012]

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"The U.S. Secret Service has two missions--criminal investigations and protection. Criminal investigation activities, which have expanded since its inception as a small anti-counterfeiting operation at the end of the Civil War, now encompass financial crimes, identity theft, counterfeiting, computer fraud, and computer-based attacks on the nation's financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure, among other areas. Protection activities, which have expanded and evolved since the 1890s, include the safety and security of the President, Vice President, their families, and other identified individuals and locations. [...] During a March 2012 hearing on the FY2013 [Fiscal Year 2013] budget request for the U.S. Secret Service, Director Mark Sullivan highlighted the Service's increased staffing and traveling demands associated with presidential candidate protection, G-8 and NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organizations] Summits in Chicago, IL, and the Republican and Democratic conventions. Are the two missions of the Service compatible and how should they be prioritized? Is the Department of Homeland Security the most appropriate organizational and administrative location for the Secret Service? These, and other policy questions, have been raised and addressed at different times by Congress and various administrations during the long history of the Service. Additionally, there has been increased interest in the Service due to the recent inaugural security operations and the protection of President Barack Obama. Some may contend that these and other questions call for renewed attention given the recent increase in demand for the Service's protection function (for example, see P.L. 110-326 enacted by the 110th Congress) and the advent of new technology used in financial crimes. This report will be updated when congressional or executive branch actions warrant."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Corcoran, David

2012-04-16
U.S. Secret Service: An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions [March 8, 2010]

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"The U.S. Secret Service has two missions--criminal investigations and protection. Criminal investigation activities, which have expanded since its inception as a small anti-counterfeiting operation at the end of the Civil War, now encompass financial crimes, identity theft, counterfeiting, computer fraud, and computer-based attacks on the nation's financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure, among other areas. Protection activities, which have expanded and evolved since the 1890s, include the safety and security of the President, Vice President, their families, and other identified individuals and locations. [...] During an April 2008 hearing on the FY2009 budget request for the U.S. Secret Service, Members of Congress raised questions related to the missions and organizational location of the Service, and on December 2, 2009, the House Homeland Security Committee conducted a hearing on and questioned U.S. Secret Service presidential protection operations following a White House security breach. Are the two missions of the Service compatible and how should they be prioritized? Is the Department of Homeland Security the most appropriate organizational and administrative location for the Secret Service? These, and other policy questions, have been raised and addressed at different times by Congress and various administrations during the long history of the Service. Additionally, there has been increased interest in the Service due to the recent inaugural security operations and the protection of President Barack Obama. Some may contend that these and other questions call for renewed attention given the recent increase in demand for the Service's protection function (for example, see P.L. 110-326 enacted by the 110th Congress) and the advent of new technology used in financial crimes."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Corcoran, David

2010-03-08
U.S. Secret Service: An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions [Updated October 23, 2009]

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"The U.S. Secret Service has two missions-criminal investigations and protection. Criminal investigation activities, which have expanded since its inception as a small anti-counterfeiting operation at the end of the Civil War, now encompass financial crimes, identity theft, counterfeiting, computer fraud, and computer-based attacks on the nation's financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure, among other areas. Protection activities, which have expanded and evolved since the 1890s, include the safety and security of the President, Vice President, their families, and other identified individuals and locations. In March 2003, the U.S. Secret Service was transferred from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Homeland Security as a distinct entity. Prior to enactment of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296), the U.S. Secret Service had been part of the Treasury Department for over 100 years. During an April 2008 hearing on the FY2009 budget request for the U.S. Secret Service, Members of Congress raised questions related to the missions and organizational location of the Service. Are the two missions of the Service compatible and how should they be prioritized? Is the Department of Homeland Security the most appropriate organizational and administrative location for the Secret Service? [...]. This report will be updated when congressional or executive branch actions warrant."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Corcoran, David

2009-10-23
U.S. Secret Service: An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions [Updated August 5, 2009]

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This CRS reports describes the recent developments and budget appropriations for the U.S. Secret Service. "During an April 2008 hearing on the FY2009 budget request for the U.S. Secret Service, Members of Congress raised questions related to the missions and organizational location of the Service. Are the two missions of the Service compatible and how should they be prioritized? Is the Department of Homeland Security the most appropriate organizational and administrative location for the Secret Service? These, and other policy questions, have been raised and addressed at different times by Congress and various administrations during the long history of the Service. Additionally, there has been increased interest in the Service due to the recent inaugural security operations and the protection of President Barack Obama. Some may contend that these and other questions call for renewed attention given the recent increase in demand for the Service's protection function (for example, see P.L. 110-326 enacted by the 110th Congress) and the advent of new technology used in financial crimes."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Corcoran, David

2009-08-05
U.S. Secret Service: An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions [March 24, 2009]

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"In March 2003, the U.S. Secret Service was transferred from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Homeland Security as a distinct entity. Prior to enactment of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296), the U.S. Secret Service had been part of the Treasury Department for over 100 years. During an April 2008 hearing on the FY2009 budget request for the U.S. Secret Service, Members of Congress raised questions related to the missions and organizational location of the Service. Are the two missions of the Service compatible and how should they be prioritized? Is the Department of Homeland Security the most appropriate organizational and administrative location for the Secret Service? These, and other policy questions, have been raised and addressed at different times by Congress and various administrations during the long history of the Service. Additionally, there has been increased interest in the Service due to the recent inaugural security operations and the protection of President Barack Obama. Some may contend that these and other questions call for renewed attention given the recent increase in demand for the Service's protection function (for example, see P.L. 110-326 enacted by the 110th Congress) and the advent of new technology used in financial crimes."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Corcoran, David

2009-03-24
State and Local Homeland Security: Unresolved Issues for the 109th Congress [June 9, 2005]

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"Arguably, the three most important homeland security public laws enacted following the terrorist attacks on September 2001 are: P.L. 107-56, 'Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act' (USA PATRIOT Act); P.L. 107-296, 'Homeland Security Act of 2002'; and P.L. 108-458, 'Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.' The PATRIOT Act focused on enhancing domestic security through antiterrorism measures, specifically, law enforcement and legal responses to terrorism. The Homeland Security Act established the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act restructured the U.S. intelligence community to better assist in terrorism preparedness and response."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2005-06-09
State and Local Homeland Security: Unresolved Issues for the 109th Congress [Updated August 3, 2006]

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"Arguably, the three most important homeland security public laws enacted following the terrorist attacks on September 2001 are: P.L. 107-56, 'Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act)'; P.L. 107-296, 'Homeland Security Act of 2002'; and P.L. 108-458, 'Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.' The PATRIOT Act focused on enhancing domestic security through antiterrorism measures, specifically, law enforcement and legal responses to terrorism. The Homeland Security Act established the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act restructured the U.S. intelligence community to better assist in terrorism preparedness and response. These key laws not withstanding, a host of important state and local homeland security policy issues remain, which the 109th Congress might address. Some of the issues include reportedly unmet emergency responder needs, the proposed reduction in appropriations for federal homeland security assistance, the determination of state and local homeland security risk assessment factors, the absence of emergency responder equipment standards, the development of state and local homeland security strategies, and the limited number of state and local officials with security clearances."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2006-08-03
Defining Homeland Security: Analysis and Congressional Considerations [April 3, 2012]

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"Ten years after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S. government does not have a single definition for 'homeland security.' Currently, different strategic documents and mission statements offer varying missions that are derived from different homeland security definitions. Historically, the strategic documents framing national homeland security policy have included national strategies produced by the White House and documents developed by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). […] The 2012 DHS strategic plan is the latest evolution in DHS's process of defining its mission, goals, and responsibilities. This plan, however, only addresses the department's homeland security purview and is not a document that addresses homeland security missions and responsibilities that are shared across the federal government. Varied homeland security definitions and missions may impede the development of a coherent national homeland security strategy, and may hamper the effectiveness of congressional oversight. Definitions and missions are part of strategy development. Policymakers develop strategy by identifying national interests, prioritizing goals to achieve those national interests, and arraying instruments of national power to achieve the national interests. Developing an effective homeland security strategy, however, may be complicated if the key concept of homeland security is not defined and its missions are not aligned and synchronized among different federal entities with homeland security responsibilities."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2012-04-03
Defining Homeland Security: Analysis and Congressional Considerations [January 8, 2013]

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"Ten years after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S. government does not have a single definition for 'homeland security.' Currently, different strategic documents and mission statements offer varying missions that are derived from different homeland security definitions. Historically, the strategic documents framing national homeland security policy have included national strategies produced by the White House and documents developed by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Prior to the 2010 'National Security Strategy', the 2002 and 2007 'National Strategies for Homeland Security' were the guiding documents produced by the White House. In 2011, the White House issued the 'National Strategy for Counterterrorism'. In conjunction with these White House strategies, DHS has developed a series of evolving strategic documents based on the two national homeland security strategies and include the 2008 'Strategic Plan--One Team, One Mission, Securing the Homeland'; the 2010 'Quadrennial Homeland Security Review and Bottom-Up Review'; and the 2012 'Department of Homeland Security Strategic Plan'. The 2012 DHS strategic plan is the latest evolution in DHS's process of defining its mission, goals, and responsibilities. This plan, however, only addresses the department's homeland security purview and is not a document that addresses homeland security missions and responsibilities that are shared across the federal government. Currently, the Department of Homeland Security is developing the 2014 'Quadrennial Homeland Security Review', which is due late 2013 or early 2014."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2013-01-08
Hurricane Dorian: FEMA and Additional Storm-Related Resources [Updated September 3, 2019]

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From the Introduction: "This Insight provides a brief overview of emergency and major declarations and federal assistance programs potentially available to those affected by Hurricane Dorian. It also lists resources for forecast information, hurricane and flooding information, and selected CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports on federal emergency management policy."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Horn, Diane P.; Lipiec, Eva

2019-09-03
Protection of Executive Branch Officials [October 25, 2018]

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"Due to recent attempted bombing attacks on current and former government officials (and others), there may be congressional interest in protective details for government officials. Congress may also be interested due to media reports of costs or budgetary requests associated with funding security details for the Secretaries of some departments or agencies,including the Department of Education, the Department of Labor, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Attacks against political leaders and other public figures has been a consistent security issue in the United States. Since the U.S. Secret Service (USSS) started protecting Presidents in 1906, seven assaults or assassination attempts have occurred, with one resulting in a death (President John F. Kennedy). Prior to USSS protection, three sitting presidents have been assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, and William McKinley). In addition, official records and news accounts show that there have been at least 20 attacks against Members of Congress since 1789."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Nagel, Jared C.

2018-10-25
U.S. Secret Service Protection of Persons and Facilities [October 25, 2018]

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"Due to attempted bombings targeted at former President Barack Obama, and former Secretary of State (and First Lady) Hillary Rodham Clinton, Congress may be interested in U.S. Secret Service (USSS) protective detail operations. USSS conducts two mandated missions--criminal investigations and protection of persons and facilities. Criminal investigations focus primarily on financial crimes, whereas protection focuses on the safety and security of specific government officials. The criminal investigation mission is the USSS's oldest mission; however, the protection mission is the one that receives the most public and media attention. The protection mission is the more visible, and includes the protection of the President, Vice President, their families, former presidents, and major candidates for those offices, along with the White House and Vice President's residence. Protective activities of the USSS also extend to foreign missions (embassies, consulates, residences, and other buildings used by foreign governments) in the District of Columbia and to designated individuals, such as the Department of Homeland Security Secretary and visiting dignitaries. Separate from protecting these specific mandated individuals, USSS is responsible for certain security activities such as National Special Security Events, which include inauguration ceremonies, major party quadrennial national conventions, as well as some international conferences and events held in the United States."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2018-10-25
Hurricane Florence: Brief Overview of FEMA Programs and Resources [September 13, 2018]

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"This Insight provides a brief overview of emergency and major disaster declarations relevant to Hurricane Florence, and selected federal resources and links to CRS products related to emergency and disaster declarations, disaster response,and recovery. Hurricane Florence made landfall at Wrightsville Beach, NC, as a category 1 hurricane on September 14, 2018. In anticipation of the landfall, President Trump has issued emergency declarations to Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Authorized under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (referred to as the Stafford Act-- 42 U.S.C. §§5721 et seq.), emergency declarations trigger aid for protecting property, public health and safety, and other activities that lessen or avert an incident becoming a catastrophic event."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Lindsay, Bruce R.; Brown, Jared T. . . .

2018-09-13
FEMA Individual Assistance Programs: In Brief [January 31, 2018]

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"This report provides a short summary of the types of individual assistance programs administered by FEMA following a disaster. This report also provides a summary of the criteria FEMA uses in determining which individual assistance programs may be made available to impacted areas following a major disaster declaration, and discusses a proposed rule to change these criteria."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2018-01-31
Homeland Security Advisory System: Possible Issues for Congressional Oversight [August 6, 2003]

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"The Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS), established on Mar. 12, 2002, is a color coded terrorist threat warning system administered by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The system, which federal departments and agencies are required to implement and use, provides recommended protective measures for federal departments and agencies to prevent, prepare for, mitigate against, and respond to, terrorist attacks. DHS disseminates HSAS terrorist threat warnings to federal departments, state and local agencies, the public, and private sector entities. This dissemination of warnings is conducted through multiple communication systems and public announcements. HSAS has five threat levels: low; guarded; elevated; high; or severe. From March, 2002, to July, 2003, the HSAS threat level has been no lower than elevated, and has been raised to high four times. The first time it was raised to high was on September 10, 2002 due to the fear of terrorist attacks on the anniversary of the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and the most recent time it was raised to high was May 20, 2003 due to terrorist bombings in Saudi Arabia and Morocco. While the need for terrorist threat warnings seems to be widely acknowledged, there are numerous issues associated with HSAS and its effects on states, localities, the public, and the private sector."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2003-08-06
Inauguration Security and Operations [December 23, 2020]

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From the Introduction: "Since the 20th Amendment was ratified, the oath of office for President of the United States has been administered every four years at noon on January 20. In 2021, the President- and Vice President-elect are to be officially sworn in at noon on Wednesday, January 20. Planning for the 2021 inauguration is being challenged by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic; adjustments to traditional ceremonies, customs, and practices are being made. This In Focus presents information related to 2021 inauguration security and operations based on past inaugural activities and announced activities to date."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Straus, Jacob R.; Finch, Christina Miracle

2020-12-23
Presidential State Funerals: Past Practices and Security Considerations [Updated December 3, 2018]

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From the Document: "On November 30, 2018, former President George H.W. Bush died. In the tradition of past presidential deaths, President Bush will receive a state funeral (designated as a National Special Security Event), which includes several ceremonial events in Washington, DC, prior to his burial at the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library Center at Texas A&M University in College Station, TX. The state funeral process is carried out by the Joint Task Force-National Capital Region, a division of the Military District of Washington (MDW). The official schedule for President Bush's state funeral is available from MDW's website."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Straus, Jacob R.; Reese, Shawn; Kreiser, Maria

2018-12-03
FEMA and SBA Disaster Assistance for Individuals and Households: Application Process, Determinations, and Appeals [June 22, 2018]

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"Individuals and households that suffer uninsured or underinsured losses under a major disaster declaration typically apply for Individual Assistance (IA), administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and may also apply for disaster loans, administered by the Small Business Administration (SBA). This report opens with an overview of the two programs and a discussion about how declarations are used to put them into effect. The report also discusses their respective application processes and eligibility criteria used by FEMA and SBA to make grant and loan determinations, respectively. The report then describes the appeals process before concluding with policy observations and considerations. FEMA IA and the SBA Disaster Loan Program are interlaced to a certain degree. Functionally, SBA and FEMA have a computer matching agreement (CMA) to share real-time data on assistance provided to applicants. SBA and FEMA use the interface between their systems to identify potential duplication of benefits (DOB) and determine loan and grant eligibility. From an administrative perspective, eligibility and assistance from one source can impact eligibility and assistance from the other source."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Lindsay, Bruce R.; Reese, Shawn

2018-06-22
Inauguration Security: Operations, Appropriations, and Issues for Congress [January 11, 2017]

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"Every four years, on January 20, the President-elect is sworn in as President of the United States. [...] The inauguration ceremonies are public and, like the President's State of the Union address, they are events in which a significant proportion of the American political leadership is in attendance. Consequently, the inauguration is designated as a National Special Security Event (NSSE) by the Department of Homeland Security. NSSEs are events that require significant security, in part because of the attendance of U.S. and foreign dignitaries and the event's public or official nature. Funding for inauguration security operations is provided from the U.S. Secret Service's National Special Security Event general account [...]. In limited circumstances, however, Congress has also provided supplemental appropriations to reimburse local jurisdictions for inauguration-related activities. Other inauguration spending is less easily identifiable because it is indirect and a part of typical annual appropriations to the relevant agencies. [...] In addition to Congress's responsibility for funding inauguration security operations, Congress also conducts oversight of the security operations. Criticisms of past inauguration security operations and practices generated congressional concern. [...] This report provides information on inauguration security operations and inauguration security appropriations, and it discusses potential policy issues associated with inauguration security operations. It also identifies some policy issues associated with inauguration security operations, including some past inauguration security operations criticisms and inauguration security operation appropriations. Options are provided for congressional consideration for future inauguration and inauguration security planning."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn; Straus, Jacob R.; Bailey, Christina M.

2017-01-11
Federal Building and Facility Security: Frequently Asked Questions [May 28, 2014]

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"The security of federal government buildings and facilities affects not only the daily operations of the federal government but also the health, well-being, and safety of federal employees and the public. Federal building and facility security is decentralized and disparate in approach, as numerous federal entities are involved and some buildings or facilities are occupied by multiple federal agencies. The federal government is tasked with securing over 446,000 buildings or facilities daily. The September 2001 terrorist attacks, the September 2013 Washington Navy Yard shootings, and the April 2014 Fort Hood shootings have refocused the federal government's attention on building security activities. There has been an increase in the security operations at federal facilities and more intense scrutiny of how the federal government secures and protects federal facilities, employees, and the visiting public. This renewed attention has generated a number of frequently asked questions. This report answers several common questions regarding federal building and facility security, including [1] What is federal facility security? [2] Who is responsible for federal facility security? [3] Is there a national standard for federal facility security? [4] What are the types of threats to federal facilities, employees, and the visiting public? [5] How is threat information communicated among federal facility security stakeholders? [6] What are the potential congressional issues associated with federal facility security?"

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2014-05-28
U.S. Secret Service: History and Missions [March 25, 2014]

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"The U.S. Secret Service has two missions--criminal investigations and protection. Criminal investigation activities have expanded since the inception of the Service from a small anti-counterfeiting operation at the end of the Civil War, to now encompassing financial crimes, identity theft, counterfeiting, computer fraud, and computer-based attacks on the nation's financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure, among other areas. Protection activities, which have expanded and evolved since the 1890s, include ensuring the safety and security of the President, Vice President, their families, and other identified individuals and locations. In March 2003, the U.S. Secret Service was transferred from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Homeland Security. Prior to enactment of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296), the U.S. Secret Service had been part of the Treasury Department for over 100 years. Since the September 2001 terrorist attacks, there have been consistent and continuing questions concerning the U.S. Secret Service. Are the two missions of the Service compatible and how should they be prioritized? Is the Department of Homeland Security the most appropriate organizational and administrative location for the Secret Service? These, and other policy issues such as the Secret Service's role in securing presidential inaugurations, have been raised and addressed at different times by Congress and various administrations during the long history of the Service."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Reese, Shawn

2014-03-25

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