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Shot at Recovery: 'Measuring Corporate Commitments Towards a Free, Fair, and Accessible COVID-19 Vaccine - an Update of the Original Published in October 2020'
From the Document: "In this brief, which has been updated since its first edition in October of 2020, we take a look at the five leading US-funded COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccines (approved and still in clinical trial) to better understand the commitments made by the corporations to a free, fair and accessible COVID-19 vaccine. For perspective, we also place these commitments to an accessible COVID-19 vaccine in the context of the companies' other financial commitments to shareholder payouts and CEO compensation. Note that for reasons of scope and availability of information, this brief does not attempt to cover the commitments of other advanced COVID-19 vaccine developers, such as those developed in Russia and China."
Oxfam International
2021-04-22
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Inequality Virus: Bringing Together a World Torn Apart by Coronavirus Through a Fair, Just and Sustainable Economy
From the Summary: "History will remember the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic for taking over two million lives worldwide. It will remember hundreds of millions being pushed into destitution and poverty. History will also likely remember the pandemic as the first time since records began that inequality rose in virtually every country on earth at the same time. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have all expressed deep concern that the pandemic will drive up inequality all over the world, with deeply harmful effects. [...] How history will remember what governments did in response to the pandemic, however, is a chapter yet to be written. Governments around the world have a small and shrinking window of opportunity to create a just economy after COVID-19. One that is more equal, inclusive, that protects the planet, and ends poverty. They can do this by urgently transforming the current economic system, which has exploited and exacerbated patriarchy, white supremacy and neoliberal principles. A system that has driven extreme inequality, poverty and injustice. One that left our world completely unprepared when the crisis came. More than ever, governments have at their disposal the realistic, common sense ideas to shape a better future. They must seize the opportunity."
Oxfam International
Berkhout, Esmé; Galasso, Nick; Lawson, Max (Policy scientist) . . .
2021-01
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Shelter from the Storm: The Global Need for Universal Social Protection in Times of COVID-19
From the Document: "As 2020 draws to a close, the economic devastation caused by the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic shows no sign of abating. Without urgent action, global poverty and inequality will deepen dramatically. Hundreds of millions of people have already lost their jobs, gone further into debt or skipped meals for months. Research by Oxfam and Development Pathways shows that over 2 billion people have had no support from their governments in their time of need. Our analysis shows that none of the social protection support to those who are unemployed, elderly people, children and families provided in low and middle-income countries has been adequate to meet basic needs. 41% of that government support was only a one-off payment and almost all government support has now stopped. Decades of social policy focused on tiny levels of means-tested support have left most countries completely unprepared for the COVID-19 economic crisis. Yet, countries such as South Africa and Bolivia have shown that a universal approach to social protection is affordable, and that it has a profound impact on reducing inequality and protecting those who need it most."
Oxfam International
Barba, Liliana Marcos; Hilde van Regenmortel, Hilde
2020-12
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From Catastrophe to Catalyst: Can the World Bank Make COVID-19 a Turning Point for Building Universal and Fair Public Healthcare Systems?
From the Document: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has exposed the widespread failure to invest in strong and universal public health systems, putting millions of lives at risk and dramatically widening health inequalities. Oxfam analysed the World Bank's emergency health funding to 71 countries in response to the pandemic. While its response has been rapid and significant, we find the World Bank has missed vital opportunities to strengthen public health systems so they can tackle COVID-19 and deliver health for all in the future. Oxfam's research finds that 89% of projects do not plan to support any action to remove financial barriers, including user fees, that exclude millions from lifesaving care; and two-thirds lack any plans to increase the number of healthcare workers. An urgent course correction is needed to help countries effectively fight the pandemic and build fairer, more resilient universal healthcare systems."
Oxfam International
Seery, Emma; Marriott, Anna; Bous, Katie Malouf
2020-12
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Ignored Pandemic: The Dual Crises of Gender-Based Violence and COVID-19
From the Summary: "Globally, the prevalence of violence against women and girls by an intimate partner in 2018 was higher than the prevalence of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in the past 12 months, throwing into sharp relief the disparity in attention and resources each crisis has received. Coronavirus has devastated efforts to prevent and respond to GBV [Gender-Based Violence] and catalyzed an explosion in global GBV case numbers. Data from 10 countries shows calls to domestic violence or GBV helplines increased by 25 to 111% in the first months of the pandemic as women, including trans women, and girls and LGBTQIA+ [lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual] people were isolated with their abusers and cut off from social networks and essential and life-saving services. [...] In this paper, we will explore the impact of coronavirus on victims and survivors of GBV, consider the implications of a continued failure to respond, and call for a stronger link to be made between efforts to recover from COVID-19 and efforts to end the less recognized but equally devastating GBV pandemic."
Oxfam International
Harvey, Rowan
2021-11
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How to Confront the Coronavirus Catastrophe: The Global Public Health Plan and Emergency Response Needed Now
From the Document: "This virus is impacting everyone across the globe. People are living in fear for their own health and for that of their loved ones. The virus preys most on the vulnerable and people in poverty, at home and around our world. The Coronavirus threatens to take many millions of lives and push billions more into poverty. The virus exposes the extreme inequalities that define our world. We cannot let it exploit the huge gap between the richest and rest of society. Between the rich world and the poor world. Between women and men. If we allow this to happen then millions of the poorest will die, and millions more will face terrible economic hardship."
Oxfam International
2020-03-30
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Violence and Impunity in the West Bank During the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Introduction: "The spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has brought life to a halt throughout Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) - and has spurred the formation of a unity government in Israel. However, rather than demonstrating the urgency of achieving an equitable, rights-based resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the pandemic has given cover to increased violence by Israeli settlers against Palestinian civilians and an accelerated effort by the Israeli government to formally annex Palestinian lands in the West Bank. Israeli authorities systematically fail to protect Palestinians from settler violence, even as they step up efforts to demolish Palestinian construction that they deem unauthorized and limit Palestinian access to agricultural land. Oxfam recognizes that Palestinians have perpetrated condemnable attacks against Israeli settlers, but also that they have faced swift - and often heavy-handed - justice. This paper focuses on violence by and impunity for Israeli settlers, the beneficiaries of a two-tiered justice system that enables the 'de facto' annexation of Palestinian land and has laid the groundwork for 'de jure' annexation that Israel, with United States support, is now pursuing. Although violence by settlers is mostly targeted against Palestinian civilians and their property, it has also resulted in Israeli casualties and fatalities."
Oxfam International
2020-05
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Whatever it Takes: A Rapid and Massive Increase in Aid is Needed to Save Millions of Lives and Bring Our Divided World Together Amid the Coronavirus Pandemic
From the Document: "The coronavirus pandemic will have devastating health, social and economic impacts in the world's poorest countries. To measure up to this once-in-a-century crisis, save lives and build a better future, donors must urgently and massively increase international aid funds. Oxfam estimates rich countries' fair share of aid in response to the crisis would be nearly $300bn, which represents just 6% of the total domestic economic stimulus pledged by the world's richest nations. In order to limit the outbreak and save lives, this aid must prioritize supporting prevention measures, health systems, social protection and food security, while respecting principles for quality aid. It is also vital to reshape the future of aid to help build more equal and resilient societies, so that humanity is better prepared for future crises."
Oxfam International
Seghers, Julie
2020-05
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Conflict in the Time of Coronavirus: Why a Global Ceasefire Could Offer a Window of Opportunity for Inclusive, Locally-Led Peace
From the Document: "The equation is simple: we cannot effectively respond to a global pandemic when millions of people are still caught in warzones. We cannot treat sick people when hospitals are being bombed, or prevent the spread of coronavirus when tens of millions are forced to flee from violence. We must have a global ceasefire, and we must put our collective resources behind making that ceasefire a reality."
Oxfam International
Pelham, Sarah; Chetcuti, Pauline; Truscott, Mathew . . .
2020-05
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Power, Profits and the Pandemic: From Corporate Extraction for the Few to an Economy That Works for All
From the Summary: "There are three main ways in which companies have exacerbated the economic impacts of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]: 1. Excessive shareholder payouts before the crisis have left companies, workers and governments vulnerable to the pandemic shock. The world's largest corporations could have had a lot of cash on-hand when COVID-19 hit to shield workers, adjust business models and prevent costly public bail-outs. [...] Yet, the profits they made prior to the current crisis almost went exclusively to a small group of predominantly wealthy shareholders rather than being reinvested in better jobs or climate-friendly technologies. [...] 2. Corporations make money but do little to support government resources to respond to the pandemic[.] [...] As many of the world's billionaires are also some of the largest shareholders in these companies, the 25 wealthiest billionaires increased their wealth by a staggering $255bn between mid-March and late-May alone. Some would argue that corporates have made up for this with their tax payments and the generosity of their philanthropy, but the evidence does not support this. [...] 3. Companies putting profits before people has worsened the COVID-19 crisis [...] Unless we change course, economic inequality will increase [...] This is the time for governments to create incentives and limitations to radically rein in corporate power, restructure business models with purpose, and reward all those who create value. This could create a post-COVID economy for everyone that will be better placed to withstand future shocks[.] [...] This paper proposes such a blueprint."
Oxfam International
Gneiting, Uwe; Lusiani, Nicholas; Tamir, Irit
2020-09
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No One is Safe from Coronavirus Until Everyone is: Oxfam Coronavirus Response Report
From the Document: "In this interim report, we describe Oxfam's activities from the start of the pandemic until the end of May. It is intended to show donors and supporters what their support has helped us to achieve and what more can be done. This is not the time to be cautious. As our teams, partners and communities demonstrate, there are ways to act in this crisis that support vulnerable people today and create a better future for our world."
Oxfam International
2020-06
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Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Small-scale Producers and Workers: Perspectives from Thailand's Seafood Supply Chain
From the Summary: "National seafood exporters have put in place several preventive measures to respond to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. Some companies go beyond their factories to support and prevent the risks of an outbreak in workers' households and communities. However, while some companies may have shared COVID-19 educational materials to some of their suppliers, there is still a lack of additional support to their suppliers' facilities and fishing vessels, which are still at risk of an outbreak due to lack of proper preventive measures. Although the interviews focused on fishery and seafood workers, and some of the largest seafood companies in the Thailand, the results only provide a snapshot of the complicated and evolving situation during the pandemic. The briefing note aims to reflect perspectives on the ground and highlight some notable examples and remaining gaps. It also provides a set of important recommendations for seafood exporters/vessel owners and global buyers/retailers."
Oxfam International
Siamhan, Papop; Trirath, Rapatsa
2020-06
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Averting Ethnocide: Indigenous Peoples and Territorial Rights in Crisis in the Face of COVID-19 in Latin America
From the Document: "While the whole world attempts to save itself from the pandemic, the indigenous peoples of Latin America are dying and some may even disappear. Abandoned by the state and with no adequate comprehensive healthcare services or clean water, they are extremely vulnerable to the virus that is fast expanding throughout the continent. To avert ethnocide, governments in the region must respect and support the quarantine boundaries and other measures adopted by indigenous peoples to protect themselves. Governments must also prevent any extractive industry activity or activities that imply a risk of contagion in indigenous territories and surrounding areas, and urgently address health, food security and protection needs in a coordinated manner. But overcoming the crisis also requires an end to exploitation, discrimination and historical inequalities in the provision of public resources, as well as guaranteeing respect for collective territorial rights and transforming the extractive model that is destroying the health of indigenous peoples and of the planet."
Oxfam International
Ávila, Rocío; Guereña, Arantxa
2020-07
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Confronting Carbon Inequality: Putting Climate Justice at the Heart of the COVID-19 Recovery
From the Document: "Despite sharp falls in carbon emissions in 2020 linked to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, the climate crisis - which is driven by the accumulation of emissions in the atmosphere over time - continued to grow. This briefing describes new research that shows how extreme carbon inequality in recent decades has brought the world to the climate brink. It sets out how governments must use this historic juncture to build fairer economies within the limits our planet can bear."
Oxfam International
Gore, Tim
2020-09-21
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Later Will Be Too Late: How Extreme Levels of Hunger Have Not Been Averted Despite Alarms
From the Document: "In 2017, extreme hunger was the defining humanitarian crisis, with four countries on the brink of famine and 30 million people in dire need of food assistance for survival. An international outcry led to a late but robust reaction which prevented the descent into full famine in all four countries. In 2020, the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is the defining global crisis, but the virus brings even greater hunger in its wake. State economies are collapsing, and millions of people can no longer afford to buy food. More people globally are experiencing extreme hunger today than in 2017, but no equivalent international reaction is on the horizon."
Oxfam International
Chetcuti, Pauline; Cohen, Marc J.; Farr, Emily . . .
2020-10
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Hunger Virus 'Multiplies': Deadly Recipe of Conflict, COVID-19 and Climate Accelerate World Hunger
From the Document: "Last year, Oxfam warned in its report 'The Hunger Virus' that hunger could prove even more deadly than COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. This year, 20 million more people have been pushed to extreme levels of food insecurity, reaching a total of 155 million people in 55 countries. Since the pandemic began, the number of people living in famine-like conditions has increased 'sixfold' to more than 520,000. [...] What we saw as a global health crisis has quickly spiralled into an inflamed hunger crisis that has laid bare the stark inequality in our world. The worst is still yet to come unless governments urgently tackle food insecurity and its root causes head on. 'Today, 11 people are likely dying every minute from acute hunger linked to three lethal Cs: conflict, COVID-19, and the climate crisis. This rate outpaces the current pandemic mortality rate, which is at 7 people per minute.' This brief explores how unabated conflict, economic shocks worsened by the pandemic, and the escalating climate crisis have pushed millions more people into extreme levels of hunger and how that number is likely to continue increasing unless urgent action is taken."
Oxfam International
2021-07-09
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Inequality Kills: The Unparalleled Action Needed to Combat Unprecedented Inequality in the Wake of COVID-19
From the Summary: "A new billionaire has been created every 26 hours since the pandemic began. The world's 10 richest men have doubled their fortunes, while over 160 million people are projected to have been pushed into poverty. Meanwhile, an estimated 17 million people have died from COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]--a scale of loss not seen since the Second World War. These issues are all part of the same, deeper malaise. It is that inequality is tearing our societies apart. It is that violence is rigged into our economic systems. It is that inequality kills. The coronavirus pandemic has been actively made deadlier, more prolonged, and more damaging to livelihoods because of inequality. Inequality of income is a stronger indicator of whether you will die from COVID-19 than age. Millions of people would still be alive today if they had had a vaccine--but they are dead, denied a chance while big pharmaceutical corporations continue to hold monopoly control of these technologies. This vaccine apartheid is taking lives, and it is supercharging inequalities worldwide."
Oxfam International
Ahmed, Nabil
2022-01
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Access to COVID-19 Vaccines for Refugees in Uganda
From the Introduction: "The only way out of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is for everyone, everywhere, to have equitable and swift access to vaccines. As Uganda is host to over 1.5 million refugees, it is critical for the country's fight against COVID-19 to include refugees in its vaccine campaign. For many countries, 2021 saw a shortage of vaccine doses, preventing most refugees and host communities alike from being vaccinated. In Uganda, 2022 has begun with the promise of increased vaccine supplies through COVAX [COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access]. Therefore, it is important to consider how to effectively deliver these vaccines in a way that adequately and equitably reaches all populations. This paper examines Uganda's efforts to vaccinate refugees, and identifies a number of major barriers to vaccine access[.]"
Oxfam International
Kigozi, Abbas; Greener, Charlotte
2022-02
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First Crisis, Then Catastrophe: Unless G20 Leaders, the IMF and the World Bank Act Immediately, Crises of Inflation, Inequality and COVID-19 Could Push Over a Quarter of a Billion More People into Extreme Poverty in 2022
From the Summary: "The crises of extreme inequality, unprecedented food and energy price inflation accelerated by the war in Ukraine and COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] are converging to create a catastrophe for the world's poorest people. New Oxfam estimates, building on World Bank projections and prior research conducted by the World Bank and Center for Global Development on food price spikes, show that over a quarter of a billion more people could be pushed into extreme poverty in 2022 . The combined impact of COVID-19, inequality and food price hikes could result in 263 million 'more' people living in extreme poverty this year, resulting in a total of 860 million people living below the $1.90 a day extreme poverty line. This would be an extraordinarily damaging rise that reverses decades of progress in the fight against poverty. [...] The G20 [Group of 20], IMF [International Monetary Fund] and World Bank all meet in the next two weeks. Sticking to the status quo is not without consequence - it will result in harm to people the world over. Amid exceptionally challenging political circumstances, it is urgent that leaders take responsibility to advance action that averts catastrophe for billions of people. And in doing so, they have the chance to show we can rewrite the rules of our economy so that everyone, including the richest countries, richest people and corporations, play their part and pay their fair share of taxes; so that governments have the needed fiscal space and are not servicing their debts at the expense of delivering strong universal public services required to protect their populations at all times but especially in times of crisis; so that decent work exists for all; and so we get on track to stop climate breakdown in the few years that we have left. That is the job of creating a more equal world and that job must begin now."
Oxfam International
2022-04-12
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Voters Overwhelmingly Support a People's Vaccine and Bold Coronavirus Relief for Working Families
From the Introduction: "As part of a January 2021 survey, Data for Progress and Oxfam America asked 1,140 likely voters nationally about their attitudes towards coronavirus relief broadly and, more specifically, how vaccines should be distributed and what should or should not be included in any additional coronavirus relief legislation. Our results make clear that voters strongly support actions by President Biden and Congress to help people deal with and recover from the coronavirus pandemic, regardless of nationality or wealth. This would be accomplished by, in part, ensuring the coronavirus vaccine is distributed fairly and made available free of charge, requiring pharmaceutical companies giving up their monopoly control over vaccines, and enacting a transformational coronavirus recovery plan that focuses on helping working families rather than protecting profitable corporations."
Oxfam International; Data for Progress
Winter, Ethan
2021-02
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Fighting Inequality in the Time of COVID-19: The Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2020
From the Summary: "This is the third edition of the CRI [Commitment to Reducing Inequality] Index, which ranks 158 governments across the world on their commitment to reducing inequality. It measures government policies and actions in three areas that are proven to be directly related to reducing inequality: 1. Public services (health, education and social protection); 2. Taxation ;3. Workers' rights. While these three thematic pillars remain unchanged, the 2020 CRI Index has seen significant changes in methodology from 2018. Each pillar now contains three levels of indicator: 1. Policy commitment indicators: these measure the commitment of governments through their policies (which may not always be implemented in practice); 2. Coverage or implementation indicators: these look at who is covered (or not) as a result of policy actions, or how well a government puts policies on paper into practice; 3. Impact indicators: these measure the impact of policy actions on levels of inequality. These changes to the index's methodology mean that a straight comparison between the scores of a country in the 2020 index and those for 2018 may not give an accurate picture of that country's performance. For this reason, our analysis of change focuses on concrete policy changes since the 2018 index."
Oxfam International; Development Finance International (Organization)
Martin, Matthew; Walker, Jo, 1976-; Lawson, Max (Policy scientist)
2020-10
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G20 Must Cancel Debt to Stop Coronavirus 'Third Wave' Devastating Developing Countries
From the Summary: "The G20 needs to heed the warnings - a 'third wave' of the coronavirus crisis could result in a catastrophic loss of life in poorer countries in the Global South and push half a billion more people into poverty. Countries like the Central African Republic have just 3 ventilators for almost 5 million people, and Malawi has only a quarter of the nurses needed to provide healthcare for all. Yet, right now, instead of investing every dollar they have into boosting their healthcare systems to defend against the onslaught of the virus, these countries are having to use their precious resources to pay off external debt. Sixty-four countries spend more on external debt payments than on public healthcare."
Jubilee Debt Campaign; Avaaz; Catholic Agency for Overseas Development . . .
2020-04-15
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Passing the Buck on Debt Relief: How the Failure of the Private Sector to Cancel Debts is Fueling a Crisis Across the Developing World
From the Document: "The Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic will not be defeated unless it's defeated in all countries. In developing countries, where public health spending and the ability to purchase personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators and intensive care beds is often severely constrained, significant debt cancellation will be necessary to deal with the double whammy of a health and economic crisis. The need for deep and broad debt relief has been acknowledged by leaders of G20 [Group of Twenty] countries, the IMF [International Monetary Fund] and the UN, but to date, rhetoric has not been matched by adequate action. In April, the G20 finance ministers agreed to a temporary suspension of debt payments from the poorest countries. This agreement, known as the Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI), should only be the first step to providing an adequate solution to the crisis. Crucially, the agreement fails to mandate any action from private creditors (e.g. commercial banks and investment funds) or multi-lateral development banks, such as the World Bank - to whom many developing countries owe huge sums, often the largest part of their debt."
Oxfam International; Christian Aid; Global Justice Now (Organization) . . .
2020-07
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Under the Radar: Private Sector Debt and Coronavirus in Developing Countries
From the Document: "In the global south, coronavirus is leaving a trail of devastation - from widespread loss of life from the virus itself, to huge economic disruption that has left hundreds of millions of people, who were already struggling to make ends meet, without jobs or sufficient food. Despite this huge economic shock, many developing countries are continuing to pay off debts to rich countries, public institutions like the World Bank and IMF [International Monetary Fund] , and some of the richest banks and hedge funds in the world. This means they have less money to meet the immediate needs of the population. This briefing aims to shine a light on the debt owed to private creditors by five African countries - Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal and Zambia - and it outlines the steps which the G20 [Group of Twenty] needs to take immediately to avert further economic chaos."
Oxfam International; Christian Aid; Catholic Agency for Overseas Development . . .
Chetcuti, Pauline; Cohen, Marc J.; Farr, Emily . . .
2020-10
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