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State and Local Law Enforcement Training Academies, 2013
"From 2011 to 2013, a total of 664 state and local law
enforcement academies provided basic training
to entry-level officer recruits in the United States.
During this period, nearly 135,000 recruits (45,000
per year) entered a basic training program, and 86%
completed the program successfully. This completion rate
was the same as was observed for the 57,000 recruits who
entered training programs in 2005.
About half (48%) of recruits were trained by academies
using a training model that was more stress than
nonstress oriented in its approach (figure 1). Stress-based
training is based on the military model and typically
involves intensive physical demands and psychological
pressure. About a fifth (18%) of recruits were trained
by academies that maintained more of a nonstress
environment. The nonstress model emphasizes academic
achievement, physical training, and a more relaxed and
supportive instructor-trainee relationship. A third (34%)
of recruits were trained in academies that balanced the
two approaches."
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2016-07
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Police Response to Domestic Violence, 2006-2015
"An average of 1.3 million nonfatal domestic violence victimizations occurred annually in the United States during the 10-year aggregate period from 2006 to 2015. Police were notified of more than half (56%) of these victimizations (figure 1). When police responded to the scene, they took a report 78% of the time. The victim or other household member signed a criminal complaint against the offender in about half (48%) of victimizations reported to police. The offender was arrested or charges were filed in 39% of reported victimizations, either during the initial response or during the follow-up period. This report primarily uses data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) for the 10-year aggregate period 2006-15 to examine the reporting of nonfatal domestic violence victimizations to police and police
response to these victimizations."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2017-05
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Local Police Departments 2000
This document provides statistics on local police departments in 2000. It covers personnel; budget and pay; operations; community policing; equipment; computers and information systems; special arrest policies; and methodology. "During 2000, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), as a part of its Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) program, surveyed a nationally representative sample of State and local law enforcement agencies operating nationwide. Previous LEMAS surveys were conducted in 1987, 1990, 1993, 1997, and 1999. This report presents data from the 2000 survey describing the nearly 13,000 local police departments operating in the United States in terms of their personnel, expenditures and pay, operations, community policing initiatives, equipment, computers and information systems, and written policies. Comparisons are made with prior years where appropriate."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Hickman, Matthew J.; Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2003-01
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Police Departments in Large Cities,, 1990-2000 - Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report
"From 1990 to 2000, 62 local police departments served cities with a population of 250,000 or more. During this time, the number of residents served by these agencies increased by 10%, from 45 million to 49.4 million; their number of full-time employees by 20%, from 166,823 to 199,627; and their number of full-time sworn personnel by 17%, from 130,242 to 152,858. In contrast to the increases noted above, the volume of serious crime reported in these cities was substantially lower in 2000 than in 1990. According to the FBI Uniform Crime Reports program, the number of violent Crime Index offenses declined by 34%, and the number of property Crime Index offenses by 31%."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Hickman, Matthew J.; Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2002-05
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Sheriffs' Offices, 2003
"During 2003 the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), as part of its Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) program, surveyed a nationally representative sample of State and local law enforcement agencies operating nationwide. Previous LEMAS surveys were conducted in 1987, 1990, 1993, 1997, 1999 (limited scope), and 2000. This report presents data from the
2003 survey describing the more than 3,000 sheriffs' offices operating in the
United States in terms of their personnel, expenditures and pay, operations, community policing initiatives, written policies and procedures, computers and information systems, and equipment. Comparisons are made with prior years where appropriate."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Hickman, Matthew J.; Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2006-05
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Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2002
"As of June 2002, Federal agencies employed more than 93,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and carry firearms in the 50 States and the District of Columbia, according to a survey conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Compared with June 2000, employment of such personnel increased by about 6%. The survey found that approximately 1,300 officers were employed in U.S. Territories as of June 2002. No data were obtained on Federal officers stationed in foreign countries."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Bauer, Lynn; Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2003-08
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Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2000
"As of June 2000, Federal agencies employed more than 88,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and carry firearms, according to a survey conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Compared with June 1998, employment of such personnel increased by about 5%. The BJS count of Federal law enforcement officers includes personnel with Federal arrest authority who were also authorized (but not necessarily required) to carry firearms in the performance of their official duties. Nearly all Federal officers are armed while on duty; Federal Bureau of Prisons correctional officers are the largest group who do not carry firearms during normal duty."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.); Hart, Timothy C.
2001-07
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Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 1998
"As of June 1998, Federal agencies employed about 83,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and carry firearms, according to data provided by agencies in response to a Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) survey. Compared with data reported by agencies for June 1996, employment of such personnel in 1998 was up about 8,000, or 11%. As in 1996 the BJS officer count in 1998 included personnel with Federal arrest authority who were also authorized (but not necessarily required) to carry firearms in the performance of their official duties. Federal correctional officers are included. All counts include both nonsupervisory and supervisory personnel."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.); Hart, Timothy C.
2000-03
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Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 1996
"As of June 1996 Federal agencies employed about 74,500 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and carry firearms, according to agency responses to a Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) survey. In a comparison of 1996 data with those reported by the same agencies for December 1993, employment of such personnel was up about 6%. As in 1993 the BJS officer count in 1996 includes all personnel with Federal arrest authority who were also authorized (but not necessarily required) to carry firearms in the performance of their official duties. Supervisory personnel are included."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
1998-01
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Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 1993
"As of December 1993, Federal agencies employed about 69,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and carry firearms, according to data provided by the agencies in response to a survey conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The survey's count of officers included all personnel with Federal arrest authority who were also authorized (but not necessarily required) to carry firearms in the performance of their official duties. Supervisory personnel were included. The classification of officers by job function was provided by the responding agencies."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
1994-12
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Community Policing in Local Police Departments, 1997 and 1999
"The community policing approach to law enforcement seeks to address the causes of crime and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving strategies and police- community partnerships. A fundamental shift from traditional reactive policing, community policing strives to prevent crime before it occurs. As part of an ongoing partnership between the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), data were collected on the community policing practices of State and local law enforcement agencies in 1997 and 1999. The Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey was used to assess the impact of community policing on personnel, training, policies, programs, and the use of technology."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Hickman, Matthew J.; Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2007-03-03
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Hiring and Retention of State and Local Law Enforcement Officers, 2008 - Statistical Tables
"In 2008, the United States had roughly 16,000 general purpose state and local law enforcement agencies, including local police departments, sheriffs' offices, and the 50 primary state agencies. These agencies employed about 705,000 full-time sworn personnel (table 1). From 1992 to 2008, the number of sworn personnel employed by general purpose agencies increased by about 141,000, or 25% (figure 1). The 1.6% average annual growth rate for the number of officers exceeded that of the U.S. population (1.2%). Sheriffs' offices (34% overall, 2.1% annually) had a higher growth rate over the 16-year period than local police departments (23%, 1.4%) or state agencies (15%, 0.9%). The agencies hired about 61,000 officers in 2008, but lost about 51,000 through resignations, retirements, and other types of separation for a net gain of about 10,000 officers (figure 2) or 1.4% (table 2). Most agencies used specific strategies and policies designed to help them meet the challenges of recruiting, hiring, and retaining qualified sworn personnel. To better understand these efforts, a special survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of approximately 3,000 general purpose agencies as part of the 2008 BJS [Bureau of Justice Statistics] Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (CSLLEA)."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2012-10
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Local Police Departments, 2013: Equipment and Technology
"The overall percentage of the more than 12,000 local police departments in the United States authorizing the use of conducted energy weapons (CEWs) increased from 7% in 2000 to 81% in 2013 (figure 1). CEWs include Tasers and stun guns. Large increases were observed in all population categories. About 9 in 10 departments also authorized their officers to use pepper spray and batons in 2013. Findings are based on the 2013 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) Survey sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The LEMAS Survey, conducted periodically since 1987, collects data from a nationally representative sample of state and local law enforcement agencies. Prior to the 2013 survey, the most recent LEMAS Survey was conducted in 2007. This report uses data from the 2013 LEMAS Survey to describe the equipment (such as nonlethal weapons and body armor) and technology (such as video cameras, license plate readers, and websites) used by local police departments. Comparisons are made with prior years where appropriate, and when data are available."
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Office of Justice Programs
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2015-07
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Local Police Departments, 2013: Personnel, Policies, and Practices
"As of January 1, 2013, the more than 12,000 local police departments in the United States employed an estimated 605,000 persons on a full-time basis (figure 1). This total included about 477,000 sworn officers (those with general arrest powers) and about 128,000 non-sworn employees. Since 1987, the number of full-time local police employees has increased by about 156,000 (up 35%). The increase includes about 122,000 (up 34%) more local police officers. Findings are based on the 2013 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) Survey sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The LEMAS Survey, conducted periodically since 1987, collects data on a range of topics from a nationally representative sample of state and local law enforcement agencies. Prior to the 2013 survey, the most recent LEMAS Survey was conducted in 2007. This report uses selected variables from the 2013 LEMAS data to describe the personnel, policies, and practices of local police departments. Comparisons are made with prior years where appropriate and when data are available."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2015-05
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Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, 1995
"During 1995 about three-fourths of the campus law enforcement agencies serving U.S. 4-year colleges and universities with 2,500 or more students employed sworn police officers with general arrest powers granted by a State or local government. The remainder relied on nonsworn security personnel. As of March 15, 1995, these agencies employed about 20,000 persons full time, including nearly 11,000 full-time sworn officers. Campuses with 15,000 or more students accounted for more than 40% of these employment totals. This information comes from the 1995 Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, the largest study of police and security services at institutions of higher education ever conducted. The eight-page, mail survey asked about wide range of topics including agency functions, hiring practices, employee characteristics, types of equipment used, computers and information systems, expenditures, salaries, policies, and special programs."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.); Goldberg, Andrew L.
1996-12
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Campus Law Enforcement, 2011-12
"During the 2011--12 school year, about two-thirds (68%) of the more than 900 U.S. 4-year colleges and universities with 2,500 or more students used sworn police officers to provide law enforcement services on campus. Sworn police officers have full arrest powers granted by a state or local authority. The percentage of public institutions (92%) using sworn officers was more than twice that of private institutions (38%). Similar to sworn officers, about two-thirds of campuses were served by armed officers. The percentage of public campuses (91%) using armed officers was also more than double the percentage of private institutions (36%). Among public institutions, nearly all students were enrolled on campuses with sworn (96%) and armed (94%) officers. Among private institutions, nearly half of the students were enrolled on campuses with sworn (46%) and armed (45%) officers. These findings come from the 2011--12 Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, the first conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) since the 2004--05 school year. Among the institutions contacted for both the 2004--05 and 2011--12 BJS surveys, the percentage using sworn officers increased from 75% to 77%, and the percentage using armed officers increased from 68% to 75%. A majority of the campuses with sworn police officers also used nonsworn security officers. Overall, 41% of campuses were served by both types of officers. About a third of campuses (32%) were served by nonsworn officers exclusively. The percentage of campuses using sworn officers ranged from a high of 96% among public campuses with 10,000 or more students to a low of 30% among private campuses with 2,500 to 4,999 students."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2015-01
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Campus Law Enforcement, 2004-05
This document "presents findings from a BJS survey of campus law enforcement agencies serving 4-year colleges and universities with 2,500 or more students. The survey covered the 2004-05 academic year and collected data from agencies using sworn police officers and those using only nonsworn security officers. The report compares law enforcement agencies serving public and private campuses by number and type of employees, screening methods used for hiring officers, training and education requirements for officers, agency functions, types of equipment, computers and information systems, special programs, and written policy directives. General campus characteristics, including crime statistics, are also summarized. Appendix tables include data from 2-year public colleges with an enrollment of 10,000 or more."
United States. Office of Justice Programs
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2008-02
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Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2008
"In September 2008, federal agencies employed approximately 120,000 full-time law enforcement officers who were authorized to make arrests and carry firearms in the United States. This was the equivalent of 40 officers per 100,000 residents. The number of federal officers in the United States increased by about 15,000, or 14%, between 2004 and 2008. Federal agencies also employed nearly 1,600 officers in the U.S. territories in 2008, primarily in Puerto Rico. These findings come from the 2008 Census of Federal Law Enforcement Officers (FLEO), conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The 2008 FLEO census collected data from 73 agencies, including 33 offices of inspectors general. The largest number of federal officers in the United States (about 45,000, or 37%) performed criminal investigation and enforcement duties (figure 1). The next largest job function category was police response and patrol with about 28,000 officers (23%). Approximately 18,000 officers (15%) performed immigration or customs inspections, and about 17,000 (14%) performed corrections or detention-related duties. Other federal officers primarily performed duties related to security and protection (5%) or court operations (5%). Excluding offices of inspectors general, 24 federal agencies employed 250 or more full-time personnel with arrest and firearm authority in the United States (table 1). These agencies employed 96% of all federal officers. The four largest agencies, two in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and two in the Department of Justice (DOJ), employed about two-thirds of all officers. Overall, DHS and DOJ agencies employed about 4 in 5 federal officers."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2012-06
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Local Police Departments 1993
"During 1993, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) as a part of its Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) program, surveyed a nationally representative sample of the more than 17,000 State and local law enforcement agencies operating nationwide. This report presents data describing the more than 12,000 general purpose local police departments operated by municipal or county governments in terms of their personnel, expenditures and pay, operations, equipment, computers and information systems, and policies. This report excludes sheriffs' departments (covered in a companion report), State police, and special police agencies (those with limited jurisdictions such as parks, transit systems, airports, or schools)."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
1996-04
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Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008
"In September 2008, state and local law enforcement agencies employed more than 1.1 million persons on a full-time basis, including about 765,000 sworn personnel (defined as those with general arrest powers). Agencies also employed approximately 100,000 part-time employees, including 44,000 sworn officers. These findings come from the 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics' (BJS) Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (CSLLEA), the fifth such census to be conducted since the quadrennial series began in 1992. From 2004 to 2008, state and local agencies added a net total of about 33,000 full-time sworn personnel. This was about 9,500 more than agencies added from 2000 to 2004, reversing a trend of declining growth observed in prior 4-year comparisons based on the CSLLEA. Local police departments added the most officers, about 14,000. Sheriffs' offices and special jurisdiction agencies added about 8,000 officers each. From 2004 to 2008, the number of full-time sworn personnel per 100,000 U.S. residents increased from 250 to 251."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2011-07
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Tribal Law Enforcement, 2008
"In September 2008, American Indian tribes operated 178 law enforcement agencies that employed at least one full-time sworn officer with general arrest powers or the equivalent in part-time officers. The total includes 157 general purpose tribal police departments and 21 special jurisdiction agencies tasked with enforcing natural resources laws that pertain primarily to hunting and fishing on tribal lands. Collectively, tribes operated law enforcement agencies in 28 states. Washington (24), Arizona (22), Oklahoma (19), and New Mexico (17) had the largest numbers of tribal law enforcement agencies […] These findings are based on the 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics' (BJS) Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies. In addition to tribally operated agencies, the Department of the Interior's (DOI) Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) operated 42 agencies that provided law enforcement services in Indian country. Nationwide, BIA employed 277 full-time sworn personnel in 2008. Along with direct oversight of its own programs, BIA also provided technical assistance and some oversight to tribally operated agencies. On the more than 300 federal Indian reservation areas in the U.S., police officers may be tribal, federal, state, county, or municipal employees. Some areas may be served by more than one type of officer."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2011-06
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Local Police Departments, 2007
"Every 3 to 4 years, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) surveys a nationally representative sample of state and local law enforcement agencies. The surveys are conducted as part of the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) program. This report presents data from the 2007 LEMAS survey describing local police departments in terms of their personnel, budgets, operations, policies and procedures, computers and information systems, and equipment. Comparisons are made with prior years where appropriate, and as data are available. The selected local police sample includes all departments employing 100 or more full-time sworn personnel and a systematic random sample of smaller agencies stratified by size. (See Methodology for more information.) The sample was selected from a BJS census of law enforcement agencies […] Because sampling was used for smaller agencies, some of the statistics presented in the report are subject to sampling error. Statements of comparison have been tested at the 95%-confidence level. In order to compare departments with others serving similar sized jurisdictions, the statistics in this report are presented mainly by categories of population served. Because most departments employ small numbers of officers and serve small populations, overall agency-based percentages tend to reflect smaller departments more than larger ones. To adjust for this effect, additional overall percentages weighted by the number of officers employed are presented in the text and selected figures."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2010-12
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Local Police Departments 1997
"During 1997, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), as a part of its Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) program, surveyed a nationally representative sample of the nearly 19,000 State and local law enforcement agencies operating nationwide. Previous LEMAS surveys were conducted in 1987, 1990, and 1993. This report presents data from the 1997 survey describing the more than 13,000 local police departments operating in the United States in terms of their personnel, expenditures and pay, operations, community policing initiatives, equipment, computers and information systems, and written policies. Comparisons are made with prior years where appropriate. Nearly all local police departments are operated by municipal (86%) or township (13%) governments. As of 1997, about 100 local police departments were operated by tribal governments, and approximately 50 by county governments. The 1997 LEMAS survey questionnaire was mailed to 3,597 State and local law enforcement agencies, including all 968 agencies with 100 or more sworn officers […]. The overall response rate was 94.9%. Among local police departments, 2,012 of 2,097 surveys were returned for a 95.9% response rate."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Goldberg, Andrew L.; Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
2000-02
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Local Police Departments 1999
"During 1999, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), as a part of its Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) program, surveyed a nationally representative sample of State and local law enforcement agencies operating nationwide. Previous LEMAS surveys were conducted in 1987, 1990, 1993, and 1997. This report presents data from the 1999 survey describing the more than 13,000 local police departments operating in the United States in terms of their personnel, operations, community policing initiatives, computers and information systems, and written policies. Comparisons are made with prior years where appropriate. Nearly all local police departments are operated by municipal (86%) or township (13%) governments. As of 1996, about 100 general purpose local police departments were operated by tribal governments, and approximately 50 by county governments. The 1999 LEMAS survey questionnaire was mailed to 3,319 State and local law enforcement agencies, and 3,246 of them provided data for a response rate of 97.8%."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.); Hickman, Matthew J.
2001-05
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