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Defense Primer: DOD Contractors [February 10, 2017]
From the Document: "Throughout its history, the Department of Defense (DOD) has relied on contractors. A 'defense contractor,' as defined by the Code of Federal Regulations, is 'any individual, firm, corporation, partnership, association, or other legal non-Federal entity that enters into a contract directly with the DOD to furnish services, supplies, or construction' (see 32 C.F.R. 158.3, 'Definitions'). Within the defense policy community, the term 'contractor' is commonly used in two different contexts. The word can describe the private companies with which DOD contracts to provide goods and services. It can also describe individuals hired by DOD--usually through private companies, which are also considered contractors in the previous context--to perform specific tasks. The term 'contractor' does not refer to military servicemembers, DOD career employees, or political appointees."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rumbaugh, Russell; Peters, Heidi M.
2017-02-10
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Defense Primer: Future Years Defense Program (FYDP) [February 16, 2018]
From the Document: "The primary mechanism for the Secretary of Defense to request, allocate, track, and expend DOD funds is known as the Planning, Programing, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) process. The Future Years Defense Program (FYDP) is an annually compiled catalogue that summarizes the forces, resources, and programs associated with DOD operations. The FYDP is typically completed during the programming phase of the PPBE process, and is generally updated during the budgeting phase to reflect DOD's final funding decisions presented in the annual Presidential Budget Request (PBR)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Williams, Lynn M.; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-02-16
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Defense Primer: Acquiring Specialty Metals, Rare Earth Magnets, and Tungsten [May 24, 2019]
From the Document: "Some metals (such as titanium and tungsten) and metal alloys, as well as strong permanent magnets known as rare earth magnets, are critical to U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) operations. These materials are frequently integrated into components (such as integrated circuits, electrical wiring, oroptoelectronic devices) or structures (such as aircraft fuselages or ship hulls) of the military platforms and weapon systems that enable war fighting capabilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2019-05-24
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Defense Primer: Department of Defense Contractors [Updated December 19, 2018]
From the Document: "Throughout its history, the Department of Defense (DOD) has relied on contractors to support a wide range of military operations. A 'defense contractor,' as defined by the Code of Federal Regulations, is 'any individual, firm, corporation, partnership, association, or other legal non-Federal entity that enters into a contract directly with the DOD to furnish services, supplies, or construction' (see 32 C.F.R. 158.3, 'Definitions'). Within the defense policy community, the term 'contractor' is commonly used in two different contexts. The word can describe the private companies with which DOD contracts to provide goods and services. It can also describe individuals hired by DOD--usually through private companies, which are also considered contractors in the previous context--to perform specific tasks. The term 'contractor' does not refer to military servicemembers, civilian DOD career employees, or civilian political appointees."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2018-12-19
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Defense Primer: The National Technology and Industrial Base [September 17, 2019]
From the Document: "The 'National Technology and Industrial Base' (NTIB) consists of the people and organizations engaged in national security and dual-use research and development (R&D), production, maintenance, and related activities within the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The NTIB, as established by 10 U.S.C. §2500, is intended to support national security objectives of the United States, including supplying military operations; conducting advanced R&D and systems development to ensure technological superiority of the U.S. Armed Forces; securing reliable sources of critical materials; and developing industrial preparedness to support operations in wartime or a national emergency."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Chew, Lydia A.
2019-09-17
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Department of Defense Contractor and Troop Levels in Iraq and Afghanistan: 2007-2017 [April 28, 2017]
From the Document: "This report provides background information for Congress on the levels of Department of Defense (DOD) troop and contractor personnel deployed in support of prior and ongoing military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. [...] Throughout its history, DOD has relied on contractors to support a wide range of military operations. Operations over the past 30 years have highlighted the critical role that contractors play in supporting U.S. troops-both in terms of the number of contractors and the type of work being performed. During recent U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, contractors frequently averaged 50% or more of the total DOD presence in-country."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Schwartz, Moshe; Kapp, Lawrence
2017-04-28
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Defense Primer: Procurement [February 10, 2017]
From the Document: "Though the common use of the word 'procurement' implies the buying of all things, within the defense community procurement refers to the appropriations title by that name. Procurement is the DOD appropriations title that provides funds to purchase major equipment. DOD classes procurement appropriations as nonconstruction-related 'investment costs,' or the costs to acquire capital assets, such as an F-35 Joint Strike Fighter or a Virginia-class submarine. Investment costs are distinguished from 'expenses,' which are consumed in the operating of the Department. At over $100 billion of annual funding in recent years, the procurement title represents about 20% of the base defense budget. DOD uses these funds to buy several different types of [material.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rumbaugh, Russell; Peters, Heidi M.
2017-02-10
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Department of Defense Use of Other Transaction Authority: Background, Analysis, and Issues for Congress [Updated February 22, 2019]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) obligates more than $300 billion annually to pay for goods and services (including research and development). Most of these acquisitions are governed by numerous statutes and regulations found in Title 10 of the United States Code, the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), and the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS). DOD can also enter into certain transactions without triggering most of the standard acquisition statutes and regulations by using other transaction (OT) authorities. In recent years, Congress has expanded these authorities and DOD is increasingly using OTs for research, prototyping, and production. This report examines (1) how OTs work, (2) why they were established, (3) potential benefits and risks of using OTs, and (4) whether there are data available against which to measure their effectiveness."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwartz, Moshe; Peters, Heidi M.
2019-02-22
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Department of Defense Contractor and Troop Levels in Afghanistan and Iraq: 2007-2018 [Updated May 10, 2019]
From the Document: "Throughout its history, the Department of Defense (DOD) has relied on contractors to support a wide range of military operations. Operations over the last thirty years have highlighted the critical role that contractors play in supporting U.S. troops--both in terms of the number of contractors and the type of work being performed. During recent U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, contractors often accounted for 50% or more of the total DOD presence in-country. For the fourth quarter of fiscal year (FY) 2018, U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) reported 49,451 contractor personnel working for DOD within its area of responsibility, which included 28,189 individuals located in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. From FY2009 to FY2018, obligations for all DOD-funded contracts performed within the Iraq and Afghanistan areas of operation totaled approximately $208 billion in FY2019 dollars. In late 2017, the DOD stopped reporting the number of U.S. military personnel deployed in support of operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria as part of its quarterly manpower reports and in other official releases. These data remain withheld."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Plagakis, Sofia
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Defense Primer: U.S. Defense Industrial Base [December 20, 2018]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) relies on a wideranging and complex industrial base for products and services required to support DOD's stated mission 'to provide the military forces needed to deter war and to protect the security of our country.' This defense industrial base comprises public-sector (government-owned, government-operated) facilities and private-sector (commercial) companies. The commercial companies that contract with DOD are diverse, ranging in size from small businesses to some of the world's largest corporate enterprises. These commercial companies provide a wide variety of products to DOD, encompassing everything from complex military-unique platforms such as aircraft carriers to common commercial items such as laptop computers, clothing, and food. They also provide a wide variety of services, including everything from routine services (e.g., information technology (IT) support) to highly specialized services (e.g., launching space vehicles). Domestically owned firms and foreign-owned firms that engage in direct investment, hire U.S. workers, and are governed by U.S. laws are part of the nation's defense industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwartz, Moshe; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-12-20
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Defense Primer: Procurement [December 20, 2018]
From the Document: "While the common use of the word procurement implies the process of obtaining goods or services, uses of the word procurement by national security experts and practitioners generally refers to a specific title within the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and defense appropriations legislation. [...] In FY2019, DOD received $135.4 billion in base budget procurement funding, as well as $12.6 billion in procurement funding designated for DOD overseas contingency operations (OCO)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; McGarry, Brendan W.
2018-12-20
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Department of Defense Contractor and Troop Levels in Iraq and Afghanistan: 2007-2016 [August 15, 2016]
From the Document: "This report provides background information for Congress on the levels of Department of Defense (DOD) troop and contractor personnel deployed in support of prior and ongoing military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. For more information on DOD's use of contractor personnel to support military operations, see CRS Report R43074, 'Department of Defense's Use of Contractors to Support Military Operations: Background, Analysis, and Issues for Congress,' by Moshe Schwartz."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Schwartz, Moshe; Kapp, Lawrence
2016-08-15
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Department of Defense Contractor and Troop Levels in Iraq and Afghanistan: 2007-2015 [December 1, 2015]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information for Congress on the levels of Department of Defense (DOD) troop and contractor personnel deployed in support of prior and ongoing military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Schwartz, Moshe; Kapp, Lawrence
2015-12-01
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Department of Defense Contractor and Troop Levels in Iraq and Afghanistan: 2007-2014 [July 22, 2015]
From the Document: "This report provides background information for Congress on troop and contractor levels in the Department of Defense (DOD) in support of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Schwartz, Moshe; Kapp, Lawrence
2015-07-22
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Defense Primer: Department of Defense Contractors [Updated January 31, 2020]
From the Document: "Throughout its history, the Department of Defense (DOD) has relied on contractors to support a wide range of military operations. A 'defense contractor,' as defined by the Code of Federal Regulations, is 'any individual, firm, corporation, partnership, association, or other legal non-Federal entity that enters into a contract directly with the DOD to furnish services, supplies, or construction' (see 32 C.F.R. 158.3, 'Definitions'). Within the defense policy community, the term contractor is commonly used in two different contexts. The word can describe the private companies with which DOD contracts to provide goods and services. It can also describe individuals hired by DOD--usually through private companies, which are also considered contractors in the previous context--to perform specific tasks. The term 'contractor' does not refer to military servicemembers, civilian DOD career employees, or civilian political appointees."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2020-01-31
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Defense Primer: Acquiring Specialty Metals, Rare Earth Magnets, and Tungsten [Updated January 30, 2020]
From the Document: "Some metals (such as titanium and tungsten) and metal alloys, as well as strong permanent magnets known as rare earth magnets, are critical to U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) operations. These materials are frequently integrated into components (e.g., integrated circuits, electrical wiring, or optoelectronic devices) or structures (e.g., aircraft fuselages or ship hulls) of the military platforms and weapon systems that enable warfighting capabilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2020-01-30
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Defense Primer: The National Technology and Industrial Base [Updated January 31, 2020]
From the Document: "The National Technology and Industrial Base (NTIB) consists of the people and organizations engaged in national security and dual-use research and development (R&D), production, maintenance, and related activities within the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The NTIB, as established by 10 U.S.C. §2500, is intended to support national security objectives of the United States, including supplying military operations; conducting advanced R&D and systems development to ensure technological superiority of the U.S. Armed Forces; securing reliable sources of critical materials; and developing industrial preparedness to support operations in wartime or during a national emergency."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2020-01-31
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Defense Primer: Lowest Price Technically Acceptable Contracts [Updated January 31, 2020]
From the Background: "When procuring goods or services, the Department of Defense (DOD) generally seeks to obtain the best value for the government by encouraging full and open competition, as required by the 1984 Competition in Contracting Act (P.L. 98-369, also known as CICA). 'Full and open competition' occurs when all eligible prospective contractors are permitted to submit bids or proposals in response to a proposed contract action."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2020-01-31
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Islamic State-Frequently Asked Questions: Threats, Global Implications, and U.S. Policy Responses [November 19, 2015]
From the Summary: "When addressing threats emanating from the Islamic State (IS), numerous strategy and operational considerations arise that might be of interest to U.S. policymakers, especially in the wake of the deadly November 13, 2015, terrorist attacks in Paris. IS activities and U.S. and coalition party policy and operational responses are an amalgam of complex, and at times competing, challenges. Since the establishment of IS, its strategic objectives and tactical activities have evolved, gaining strength in some areas and having its capability degraded in others. U.S. and other nations' responses continue to evolve as the threat posed by IS changes. Contained in this report are short answers to related frequently answered questions. Each section contains references to CRS reports that address the question in greater detail. This report will be updated as additional products become available and events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rollins, John; Peters, Heidi M.
2015-11-19
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Can Military Servicemembers Carry Firearms for Personal Protection on Duty? [July 17, 2015]
"On July 16, 2015, an armed shooter attacked a Marine Corps recruiting center and U.S. Naval Reserve Center in Chattanooga, Tennessee, killing four Marines and wounding at least three other members of the Marine Corps, Navy, and local police before the shooter was killed. This follows other recent active shooter incidents on military installations, including the 2009 and 2014 shootings at Fort Hood, Texas, and the 2013 Washington Navy Yard shooting. While those incidents took place on military installations, the most recent incident, in contrast, took place at a reserve center and a recruiting office. Military installations have armed guards and security gates or checkpoints, while reserve centers and recruiting offices are typically integrated into local communities in locations where they are most likely to be approached by interested recruits. Therefore, recruiting offices, by design, are less likely to have the same level of security as other government facilities where military servicemembers are assigned. Following the most recent incident, some have questioned whether force protection measures at recruiting stations are adequate, and asked what U.S. statutes and DOD policies say regarding the ability of servicemembers to carry government-issued firearms for personal protection while on duty. Following is a discussion of the applicable law and policy regarding government-issued firearms for personal protection of servicemembers on duty. This does not address law or policies regarding privately-owned firearms."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.; Peters, Heidi M.
2015-07-17
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Waiver of Statutory Qualifications Relating to Prior Military Service of the Secretary of Defense [December 1, 2016]
"The Secretary of Defense, who has authority, direction, and control over the Department of Defense, is a civilian appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. Section 113 of Title 10 of the 'U.S. Code' provides that '[a] person may not be appointed as Secretary of Defense within seven years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of an armed force.' Such statutory qualification provisions are created by law, and thus may also be waived--or temporarily suspended for the benefit of a specific individual--by law on a case-by-case basis. Since the establishment of the position of Secretary of Defense by the National Security Act of 1947, CRS [Congressional Research Service] has been able to identify one instance of Congress acting to waive this provision. Enacted on September 18, 1950, at the special request of President Truman during a time of war, P.L. [Public Law] 81-788 authorized the waiver of certain statutory requirements otherwise prohibiting General of the Army George C. Marshall from serving as the Secretary of Defense."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2016-12-01
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DOD's Cloud Strategy and the JEDI Cloud Procurement [Updated July 16, 2019]
From the Document: "In September 2017, the Deputy Secretary of Defense issued a memorandum calling for the accelerated adoption of a Department of Defense (DOD) enterprise-wide cloud services solution as a key component of ongoing DOD modernization efforts. Accordingly, DOD is seeking to 'acquire a[n] … enterprise cloud services solution that can support Unclassified, Secret, and Top Secret requirements,' based on commercially available cloud service solutions, through the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud program. The Department is in the final stages of evaluating proposals and anticipates announcing a contract award decision in August 2019. DOD requested $61.9 million in funding for the JEDI Cloud acquisition program for Fiscal Year (FY) 2020. Significant industry and congressional attention has been focused on DOD's intent to award the JEDI Cloud contract to a single company."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2019-07-16
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DOD's Cloud Strategy and the JEDI Cloud Procurement [Updated August 2, 2019]
From the Document: "In September 2017, the Deputy Secretary of Defense issued a memorandum calling for the accelerated adoption of a Department of Defense (DOD) enterprise-wide cloud services solution as a fundamental component of ongoing DOD modernization efforts. As a component of this effort, DOD is seeking to acquire a cloud services solution accessible to the entirety of the Department that can support Unclassified, Secret, and Top Secret requirements, focusing on commercially available cloud service solutions, through the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud acquisition program. The Department originally expected to award the contract in August 2019. However, Secretary of Defense Dr. Mark T. Esper is reportedly currently reviewing the JEDI Cloud program, which may delay the award."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2019-08-02
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Islamic State--Frequently Asked Questions: Threats, Global Implications, and U.S. Policy Responses [November 25, 2015]
"In the wake of the deadly November 13, 2015, terrorist attacks in Paris, U.S. policymakers are faced with a wide range of strategy and operational considerations related to the activities of and threats emanating from the Islamic State (IS). A terrorist attack such as this prompts an examination of U.S. domestic security precautions; the role of allies and coalition partners; the appropriate military and diplomatic reactions; the safety and security of infrastructure and that of travelers; and numerous additional discrete issues that require the active involvement of dozens of federal, state, and local government agencies. With the attacks in Beirut, over Egypt, and in Paris, the Islamic State has demonstrated a transnational capability that suggests its strategic objectives and tactics have evolved, gaining strength in some areas and losing capacity in others. The response to these attacks by the United States and other nations continues to evolve as the threat posed by IS changes. This report poses frequently asked questions with answers excerpted from other CRS [Congressional Research Service] products. Each section contains references to the full reports in which the material appears."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rollins, John; Peters, Heidi M.
2015-11-25
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Covert Action and Clandestine Activities of the Intelligence Community: Selected Definitions in Brief [April 25, 2018]
"Since the 1970s, Congress has established and continued to refine oversight procedures in reaction to instances where it had not been given prior notice of intelligence activities-- particularly covert action--that had significant bearing on United States national security. Congress, for example, had no foreknowledge of the CIA's orchestration of the 1953 coup that overthrew Iran's only democratically elected government, or of the U-2 surveillance flights over the Soviet Union that ended with the Soviet shoot-down of Francis Gary Powers in 1960. Eventually, media disclosures of the CIA's domestic surveillance of the anti-Vietnam War movement and awareness of the agency's covert war in Laos resulted in Congress taking action. In 1974, Congress began its investigation into the scope of past intelligence community activities that provided the basis for statutory provisions for intelligence oversight going forward."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; DeVine, Michael E.
2018-04-25
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U.S. Intelligence Community Elements: Establishment Provisions [June 27, 2018]
"The concept of a U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) of integrated component departments and agencies began to take shape after World War II, in part through the establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency. Prior to that time, U.S. intelligence organizations existed within the military services and largely operated independently of one another. References to an Intelligence Community first appear in the mid-1950s. The components of the IC were first specified in statute by the Intelligence Organization Act of 1992 (Title VII of P.L. 102-496). The IC has since evolved into a federated community of 17 components spread across 2 independent agencies and 6 separate departments of the federal government."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeVine, Michael E.; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-06-27
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Covert Action and Clandestine Activities of the Intelligence Community: Selected Notification Requirements in Brief [May 7, 2018]
"Covert action and clandestine activities of the intelligence community and activities of the military may appear similar, but they involve different notification requirements and usually are conducted under different authorities of the U. S. Code. The requirements for notifying Congress of activities of the intelligence community originated from instances in the 1970s when media disclosure of past intelligence abuses underscored reasons for Congress taking a more active role in oversight. Over time, these requirements were written into statute or became custom."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeVine, Michael E.; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-05-07
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DOD's JEDI Cloud Program [November 5, 2018]
"In September 2017, Deputy Secretary of Defense (DSD) Patrick Shanahan issued a memorandum calling for the accelerated adoption of a Department of Defense (DOD)-wide cloud computing system. Under the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud program, DOD seeks to 'acquire a...cloud services solution that can support Unclassified, Secret, and Top Secret requirements,' with a focus on commercially available services. Significant industry and congressional attention has been focused on the JEDI Cloud contract."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2018-11-05
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National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) [July 11, 2018]
"The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) is one of several mission centers operating within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. NCTC was established in August 2004 as the primary U.S. government organization responsible for analyzing and integrating all intelligence - except intelligence solely related to domestic terrorism - pertaining to terrorism and counterterrorism (CT)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeVine, Michael E.; Peters, Heidi M.
2018-07-11
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Department of Defense's JEDI Cloud Program [Updated August 2, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report provides analysis of relevant background information and considerations for Congress associated with ongoing Department of Defense (DOD) efforts to obtain enterprise-wide cloud computing services through the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud acquisition program. In September 2017, then-Deputy Secretary of Defense (DSD) Patrick Shanahan issued a memorandum calling for the accelerated adoption of a DOD enterprise-wide cloud services solution as a key component of ongoing DOD modernization efforts. DOD views this adoption process as a two part effort: in the first phase, DOD is seeking to acquire a cloud services solution accessible to the entirety of the Department that can support Unclassified, Secret, and Top Secret requirements, focusing on commercially available cloud service solutions, through the JEDI Cloud acquisition program. In the second phase, DOD seeks to transition selected existing data and applications maintained by the military departments and agencies to the cloud."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.
2019-08-02
