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Perspectives of Occupants with Mobility Impairments on Fire Evacuation and Elevators
From the Abstract: "Safe evacuation during a fire or other catastrophic event is crucial for the safety of the
building's occupants. Since the tragic loss of life in the World Trade Center disaster,
efforts have refocused on the provision of safe and efficient evacuation procedures,
especially for occupants who cannot negotiate exit stairs without assistance. Several
evacuation options have been designed specifically for people with mobility impairments,
including occupant evacuation elevators (OEEs). The purpose of this report is to provide
guidance to assist designers, facility managers, and fire emergency personnel on how
they might improve designs, technologies, and emergency procedures for safer
evacuation of occupants with mobility impairments during fire emergencies. [...] The results of this study lead to guidance on evacuation planning and procedures, the use
of existing elevators for evacuation of people with mobility impairments, and the use of
occupant evacuation elevators. This guidance highlights the importance of reducing
anxiety about fire evacuation and increasing trust in the occupant evacuation elevator
system via a variety of means, including education and consultation in preparation for the
evacuation, information and attention to occupant needs while the evacuation is taking
place, and two-way feedback and discussions afterwards. Key to all of these issues is the
need to include those with mobility impairments in the planning and execution of fire
evacuations and to facilitate their ability for self-evacuation as much as is practicable."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Butler, Kathryn M.; Furman, Susanne M.; Kuligowski, Erica D. . . .
2016-08
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NIST NCSTAR 1-4A: Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Post-Construction Fires prior to September 11, 2001
"This report documents the facts of significant fires in the buildings after first occupancy as they relate to the performance of the automatic sprinkler, manual suppression, fire detection, and smoke purge systems. The ultimate goal of this review was to identify from the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) records significant but not well-known fires for further study."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Peacock, Richard D.; Evans, David D.; Kuligowski, Erica D.
2005-10-26
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NIST NCSTAR 1-7: Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communication
"This report describes the occupant evacuation of World Trade Center (WTC) 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001. [...] The egress system, including stairwells and elevators, was described and compared to requirement of both contemporary and current code requirements. This report documents the emergency procedures, both as they were designed to be implemented, as well as how they were actually implemented on September 11, 2001. [...] The progress of the evacuation of both towers was described in a quasi-chronological manner from 8:46:30 a.m. when WTC 1 was attacked, until 10:28:22 a.m., when WTC 1 collapsed. Causal models were built to explore the sources of evacuation initiation delay (why people did not immediately start to leave the building) as well as normalized stairwell evacuation time (how long the average occupant spent in the stairwells per floor). Issues identified as contributing to either speeding or aiding the evacuation process were explored. Egress simulations provided context for estimating how long WTC 1 and WTC 2 would have taken to evacuate with different populations, using different models, and subject to different damage to the building."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Mileti, Dennis S.; Averill, Jason D.; Peacock, Richard D.
2005-10-26
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NIST NCSTAR 1-4: Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Active Fire Protection Systems
The NIST investigation of "active fire protection systems in World Trade Center (WTC) 1, 2, and 7 included the design, installation, capabilities, and performance on September 11, 2001 of the automatic fire sprinkler, standpipe, standpipe preconnected hoses, fire alarm, and smoke management systems. The purpose and normally expected performance of each active fire protection system in the buildings are described, as well as details about the systems installed in WTC 1, 2, and 7. Using fire protection engineering methods, the capabilities of the installed systems to responds to various fire threats from normal office fires up to and including the extraordinary challenges of the fires ignited by the aircraft impacts on September 11, 2001, were assessed. Information from The Fire Department of the City of New York records was used to document the history of significant fire events in WTC 1, 2, and 7. Findings of the investigation are presented with regard to the fire suppression, fire alarm, and smoke management systems installed on the day the buildings collapsed."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Peacock, Richard D.; Evans, David D.; Kuligowski, Erica D.
2005-10-26
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Mass Notification Messages: Workshop Proceedings
"The goal of the workshop was to provide a forum where representatives from federal agencies could exchange ideas and current practices for mass notification in the event of an emergency and to discuss best practices for the creation of the messages that are disseminated during emergencies in the United States. The workshop included experts on mass notification from 12 different agencies in the federal government."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.); United States. Department of Commerce
Averill, Jason D.; Peacock, Richard D.; Kuligowski, Erica D.
2009-03
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Workshop on Building Occupant Movement During Fire Emergencies, June 10-11, 2004, National Institute of Standards and Technology
"Both before and since the World Trade Center tower collapses, there have been far too frequent events in which there was extensive life loss because the time needed for safe evacuation from a threatened building was not available - it was less than the time available for escape. There is a broad range of emergency scenarios for which there is an alarming gap between the public expectation of safety and the ability to provide it. These include man-made threats, natural disasters, and the more common system failures (e.g., gas leaks and power outages). The urgency of response to knowing something is very wrong within a building is now being accentuated and perhaps even changed, as the old paradigms of 'orderly movement will get you out in time' and 'find a safe part of the building and wait for rescue' are open to question. Thus, the need for accurate, quantitative assessment of people movement in emergencies has never been greater than it is today. To this end, the Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in cooperation with the United Technologies Research Center, hosted a two-day workshop focusing on needed research on occupant behavior and movement during building emergencies. This workshop was motivated by a renewed interest in
how buildings should be evacuated during fire emergencies and by the desire to provide a forum for the exchange of experiences among the fire and non-fire communities working on emergency egress. Organized into several sessions with specific topics areas, several presentations were included in each session, with an extended period for discussion at the end of each session. Papers highlighting each session are included in this report. For each workshop session, the session moderator prepared a summary of key points of research interest from the presentations and discussion. Additional details, including presentation visuals, are available on the NIST website at http://fire.nist.gov."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Kuligowski, Erica D.; Peacock, Richard D.
2005-07
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Review of Building Evacuation Models
"Evacuation calculations are increasingly becoming a part of performance-based analyses to
assess the level of life safety provided in buildings. In some cases, engineers are using backof-the-envelope (hand) calculations to assess life safety, and in others, evacuation models are being used. Hand calculations usually follow the equations given in the Emergency Movement Chapter of the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) Handbook to calculate mass flow evacuation from any height of building. The occupants are assumed to be standing at the doorway to the stair on each floor as soon as the evacuation begins. The calculation focuses mainly on points of constriction throughout the building (commonly the door to the outside) and calculates the time for the occupants to flow past these points and to the outside. To achieve a more realistic evacuation calculation, engineers have been looking to evacuation computer models to assess a building's life safety. Currently, there are a number of evacuation models to choose from, each with unique characteristics and specialties. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive model review of 30 past and current evacuation models for current and potential model users. With this information, a user can select the model or models appropriate for his/her design."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Kuligowski, Erica D.; Peacock, Richard D.
2005-07
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Stairwell Evacuation from Buildings: What We Know We Don't Know
"Occupant descent down stairwells during building evacuations is typically described by measureable engineering variables such as stairwell geometry, speed, density, and pre-evacuation delay. In turn, predictive models of building evacuation use these variables to predict the performance of egress systems for building design, emergency planning, or event reconstruction. This paper provides a summary of literature values for movement speeds and compares these to several new fire drill evacuations. Movement speeds in the current study are observed to be quite similar to the range of literature values. Perhaps most importantly though, the typical engineering parameters are seen to explain only a small fraction of the observed variance in occupant movement speeds. This suggests that
traditional measures form an incomplete theory of people movement in stairs. Additional
research to better understand the physiological and behavioural aspects of the evacuation process and the difference between fire drill evacuations and real fire emergencies are needed."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Averill, Jason D.; Kuligowski, Erica D.; Peacock, Richard D.
2009-01
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Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications
This report describes the occupant evacuation of the World Trade Center buildings 1 and 2 on September 11, 2001. The report documents the emergency procedures, both as they were designed to be implemented, as well as how they were actually implemented on September 11, 2001
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Averill, Jason D.; Mileti, Dennis S.; Peacock, Richard D. . . .
2006-01-01?
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NIST NCSTAR 1-7 (Draft): Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communication (Draft)
"This report describes the occupant evacuation of World Trade Center (WTC) 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001. Multiple sources of information were collected and analyzed: over 1,000 new interviews with survivors (including 803 telephone interviews, 225 face-to-face interviews, and 5 focus groups); over 700 published interviews; 9-1-1 emergency calls; transcripts of emergency communications, historical building design drawings, memoranda, and calculations; formal complaints filed with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration; and other relevant materials. The egress system, including stairwells and elevators, was described and compared to requirement of both contemporary and current code requirements. This report documents the emergency procedures, both as they were designed to be implemented, as well as how they were actually implemented on September 11, 2001."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Mileti, Dennis S.; Averill, Jason D.; Peacock, Richard D.
2005-04
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