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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2019 [Updated July 17, 2019]
From the Document: "This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Plagakis, Sofia
2019-07-17
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2020 [Updated January 13, 2020]
From the Document: "This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Plagakis, Sofia
2020-01-13
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2018 [December 28, 2018]
"This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Plagakis, Sofia
2018-12-28
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Department of Defense Contractor and Troop Levels in Afghanistan and Iraq: 2007-2018 [Updated May 10, 2019]
From the Document: "Throughout its history, the Department of Defense (DOD) has relied on contractors to support a wide range of military operations. Operations over the last thirty years have highlighted the critical role that contractors play in supporting U.S. troops--both in terms of the number of contractors and the type of work being performed. During recent U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, contractors often accounted for 50% or more of the total DOD presence in-country. For the fourth quarter of fiscal year (FY) 2018, U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) reported 49,451 contractor personnel working for DOD within its area of responsibility, which included 28,189 individuals located in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. From FY2009 to FY2018, obligations for all DOD-funded contracts performed within the Iraq and Afghanistan areas of operation totaled approximately $208 billion in FY2019 dollars. In late 2017, the DOD stopped reporting the number of U.S. military personnel deployed in support of operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria as part of its quarterly manpower reports and in other official releases. These data remain withheld."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Plagakis, Sofia
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Intelligence Community Diversity and Equal Opportunity [December 7, 2020]
From the Summary: "This report looks at the history of congressional and presidential concerns about a lack of diversity in the intelligence community (IC), offers some of the data available, and examines selected policies, practices, and programs that are intended to achieve greater diversity and equal opportunity in the intelligence community. In the late 1980s, U.S. Representative Louis Stokes of Ohio, the only African American ever to serve as chairman of an intelligence committee, singled out diversity in the intelligence community as an issue of operational concern. Since Representative Stokes' initial efforts, the intelligence committees have addressed diversity in the intelligence community through hearings, legislation, and reporting requirements. [...] The intelligence community has used varying definitions of diversity in recent years, but the most authoritative definition is now found in law. The FY2020 Intelligence Authorization Act defines this term for the community as 'diversity of persons based on gender, race, ethnicity, disability status, veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, and other demographic categories.' [...] Although the intelligence community has made progress since the period of the 1990s intelligence committee hearings on diversity in the community, its annual demographic data published from FY2015 to FY2018 suggest that its personnel policies, practices, and programs may require additional measures to achieve greater diversity and equal opportunity."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ott, Alan; Plagakis, Sofia
2020-12-07
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Selected Authorities to Obtain DOD Personal Property [November 20, 2020]
From the Document: "Recent controversy in the United States over policing methods has focused attention on transfers of military equipment to police forces nationwide. Under certain circumstances, eligible federal, state, and local agencies may obtain Department of Defense (DOD) 'personal property' (e.g., equipment, clothing, vehicles, aircraft, weapons, ammunition) for use in law enforcement, counterdrug, counterterrorism, border security, and/or humanitarian activities. This In Focus describes statutory authorities that give these agencies the ability to obtain, either temporarily or permanently, DOD personal property."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Plagakis, Sofia; Blum, David A.; Mann, Christopher T.
2020-11-20
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2022 [March 8, 2022]
From the Summary: "This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Plagakis, Sofia
2022-03-08
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Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act [May 6, 2022]
From the Introduction: "Under the Foreign Military Sales Act (FMSA) of 1968, Congress delegated authority to the President to sell and transfer defense articles, defense services and related training to foreign governments. Due to increased concern over arms sales in the 1970s, however, Congress amended the FMSA in 1974 to include procedures for Congress to block proposed arms sales by passing concurrent resolutions of disapproval, at Section 36 (22 U.S.C. [United States Code] §2776). These procedures were later expanded under the renamed Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976 and in subsequent amendments. In 1986, Congress amended the AECA to require enactment of a joint resolution of disapproval to block an arms sale. This Fact Sheet lists the concurrent and joint resolutions of disapproval that have been introduced under the AECA. This Fact Sheet is a research aid that lists, in chronological order, the concurrent resolutions ('Table 1') and joint resolutions ('Table 2') of disapproval under the AECA related to foreign military sales (FMS), direct commercial sales (DCS), commercial technical assistance, or manufacturing licensing agreements. It includes pertinent information on the concurrent and joint resolutions as they progressed through the legislative process, including bill number, title, date introduced, and final status. Each bill number includes a hyperlink to the bill's record in Congress.gov. This Fact Sheet will be updated as legislative activity warrants."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Plagakis, Sofia
2022-05-06
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Europe: Fact Sheet on Parliamentary and Presidential Elections [Updated May 24, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides a map of parliamentary and presidential elections that have been held or are scheduled to be held at the national level in Europe in 2022, and a table of recent and upcoming parliamentary and presidential elections at the national level in Europe. It includes dates for direct parliamentary elections only, and excludes indirect elections.1 Europe is defined in this product as the fifty countries under the portfolio of the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. The report does not include the Holy See (Vatican City), as there are not any direct presidential or parliamentary elections held there. Electoral rules and governance structures can vary widely across European countries."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Plagakis, Sofia
2022-05-24
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2020 [Updated July 20, 2020]
From the Summary: "This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here. The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of hostilities, and legal authorization."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Plagakis, Sofia
2020-07-20
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Military Spouse Employment [August 27, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report provides information and considerations for Congress with respect to military spouse employment policies and programs. The first section of this report provides background and data on military spouse demographics, employment indicators, and potential implications of negative employment outcomes for military spouses. The second section provides an overview of congressional and executive branch initiatives that have sought to improve employment outcomes for military spouses through (1) direct monetary or in-kind support from DOD (e.g., scholarships, license fee reimbursement, career counseling); (2) outreach and partnerships with states and private businesses; and (3) federal government hiring flexibilities. Next, the report discusses selected legislative proposals in the 116th Congress. The last section provides analysis of the perceived benefits and drawbacks of existing initiatives, and continuing considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.; Schwemle, Barbara L.; Plagakis, Sofia
2020-08-27
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Military Service Records, Awards, and Unit Histories: A Guide to Locating Sources [Updated May 20, 2019]
From the Summary: "This guide provides information on locating military unit histories and individual service records of discharged, retired, and deceased military personnel. It also provides information on locating and replacing military awards and medals. Included is contact information for military history centers, websites for additional sources of research, and a bibliography of other publications, including related CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Plagakis, Sofia; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2019-05-20
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Europe: Fact Sheet on Parliamentary and Presidential Elections [July 30, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides a map of parliamentary and presidential elections that have been held or are scheduled to hold at the national level in Europe in 2021, and a table of recent and upcoming parliamentary and presidential elections at the national level in Europe. It includes dates for direct elections only, and excludes indirect elections."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Plagakis, Sofia
2021-07-30
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Diversity and Inclusion Training for Military Personnel [July 19, 2021]
From the Document: "Congress has taken an interest in requirements, content, and delivery of diversity and inclusion (D&I) training and education for military personnel. Under Title 10 United States Code, the Secretaries of the military departments (Army [hyperlink], Navy [hyperlink], and Air Force [hyperlink]) have the statutory authority to train military personnel and administer to their morale and welfare. Congress has legislated specific training requirements (e.g., financial literacy, military sexual assault prevention [hyperlink]) for servicemembers, including training related to D&I issues. Existing provisions do not prescribe a pedagogical approach, nor do they prohibit certain topics or theories. In addition, while Congress has oversight of military schools, curriculum decisions are generally delegated to school leadership and faculty. For example, each of the military service academies has a Board of Visitors [hyperlink], with congressional representation, that has oversight authority over academy curricula. The Dean of Faculty also has the statutory responsibility [hyperlink] for 'developing and sustaining the curriculum'. While certain military training might be required for students at the service academies, statute does not require or prohibit the inclusion of D&I topics, readings, or theories as part of the academic curricula."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.; Plagakis, Sofia
2021-07-19
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Defense Authorization and Appropriations Bills: FY1961-FY2021 [Updated July 12, 2021]
From the Summary: "The passage of the Department of Defense (DOD) authorization and appropriations bills through Congress often does not follow the course laid out in textbooks on legislative procedure. Tracking DOD authorization or appropriation bills can be confusing and time-consuming. This has been particularly true in recent years, when continuing resolutions (CRs) and consolidated appropriations bills containing the DOD and other appropriations bills have been enacted in lieu of the 12 regular appropriations bills for the entire U.S. government. This report is a research aid that lists the DOD authorization bills and appropriations bills for FY1961-FY2021. This report includes pertinent information on the passage of these bills through the legislative process: bill numbers, report numbers, dates reported and passed, recorded vote numbers and vote tallies, dates of passage of the conference reports with their numbers and votes, vetoes, substitutions, dates of final passage, and public law numbers. Significant definitions are also included. This report will be updated as legislative activity warrants."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Plagakis, Sofia
2021-07-12
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Intelligence Community Presidentially Appointed Senate Confirmed Officials (PAS) During the Administrations of Presidents George W. Bush, Barack H. Obama, and Donald J. Trump: In Brief [May 24, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides three tables that list the names of those who have served in presidentially appointed, Senate-confirmed (PAS) positions in the Intelligence Community (IC) during the last twenty years. It provides a comparative perspective of both those holding IC PAS positions who have been confirmed by the Senate and those serving in in these positions in an acting capacity during the Administrations of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeVine, Michael E.; Plagakis, Sofia
2021-05-24
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