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Rollback of South Africa's Biological Warfare Program
"This monograph analyzes the origins and development of the South African CBW program, as well as its rollback. It concludes with a profile of South Africa as a state that produced weapons of mass destruction and with a list of outstanding questions. More than twenty policy lessons, based on the South African case, are presented, which should be considered in future CBW non-proliferation studies."
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Burgess, Stephen Franklin; Purkitt, Helen E., 1950-
2001-02
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War Next Time: Countering Rogue States and Terrorists Armed with Chemical and Biological Weapons -- Chapter 3: Secret Program: South Africa's Chemical and Biological Weapons
This chapter focuses on the South African chemical and biological warfare program, "Project Coast". It specifically looks at the especially sophisticated biological aspect of the program and how it developed. The CBW decision making process was secretive and controlled by the military and enabled a very sophisticated program to be developed with little outside scrutiny.
USAF Counterproliferation Center
Burgess, Stephen Franklin; Purkitt, Helen E., 1950-
2004-04
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Biowarfare Lessons, Emerging Biosecurity Issues, and Ways to Monitor Dual-Use Biotechnology Trends in the Future
"The study summarizes policy lessons for future efforts to monitor possible covert biological warfare programs based on recent investigations of past Iraqi and South African covert biowarfare programs. This comparative case study approach identified several commonalities in past biowarfare programs in developing countries. One was a tendency of governments to recruit some of the brightest graduate students studying in several different fields of science and send them abroad for advanced studies at western universities. This trend changed dramatically after the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, and it is now much more likely that future scientists working for government-sponsored bioweapons programs or for terrorist groups in the developing world will receive their advanced training at nonwestern institutions in Asia, Africa, and Latin America."
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Purkitt, Helen E., 1950-
2005-09
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Rollback of South Africa's Chemical and Biological Warfare Program
"From the 1960s until the 1990s, apartheid South Africa was an isolated state that felt threatened by growing domestic unrest, as well as by a more powerful state actor, the Soviet Union, which was helping hostile regimes and liberation movements in southern Africa. One response of the apartheid regime to changing threat perceptions outside and inside of South Africa was to develop a new and more sophisticated chemical and biological warfare (CBW) program, code-named Project Coast, and to accelerate a nuclear weapons program. Ultimately, the United States, Great Britain, and other countries pressured the South African government to ensure that the CBW program was dismantled and the former project manager, Dr. Wouter Basson, constrained. This monograph analyzes the origins and development of the South African CBW program, as well as its rollback. It concludes with a profile of South Africa as a state that produced weapons of mass destruction and with a list of outstanding questions. More than 20 policy lessons, based on the South African case, are presented, which should be considered in future CBW non-proliferation studies."
USAF Counterproliferation Center
Burgess, Stephen Franklin; Purkitt, Helen E., 1950-
2001-04
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What's Over the Biotechnological Horizon? R&D Trends in South Africa Civilian Biotechnology & Implications for Monitoring Future Dual Use Biotechnology Trends in the Developing World
"Over the past decade much of the nonproliferation efforts of the U.S. government aimed to prevent proliferation of technology and expertise from the former Soviet military-industrial complex. Potential biowarfare technology proliferation from developing countries received much less attention. This study addresses the gap by describing civilian biotechnology trends in South Africa that may be relevant for understanding dual use trends throughout the developing world. South Africa is a useful case to examine because it has first-world science and industrial sectors capable of producing world-class chemical and biotechnology research and development. South Africa also has a history of covert weapons development. South Africa initiated a sophisticated secret biological and chemical program called Project Coast over two decades ago. While all of South Africa's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs were terminated before the political transition in 1994, several biowarfare proliferation concerns remain. These concerns are related to questions about where former scientists are today and how are they making a living. There are also concerns about what exactly was produced under the auspices of Project Coast and where undeclared biowarfare agents may exist today. The study does not focus on these proliferation threats but rather on new types of proliferation issues that are likely to emerge from the biological revolution currently underway throughout the world. The current diffusion of biotechnology expertise, equipment and resources necessary to sophisticated biotechnology research and development throughout the developing world may create new dual use technologies and issues. The nature and extent of these problems are not yet understood. Emerging trends in the civilian research and development sectors of South Africa may provide some insights into wider global trends that may appear throughout the developing world as the current biological revolution progresses. The three-part report surveys recent civilian biotechnology trends in South Africa in order to better understand future dual use proliferation concerns in South Africa and other developing countries." Note: This document has been added to the Homeland Security Digital Library in agreement with the Project on Advanced Systems and Concepts for Countering WMD (PASCC) as part of the PASCC collection. Permission to download and/or retrieve this resource has been obtained through PASCC.
United States. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Advanced Systems and Concepts Office
Purkitt, Helen E., 1950-
2002?
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