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Women in China's Leadership
This Issue Brief presents data illustrating female representation in China's leadership positions, namely in the Chinese Communist Party, in government, and in the military. From the Key Findings: " [1] According to United Nations data from 2021, China's population comprises approximately 703.8 million females and 740.4 million males. Although they represent roughly 48.7% of the population, women occupy less than 8% of senior leadership positions. [2] The absence of diversity is noteworthy given the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership's stated commitment to equal opportunity. [3] The absence of women in Party leadership parallels low female representation within the group of Chinese nationals holding leadership positions in international organizations. Of the 31 Chinese nationals serving in top leadership positions in key international organizations, only 4 are women."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Janik, Sierra; Blaugher, Daniel; Ray, Jonathan
2022-03-30
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China's Internet of Things
"The Internet of Things (IoT)--the interconnection of physical and virtual things via information and communication technologies--is emerging as the next front in global network infrastructure, with potentially transformative benefits across a range of applications and services. Due to its potential adoption in essentially all economic sectors, analysts expect the IoT to expand exponentially over the next few years, ultimately involving billions of connected devices and dozens or more vertical markets around the world. However, pressing questions about the IoT's operation, safety, and security have yet to be answered. What international standards will guide the development of IoT technologies and supporting infrastructure like 5G networks? How secure is the IoT and what are the risks of its vulnerabilities? How will U.S. consumer data be used and protected here and abroad? China features prominently in all of these issues, and its drive to become a leader in the IoT poses sobering challenges to U.S. economic and security interests. This report examines how China's development of the IoT--bolstered by the Chinese government's efforts to harness national resources for its promotion--has put China in a position to credibly compete against the United States and other leaders in the emerging IoT industry. China's pursuit of IoT dominance constitutes a significant challenge to U.S. economic and national security interests. Its robust participation in international standards committees has given Beijing greater opportunities to dictate the rules of the road. Its research into IoT security vulnerabilities and its growing civil-military cooperation raise concerns about gaining unauthorized access to IoT devices and sensitive data."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Chen, John, 1989-; Walz, Emily; Lafferty, Brian . . .
2018-10
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China's Industrial and Military Robotics Development
"China's commercial and military robotics industries are rapidly growing in size and quality as the country upgrades its manufacturing sector and military capabilities. In 2013, China surpassed Japan to become the world's largest market for industrial robots, and by 2018 will account for over a third of the industrial robots installed worldwide. China's military is also fielding larger numbers of increasingly capable unmanned systems in the air, land, and sea domains that may bolster its anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) capabilities. To support both commercial and military systems, China is investing heavily in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology that will fundamentally change the capabilities of these systems. The growth of China's robotics industry presents opportunities and challenges to U.S. economic and security interests. Chinese demand for industrial robots and high-end robotic components as well as U.S.-China bilateral investment in AI research all present market and collaboration opportunities for the United States. However, industrial robots may also improve the competitiveness and quality of China's manufacturing sector, erode U.S. competitive advantages, and contribute to China's defense industrial capabilities. The Chinese military's deployment of increasingly capable unmanned systems may provide A2/AD capabilities that degrade the U.S. military's ability to operate freely in the Western Pacific. Chinese countermeasures against unmanned systems are also an under studied subject that may complicate the U.S. military's increasing deployments of such weapons as part of the Third Offset strategy. China's persistent acquisition of foreign technologies through illicit, informal, and formal means extends to robotics and may jeopardize many U.S. technological advantages."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Ray, Jonathan; Atha, Katie; Francis, Edward . . .
2016-10
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