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U.S. Intelligence Community Elements: Establishment Provisions [June 27, 2018]
"The concept of a U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) of integrated component departments and agencies began to take shape after World War II, in part through the establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency. Prior to that time, U.S. intelligence organizations existed within the military services and largely operated independently of one another. References to an Intelligence Community first appear in the mid-1950s. The components of the IC were first specified in statute by the Intelligence Organization Act of 1992 (Title VII of P.L. 102-496). The IC has since evolved into a federated community of 17 components spread across 2 independent agencies and 6 separate departments of the federal government."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeVine, Michael E.; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-06-27
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DOD's Cloud Strategy and the JEDI Cloud Procurement [Updated July 16, 2019]
From the Document: "In September 2017, the Deputy Secretary of Defense issued a memorandum calling for the accelerated adoption of a Department of Defense (DOD) enterprise-wide cloud services solution as a key component of ongoing DOD modernization efforts. Accordingly, DOD is seeking to 'acquire a[n] … enterprise cloud services solution that can support Unclassified, Secret, and Top Secret requirements,' based on commercially available cloud service solutions, through the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud program. The Department is in the final stages of evaluating proposals and anticipates announcing a contract award decision in August 2019. DOD requested $61.9 million in funding for the JEDI Cloud acquisition program for Fiscal Year (FY) 2020. Significant industry and congressional attention has been focused on DOD's intent to award the JEDI Cloud contract to a single company."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2019-07-16
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Department of Defense's JEDI Cloud Program [Updated August 2, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report provides analysis of relevant background information and considerations for Congress associated with ongoing Department of Defense (DOD) efforts to obtain enterprise-wide cloud computing services through the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud acquisition program. In September 2017, then-Deputy Secretary of Defense (DSD) Patrick Shanahan issued a memorandum calling for the accelerated adoption of a DOD enterprise-wide cloud services solution as a key component of ongoing DOD modernization efforts. DOD views this adoption process as a two part effort: in the first phase, DOD is seeking to acquire a cloud services solution accessible to the entirety of the Department that can support Unclassified, Secret, and Top Secret requirements, focusing on commercially available cloud service solutions, through the JEDI Cloud acquisition program. In the second phase, DOD seeks to transition selected existing data and applications maintained by the military departments and agencies to the cloud."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2019-08-02
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DOD's Cloud Strategy and the JEDI Cloud Procurement [Updated August 2, 2019]
From the Document: "In September 2017, the Deputy Secretary of Defense issued a memorandum calling for the accelerated adoption of a Department of Defense (DOD) enterprise-wide cloud services solution as a fundamental component of ongoing DOD modernization efforts. As a component of this effort, DOD is seeking to acquire a cloud services solution accessible to the entirety of the Department that can support Unclassified, Secret, and Top Secret requirements, focusing on commercially available cloud service solutions, through the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud acquisition program. The Department originally expected to award the contract in August 2019. However, Secretary of Defense Dr. Mark T. Esper is reportedly currently reviewing the JEDI Cloud program, which may delay the award."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2019-08-02
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Defense Primer: The National Technology and Industrial Base [September 17, 2019]
From the Document: "The 'National Technology and Industrial Base' (NTIB) consists of the people and organizations engaged in national security and dual-use research and development (R&D), production, maintenance, and related activities within the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The NTIB, as established by 10 U.S.C. §2500, is intended to support national security objectives of the United States, including supplying military operations; conducting advanced R&D and systems development to ensure technological superiority of the U.S. Armed Forces; securing reliable sources of critical materials; and developing industrial preparedness to support operations in wartime or a national emergency."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Chew, Lydia A.
2019-09-17
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Defense Primer: Department of Defense Contractors [Updated December 19, 2018]
From the Document: "Throughout its history, the Department of Defense (DOD) has relied on contractors to support a wide range of military operations. A 'defense contractor,' as defined by the Code of Federal Regulations, is 'any individual, firm, corporation, partnership, association, or other legal non-Federal entity that enters into a contract directly with the DOD to furnish services, supplies, or construction' (see 32 C.F.R. 158.3, 'Definitions'). Within the defense policy community, the term 'contractor' is commonly used in two different contexts. The word can describe the private companies with which DOD contracts to provide goods and services. It can also describe individuals hired by DOD--usually through private companies, which are also considered contractors in the previous context--to perform specific tasks. The term 'contractor' does not refer to military servicemembers, civilian DOD career employees, or civilian political appointees."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2018-12-19
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Amazon Protest of the Department of Defense's Jedi Cloud Contract Award to Microsoft [Updated November 22, 2019]
From the Document: "In September 2017, the Deputy Secretary of Defense issued a memorandum calling for the adoption of a Department of Defense (DOD) enterprise-wide cloud services solution. As part of its ongoing technology modernization efforts, DOD sought to acquire a commercial cloud services solution known as the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud. In April 2019, DOD selected Microsoft and Amazon Web Services (henceforth Amazon) to contend for the contract award from qualified proposals submitted by IBM, Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle. In October 2019, DOD announced it had awarded the JEDI contract to Microsoft. [...] In November 2019, Amazon filed a post-award bid protest with COFC [U.S. Court of Federal Claims], alleging potentially improper 'political influence' in DOD's award decision and 'clear deficiencies' in the contract evaluation process. Many observers trace Amazon's accusation of political influence in part to President Donald Trump's July 2019 remarks that his Administration would 'take a very strong look' at the JEDI Cloud acquisition process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2019-11-22
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Defense Primer: Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution (PPBE) Process [Updated November 30, 2018]
From the Introduction: "Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) is an annual Department of Defense (DOD) process for allocating resources. It serves as the framework for DOD civilian and military leaders to decide which programs and force structure requirements to fund based on strategic objectives. The department's Defense Acquisition University (DAU) defines PPBE in part as 'a formal, systematic structure for making decisions on policy, strategy, and the development of forces and capabilities to accomplish anticipated missions.' DOD Directive 7045.14 states the objective of PPBE 'is to provide the DOD with the most effective mix of forces, equipment, manpower, and support attainable within fiscal constraints.' The process is designed to produce DOD's portion of the President's annual budget request to Congress and updates to the department's five-year spending plan known as the Future Years Defense Program, or FYDP (pronounced 'fiddip')."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-11-30
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Defense Primer: Future Years Defense Program (FYDP) [Updated December 13, 2018]
From the Document: "The primary mechanism for the Secretary of Defense to request, allocate, track, and expend DOD funds is known as the Planning, Programing, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) process. The 'Future Years Defense Program' (FYDP) is an annually compiled summary of the forces, resources, and programs associated with DOD operations. The FYDP is typically completed during the 'programming' phase of the PPBE process, and is generally updated during the 'budgeting' phase to reflect DOD's final funding decisions presented in the annual Presidential Budget Request (PBR). [...] Formally approved by the Secretary of Defense, the FYDP projects DOD funding, manpower, and force structure needs over a 5-year period. The FYDP depicts the allocation of defense resources in the two previous fiscal years and the current fiscal year and it provides force structure estimates for eight years. Section 221 of Title 10, United States Code, requires the Secretary of Defense to submit the FYDP to Congress in conjunction with the President's annual budget request. The FYDP is generally submitted to the congressional committees with jurisdiction over defense matters."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-12-13
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Defense Production Act (DPA) and COVID-19: Key Authorities and Policy Considerations [March 6, 2020]
From the Document: "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak develops, the United States faces drug and medical supply scarcities due to disrupted supply chains and increased demand. In response, the President may exercise emergency authorities under the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA; 50 U.S.C. §§4501 et seq.) to address supply shortages and economic development impacts, and may have begun the process of doing so. This Insight considers DPA authorities that may be used to address domestic essential goods and materials shortages caused by the outbreak, and explores potential policy considerations for Congress. For more information on the health and epidemiological aspects of COVID-19, see CRS products R46219 and IF11421."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.
2020-03-06
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Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and Considerations for Congress [Updated March 2, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 (P.L. 81-774, 50 U.S.C. §§4501 et seq.), as amended, confers upon the President a broad set of authorities to influence domestic industry in the interest of national defense. The authorities can be used across the federal government to shape the domestic industrial base so that, when called upon, it is capable of providing essential materials and goods needed for the national defense. Though initially passed in response to the Korean War, the DPA is historically based on the War Powers Acts of World War II. Gradually, Congress has expanded the term national defense, as defined in the DPA. Based on this definition, the scope of DPA authorities now extends beyond shaping U.S. military preparedness and capabilities, as the authorities may also be used to enhance and support domestic preparedness, response, and recovery from natural hazards, terrorist attacks, and other national emergencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.; Brown, Jared T. . . .
2020-03-02
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Defense Primer: Department of Defense Contractors [Updated January 31, 2020]
From the Document: "Throughout its history, the Department of Defense (DOD) has relied on contractors to support a wide range of military operations. A 'defense contractor,' as defined by the Code of Federal Regulations, is 'any individual, firm, corporation, partnership, association, or other legal non-Federal entity that enters into a contract directly with the DOD to furnish services, supplies, or construction' (see 32 C.F.R. 158.3, 'Definitions'). Within the defense policy community, the term contractor is commonly used in two different contexts. The word can describe the private companies with which DOD contracts to provide goods and services. It can also describe individuals hired by DOD--usually through private companies, which are also considered contractors in the previous context--to perform specific tasks. The term 'contractor' does not refer to military servicemembers, civilian DOD career employees, or civilian political appointees."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2020-01-31
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Defense Primer: Lowest Price Technically Acceptable Contracts [Updated January 31, 2020]
From the Background: "When procuring goods or services, the Department of Defense (DOD) generally seeks to obtain the best value for the government by encouraging full and open competition, as required by the 1984 Competition in Contracting Act (P.L. 98-369, also known as CICA). 'Full and open competition' occurs when all eligible prospective contractors are permitted to submit bids or proposals in response to a proposed contract action."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2020-01-31
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Defense Primer: Acquiring Specialty Metals, Rare Earth Magnets, and Tungsten [Updated January 30, 2020]
From the Document: "Some metals (such as titanium and tungsten) and metal alloys, as well as strong permanent magnets known as rare earth magnets, are critical to U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) operations. These materials are frequently integrated into components (e.g., integrated circuits, electrical wiring, or optoelectronic devices) or structures (e.g., aircraft fuselages or ship hulls) of the military platforms and weapon systems that enable warfighting capabilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2020-01-30
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Defense Primer: Future Years Defense Program (FYDP) [Updated January 28, 2020]
From the Background: "The Future Years Defense Program (FYDP) is a projection of the forces, resources, and programs to support Department of Defense (DOD) operations. The FYDP is compiled every year and typically completed during the 'programming' phase of the Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) process. The program is updated during the 'budgeting' phase to reflect DOD's final funding decisions presented in the annual President's budget request. The FYDP captures resource management decisions for projected DOD activities associated with normal, peacetime operations. Grouping funding by programs--rather than activities, as depicted in the annual budget justification documents--the FYDP reflects the planned allocation of DOD resources to major strategic efforts over a multiyear period."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.; Peters, Heidi M.
2020-01-28
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Defense Primer: The National Technology and Industrial Base [Updated January 31, 2020]
From the Document: "The National Technology and Industrial Base (NTIB) consists of the people and organizations engaged in national security and dual-use research and development (R&D), production, maintenance, and related activities within the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The NTIB, as established by 10 U.S.C. §2500, is intended to support national security objectives of the United States, including supplying military operations; conducting advanced R&D and systems development to ensure technological superiority of the U.S. Armed Forces; securing reliable sources of critical materials; and developing industrial preparedness to support operations in wartime or during a national emergency."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2020-01-31
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Defense Primer: U.S. Defense Industrial Base [Updated February 6, 2020]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) relies on a wide-ranging and complex industrial base for the products and services that enable the Department's warfighting capabilities. Definitions of what this industrial base encompasses vary in scope and emphasis. Some analysts and experts distinguish between a domestic 'defense industrial base' (DIB) and a global DIB. The domestic DIB includes public-sector (government-owned, government-operated) facilities and private-sector (commercial) companies located in the United States. Congress has taken some interest and action to support and sustain the domestic DIB. [...] The commercial companies that contract with DOD are diverse, ranging in size from small businesses to some of the world's largest corporate enterprises. These commercial companies provide a wide variety of products to DOD, encompassing everything from complex military-unique platforms (such as aircraft carriers) to common items sold commercially (such as laptop computers, clothing, and food). These companies also provide a wide variety of services, including everything from routine services (e.g., information technology (IT) support) to highly specialized services (e.g., launching space vehicles)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2020-02-06
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Defense Primer: Procurement [Updated February 7, 2020]
From the Document: "While the common use of the word 'procurement' implies the process of obtaining goods or services, uses of the word 'procurement' by national security experts and practitioners generally refers to a specific title within the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and defense appropriations legislation. [...] Procurement funding authorized in a given fiscal year can usually be obligated over a period of three years. The most prominent exception is Navy Shipbuilding and Conversion funding, which is available for five years. The Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2020 (Division A of P.L. 116-93) provided $133.9 billion in procurement funding for DOD in the regular, or 'base', budget, [...] in addition to $11.8 billion in procurement funding designated for Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; McGarry, Brendan W.
2020-02-07
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Training the Military to Manage Contractors During Expeditionary Operations: Overview and Options for Congress [Updated December 17, 2008]
From the Summary: "The Department of Defense (DOD) is responsible for performing a wide range of expeditionary missions, including domestic emergency operations and military operations outside of the continental United States. DOD increasingly relies on contractors during expeditionary operations to perform a wide range of services. For example, more contractors are working for DOD in Iraq and Afghanistan than are U.S. military personnel. As a result, military personnel in the field are increasingly interacting with and responsible for managing contractors. Yet many observers argue that the military is not sufficiently prepared to manage contractors during expeditionary missions. [...] This report examines these steps being taken by DOD and options for Congress to monitor DOD's efforts to comply with P.L. [Public Law] 110-181."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2008-12-17
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National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) [July 11, 2018]
"The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) is one of several mission centers operating within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. NCTC was established in August 2004 as the primary U.S. government organization responsible for analyzing and integrating all intelligence - except intelligence solely related to domestic terrorism - pertaining to terrorism and counterterrorism (CT)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeVine, Michael E.; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-07-11
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Defense Primer: Future Years Defense Program (FYDP) [February 16, 2018]
From the Document: "The primary mechanism for the Secretary of Defense to request, allocate, track, and expend DOD funds is known as the Planning, Programing, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) process. The Future Years Defense Program (FYDP) is an annually compiled catalogue that summarizes the forces, resources, and programs associated with DOD operations. The FYDP is typically completed during the programming phase of the PPBE process, and is generally updated during the budgeting phase to reflect DOD's final funding decisions presented in the annual Presidential Budget Request (PBR)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Williams, Lynn M.; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-02-16
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Defense Primer: U.S. Defense Industrial Base [December 20, 2018]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) relies on a wideranging and complex industrial base for products and services required to support DOD's stated mission 'to provide the military forces needed to deter war and to protect the security of our country.' This defense industrial base comprises public-sector (government-owned, government-operated) facilities and private-sector (commercial) companies. The commercial companies that contract with DOD are diverse, ranging in size from small businesses to some of the world's largest corporate enterprises. These commercial companies provide a wide variety of products to DOD, encompassing everything from complex military-unique platforms such as aircraft carriers to common commercial items such as laptop computers, clothing, and food. They also provide a wide variety of services, including everything from routine services (e.g., information technology (IT) support) to highly specialized services (e.g., launching space vehicles). Domestically owned firms and foreign-owned firms that engage in direct investment, hire U.S. workers, and are governed by U.S. laws are part of the nation's defense industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwartz, Moshe; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-12-20
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Defense Primer: Procurement [December 20, 2018]
From the Document: "While the common use of the word procurement implies the process of obtaining goods or services, uses of the word procurement by national security experts and practitioners generally refers to a specific title within the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and defense appropriations legislation. [...] In FY2019, DOD received $135.4 billion in base budget procurement funding, as well as $12.6 billion in procurement funding designated for DOD overseas contingency operations (OCO)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; McGarry, Brendan W.
2018-12-20
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DOD's JEDI Cloud Program [November 5, 2018]
"In September 2017, Deputy Secretary of Defense (DSD) Patrick Shanahan issued a memorandum calling for the accelerated adoption of a Department of Defense (DOD)-wide cloud computing system. Under the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud program, DOD seeks to 'acquire a...cloud services solution that can support Unclassified, Secret, and Top Secret requirements,' with a focus on commercially available services. Significant industry and congressional attention has been focused on the JEDI Cloud contract."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2018-11-05
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Defense Primer: Acquiring Specialty Metals, Rare Earth Magnets, and Tungsten [May 24, 2019]
From the Document: "Some metals (such as titanium and tungsten) and metal alloys, as well as strong permanent magnets known as rare earth magnets, are critical to U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) operations. These materials are frequently integrated into components (such as integrated circuits, electrical wiring, oroptoelectronic devices) or structures (such as aircraft fuselages or ship hulls) of the military platforms and weapon systems that enable war fighting capabilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2019-05-24
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Department of Defense Contractor and Troop Levels in Afghanistan and Iraq: 2007-2018 [Updated May 10, 2019]
From the Document: "Throughout its history, the Department of Defense (DOD) has relied on contractors to support a wide range of military operations. Operations over the last thirty years have highlighted the critical role that contractors play in supporting U.S. troops--both in terms of the number of contractors and the type of work being performed. During recent U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, contractors often accounted for 50% or more of the total DOD presence in-country. For the fourth quarter of fiscal year (FY) 2018, U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) reported 49,451 contractor personnel working for DOD within its area of responsibility, which included 28,189 individuals located in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. From FY2009 to FY2018, obligations for all DOD-funded contracts performed within the Iraq and Afghanistan areas of operation totaled approximately $208 billion in FY2019 dollars. In late 2017, the DOD stopped reporting the number of U.S. military personnel deployed in support of operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria as part of its quarterly manpower reports and in other official releases. These data remain withheld."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Plagakis, Sofia
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Department of Defense Use of Other Transaction Authority: Background, Analysis, and Issues for Congress [Updated February 22, 2019]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) obligates more than $300 billion annually to pay for goods and services (including research and development). Most of these acquisitions are governed by numerous statutes and regulations found in Title 10 of the United States Code, the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), and the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS). DOD can also enter into certain transactions without triggering most of the standard acquisition statutes and regulations by using other transaction (OT) authorities. In recent years, Congress has expanded these authorities and DOD is increasingly using OTs for research, prototyping, and production. This report examines (1) how OTs work, (2) why they were established, (3) potential benefits and risks of using OTs, and (4) whether there are data available against which to measure their effectiveness."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwartz, Moshe; Peters, Heidi M.
2019-02-22
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Defense Primer: Procurement [Updated January 7, 2021]
From the Background: "While the common use of the word 'procurement' implies a process of obtaining goods or services, national security practitioners generally use the word to refer to a specific title within the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and defense appropriations legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; McGarry, Brendan W.
2021-01-07
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COVID-19: Defense Production Act (DPA) Developments and Issues for Congress [Updated May 15, 2020]
From the Document: "The White House is employing the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA) in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to facilitate the production and availability of essential goods, supplies, and services. This Insight considers recent DPA actions and associated policy considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael; Peters, Heidi M.
2020-05-15
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A-76 Competitions in the Department of Defense [Updated June 2, 2020]
From the Document: "Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-76, 'Performance of Commercial Activities,' establishes policy for the performance of recurring commercial services by federal agencies, stating that the policy of the 'federal government has been to rely on the private sector for needed commercial services,' and that those 'commercial activities should be subject to the forces of competition.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2020-06-02
