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Pan American Health Organization [website]
"The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is an international public health agency with 100 years of experience in working to improve health and living standards of the countries of the Americas. It serves as the specialized organization for health of the Inter-American System. It also serves as the Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization and enjoys international recognition as part of the United Nations system."
Pan American Health Organization
2007
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Infectious Disease Risks from Dead Bodies Following Natural Disasters
"Victims of natural disasters usually die from trauma and are unlikely to have acute or 'epidemic-causing' infections. This indicates that the risk that dead bodies pose for the public is extremely small. However, persons who are involved in close contact with the dead-such as military personnel, rescue workers, volunteers, and others-may be exposed to chronic infectious hazards, including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, enteric pathogens, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Suitable precautions for these persons include training, use of body bags and disposable gloves, good hygiene practice, and vaccination for hepatitis B and tuberculosis. Disposal of bodies should respect local custom and practice where possible. When there are large numbers of victims, burial is likely to be the most appropriate method of disposal. There is little evidence of microbiological contamination of groundwater from burial."
Pan American Health Organization
Morgan, Oliver
2004
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Template and Operational Guidance for the Ethics Review and Oversight of COVID-19-Related Research [presentation]
From the Summary: "As part of the response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, health research has proliferated. Clinical trials and other studies with human participants are being conducted to find efficacious treatments and vaccines for COVID-19. In this context, research ethics committees (RECs) must be prepared and organized to conduct a thorough ethics review of research, and have rapid and flexible procedures in place to do so efficiently, considering the tight timelines and needs posed by this health emergency. This document aims at providing guidance for RECs to develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the rapid review of human subjects research related to COVID-19. It supplements the prior Guidance and strategies to streamline the ethics review and oversight of COVID-19-related research."
Pan American Health Organization
2020-04-15
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COVID-19: Guidelines for Communicating About Coronavirus Disease 2019
From the Introduction: "The outbreak of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) in Hubei, China, and the introduction of the virus into the Region of the Americas highlight the urgent need for clear, concise and consistent communication. Risk communication encompasses all the basics of health communication but differs in the need for speed and reliance on trust. At times of crisis, leaders are called on to provide a quick, sensitive and trustworthy response. The public wants to know what you know, what you are doing about it and what they can or should do. [...] In an ideal situation, there would be time to plan, setting up a communication strategy and an action guide. But times such as these require immediate skills to communicate with the public. Risk communication is an integral component of public health risk management and a core capacity under the International Health Regulations. [This document provides] some suggestions, principles and templates to guide you through."
Pan American Health Organization
2020-02
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Caribbean Shelter Guide: COVID-19 Considerations
From the Document: "Most shelters in the Caribbean are community centres, schools or churches that are limited in size. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) distancing requirements subsequently reduced the number of persons a shelter can accommodate during the hurricane season. This document reinforces some measures to follow per international Emergency Shelter protocols factoring in conditions for spacing between beds/cots, recreation areas and ventilation according to The Sphere Handbook, FEMA and Australian Red Cross. Physical distancing and hygienic standards were modified highlighting that ideal requirements are not always feasible therefore we may choose realistic recommendations for practical purposes and suspected cases of COVID-19."
Pan American Health Organization
Van Alphen, Dana; McCaskie, Sherish; Dabreo, Sharleen . . .
2020
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Promoting Health Equity, Gender and Ethnic Equality, and Human Rights in COVID-19 Responses: Key Considerations
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic affects diverse groups of women and men differently. The risks and consequences are disproportionately felt by certain groups, especially those living in situations of vulnerability and those who experience discrimination. It is vital that country responses to COVID-19 consider equity, gender, ethnicity, and human rights perspectives to: [1] prevent the expansion of inequalities; [2] account for the everyday lived realities of different groups that may affect the success of measures."
Pan American Health Organization
2020
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Epidemiology and Inequalities in Brazil: The EpiCOVID19 Study [video]
Prof. Dr. Cesar G. Victora discuses a nation-wide COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) study aimed at better defining the number of people exposed to the disease in Brazil. Prevalence by gender and ethnicity is included in this study, along with an analysis of antibody and death rates. The duration of this video is 1 hour, 19 minutes, and 52 seconds.
Pan American Health Organization
2020-07-20
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Epidemiological Alert: COVID-19 During Pregnancy
From the Document: "Recently published results and studies based on COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] surveillance data have indicated an increased risk among pregnant women of presenting with severe forms of COVID-19 and, therefore, of being hospitalized and admitted to intensive care units (ICU). The Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) requests that Member States intensify efforts to ensure access to prenatal care services, as well as to implement preventive measures to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 across all levels of the health system, in order to maintain the commitment to reducing maternal and perinatal mortality and the progress achieved to date."
Pan American Health Organization
2020-08-13
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Epidemiological Alert: Complications and Sequelae of COVID-19
From the Document: "More than 7 months following the first report of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), knowledge of the complications and sequelae of this disease has increased substantially. Through this alert, the Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) urges Member States to keep health professionals informed as new information continues to become available in order to strengthen the timely detection and proper management of COVID-19 cases, complications, and sequelae. [...] The following is a summary of the available evidence regarding complications and sequelae of COVID-19."
Pan American Health Organization
2020-08-12
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Strengthening Partnerships for a Safer World: Report of the Global Technical Consultation on Strengthening National Health Security Through Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning
From the Executive Summary: "A crucial role for pandemic influenza Influenza poses the largest pandemic threat in the world today and yet we remain ill-prepared. More than a hundred countries have no plan for pandemic influenza, and fewer than 13% have updated their plan in the past four years. We cannot predict where or when the next influenza pandemic will emerge but we can be sure that one will appear, and when it does, it could have grave social and economic consequences. This makes investing in pandemic influenza preparedness an essential task for all countries--big or small, rich or poor. Investing in pandemic influenza preparedness makes sense for other reasons too: from the very first session of the Hong Kong SAR [Special Administrative Region] meeting, speakers and participants alike emphasized the crucial role that pandemic influenza preparedness has in supporting broader health security."
Pan American Health Organization
Lewis, Sian
2019
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Smart Hospital Project: Retrofit Measures for COVID-19
From the Document: "PAHO [Pan American Health Organization] Smart Hospitals Projects started in 2009 and has been implemented across nine countries in the Caribbean Region. The onset of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Pandemic has introduced new lessons to be incorporated as part of Smart Retrofits. This document is intended to describe simple natural and mechanical ventilation measures which can be implemented as an extension of the PAHO Smart Retrofits with the aim of reducing the risk of transmission of viruses like COVID-19."
Pan American Health Organization
Van Alphen, Dana
2020-06
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Health Library for Disasters [website]
The HeLiD Library for Disasters is a comprehensive electronic collection with information resources on public health for disasters and complex emergencies reduction. Library selections are a result of consultation and exchange between the WHO and PAHO programs on emergencies and disasters.
World Health Organization; Pan American Health Organization
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Health and the Economy: A Convergence Needed to Address COVID-19 and Retake the Path of Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean
From the Foreword: "This joint report by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is issued at a time when several Latin American countries have become the epicenter of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. [...] The main conclusion of this report is that if the pandemic transmission curve is not brought under control, the countries' economies will be unable to recover. It also states that, in order to both control the pandemic and reopen the economy, States must demonstrate effective and dynamic leadership and stewardship through national plans that incorporate health, economic and social policies. Moreover, for the pandemic to be controlled and economic recovery and reconstruction promoted, fiscal spending must be increased and made more efficient, effective, and equitable, so that public spending on health reaches at least 6% of gross domestic product (GDP). For Latin America and the Caribbean to be successful at this critical stage, the physical distancing measures needed to tackle the pandemic must be complemented by urgent social protection measures to guarantee people's income, food, and access to basic services."
Pan American Health Organization; United Nations
2020-07-30
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Considerations on Indigenous Peoples, Afro-Descendants, and Other Ethnic Groups During the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Introduction: "In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the outbreak of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], the disease caused by a new coronavirus, constituted a pandemic, given the speed and scale of its transmission. The Region of the Americas is characterized by its rich multi-ethnic and multicultural heritage. Nonetheless, indigenous peoples, Afro-descendants, and other ethnic groups are often subject to discrimination and exclusion, resulting in health inequities. COVID-19 may have a greater impact on certain populations, such as indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants. In 2017, the Member States of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) approved the first Policy on Ethnicity and Health (document CSP29/7, Rev.1), which is based on recognition of the differences among ethnic groups, as well as their respective challenges, needs, and historical contexts. It also underscores the need for an intercultural approach grounded in equality and mutual respect to improve health outcomes and advance toward universal health. PAHO has prioritized ethnicity as a cross-cutting issue in emergency and disaster management. This is reflected in a series of mandates such as the Plan of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction 2016-2021 and various manuals, guidelines, and initiatives."
Pan American Health Organization; World Health Organization
Camacho, Alex; Pino, Sandra del
2020
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COVID-19 Report: The Prolongation of the Health Crisis and Its Impact on Health, the Economy and Social Development
From the Introduction: "More than a year and a half has passed since the first case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was detected in Latin America and the Caribbean, triggering a health crisis that has led to a steady deterioration of the social development process. [...] [This] report analyses the region's main historical weaknesses and gives an overview of current progress in vaccination processes, the public health measures taken by the countries and the demographic evolution of the pandemic. This is followed by a section on the main economic and social impacts of the pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean, showing up the vulnerability of the population in different dimensions of this scenario, as well as the centrality of social protection and the role of the State during the protracted health crisis and the need to increase public investment in the health sector. Next is an analysis of possible scenarios in which the pandemic could be brought under control in the short term, considering factors that are under the control of the countries and a set of contextual conditions that directly impact this area. Lastly, the report concludes with a series of recommendations that emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach to controlling the health crisis in the short term and progressing towards sustainable economic recovery with equality and universal health care with resilient health systems."
United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean; Pan American Health Organization
2021-10-14
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