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Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes [Updated April 19, 2019]
From the Document: "At the direction of Congress, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the Department of Defense (DOD) undertakes water resource development activities. USACE develops civil works projects principally to improve navigable channels, reduce flood and storm damage, and restore aquatic ecosystems. Congress directs USACE through authorizations and appropriations legislation. Congress often considers USACE authorization legislation biennially and appropriations annually. USACE attracts congressional attention because its projects can have significant local and regional economic benefits and environmental effects. This report summarizes authorization legislation, project delivery, authorities for alternative project delivery, and other USACE authorities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Normand, Anna E.
2019-04-19
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Army Corps of Engineers: Environmental Infrastructure Assistance [April 19, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resources development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and the receipt of appropriations. Traditional USACE projects for navigation, flood control, and ecosystem restoration are authorized in omnibus authorization bills titled Water Resource and Development Acts (WRDAs). Since 1992, Congress also has authorized and provided for USACE assistance with planning, design, and construction of municipal drinking water and wastewater infrastructure projects in designated communities, counties, and states. This assistance supports nonfederally owned and operated facilities, such as distribution and collection works, stormwater collection and recycled water distribution, and surface water protection and development projects. This USACE assistance is broadly labeled 'environmental infrastructure' (EI)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2019-04-19
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Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs [Updated May 3, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information on the types of water supply and wastewater treatment projects traditionally funded by the federal government and the several existing programs to assist communities with water supply and wastewater treatment. For more than four decades, Congress has authorized and refined several programs to help communities address water supply and wastewater problems. The agencies that administer these programs differ in multiple ways. For example, in terms of funding mechanisms, projects developed by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) typically require direct, individual project authorizations from Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ramseur, Jonathan L.; Boyd, Eugene; Cowan, Tadlock . . .
2019-05-03
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Annual Appropriations Process and Issues for Congress [April 21, 2020]
From the Summary: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is an agency within the Department of Defense with both military and civil works responsibilities. The agency's civil works activities consist largely of the planning, construction, and operation of water resource projects to maintain navigable channels, reduce the risk of flood and storm damage, and restore aquatic ecosystems. Congress directs USACE's civil works activities through authorization legislation, annual and supplemental appropriations, and oversight. Unlike federal funding for highways and municipal water infrastructure, the majority of federal funds provided to USACE are not distributed by formula to states or through competitive grant programs. Instead, USACE generally is directly engaged in the planning and construction of projects. The majority of the agency's appropriations are used to perform work on geographically specific studies and congressionally authorized projects."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Carter, Nicole T.
2020-04-21
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Army Corps of Engineers: Section 7001 Annual Report on Future Studies and Projects [Updated May 6, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), through its civil works mission, undertakes water resource development studies and projects and other assistance activities that are specifically authorized by Congress. In Section 7001 of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act (WRRDA) of 2014 (P.L. 113-121; 33 U.S.C. §2282d), Congress established an annual process for identifying proposals for site-specific studies and projects within USACE's water resource mission and authorities. The process includes a call for nonfederal proposals and concludes with a report by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works (ASACW) to USACE's congressional authorizing committees."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2020-05-06
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Army Corps of Engineers: Section 7001 Annual Report on Future Studies and Projects [Updated May 27, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), through its civil works mission, undertakes water resource development studies and projects and other assistance activities that are specifically authorized by Congress. In Section 7001 of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act (WRRDA) of 2014 (P.L. 113-121; 33 U.S.C. §2282d), Congress established an annual process for identifying proposals for site-specific studies and projects within USACE's water resource mission and authorities. The process includes a call for nonfederal proposals and concludes with a report by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works (ASACW) to USACE's congressional authorizing committees."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2020-05-27
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Army Corps of Engineers: FY2020 Appropriations [March 15, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in an annual Energy and Water Development appropriations act. These activities include the planning and construction of water resource projects and the operations and maintenance of infrastructure and navigation improvements managed by USACE (e.g., navigation channels). For USACE civil works, President Trump requested $4.8 billion for FY2020. As shown in Figure 1, Congress typically funds USACE above the President's request for the year (e.g., $7.0 billion for FY2019). This In Focus provides a primer on the USACE appropriations process for FY2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Carter, Nicole T.
2019-03-15
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Army Corps of Engineers: Continuing Authorities Programs [Updated March 13, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resources development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and the receipt of appropriations. The standard process for a USACE project requires two separate congressional authorizations--one for studying feasibility and a subsequent one for construction--as well as appropriations for both (see CRS Report R45185, 'Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes'). Congress has granted USACE general authorities to undertake some projects of limited scope and cost without requiring project-specific congressional authorization. These USACE authorities to undertake such projects are referred to as Continuing Authorities Programs (CAPs). Congress has consistently funded eight USACE CAPs in annual appropriations since FY2013."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2019-03-13
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Army Corps of Engineers: FY2020 Appropriation [Updated May 16, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include planning and construction of water resource projects and operation and maintenance of infrastructure and navigation improvements managed by USACE (e.g., navigation channels). For USACE civil works, President Trump requested $5.0 billion for FY2020, inclusive of a May 13, 2019, amendment to the President's request. As shown in Figure 1, Congress typically funds USACE above the President's request for the year (e.g., $7.0 billion for FY2019). This In Focus is a primer on the USACE appropriations process for FY2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Carter, Nicole T.
2019-05-16
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Army Corps of Engineers: Section 7001 Annual Report on Future Studies and Projects [May 16, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), through its civil works mission, undertakes water resource development studies and projects and other assistance activities that are specifically authorized by Congress. In Section 7001 of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act (WRRDA) of 2014 (P.L. 113-121; 33 U.S.C. §2282d), Congress established an annual process for identifying proposals for site-specific studies and projects within USACE's water resource mission and authorities. The process includes a call for nonfederal proposals and concludes with a report by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works (ASACW) to USACE's congressional authorizing committees. Congress authorizes USACE studies and projects prior to appropriating funds and typically considers omnibus USACE water resource authorization bills biennially, typically titled as Water Resources Development Acts (WRDAs). Most project-specific authorizations in WRDAs fall into three categories: feasibility studies, construction projects, or modifications to existing authorizations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2019-05-16
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Supplemental Appropriations for Army Corps Flood Response and Recovery [February 20, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, or Army Corps) has a prominent role in responding to natural disasters, especially floods, in U.S. states and territories. Congress has provided USACE with authorities to perform emergency flood fighting (e.g., sandbagging and temporary levee construction) and to repair certain nonfederal flood control works damaged by floods and other events. Congress often pays for these activities through supplemental appropriations. Since 2005, Congress also has provided USACE with supplemental appropriations for construction of flood risk reduction projects in states and territories as part of some post-flood disaster response and recovery efforts. Additionally, for incident and disaster responses performed pursuant to other federal authorities, the agency leading the federal effort may task USACE with assignments. These assignments are not funded through USACE budget accounts and are not discussed herein. The discussion below focuses on USACE's emergency flood response and recovery activities pursuant to USACE authorities and supplemental funds, as well as related issues for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Normand, Anna E.
2020-02-20
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Dam Safety: Federal Programs and Authorities [Updated December 9, 2019]
From the Document: "In recent years, several incidents have highlighted the public safety risks posed by the failure of dams and related facilities. From 2015 to 2018, over 100 dams breached in North Carolina and South Carolina due to record flooding. In 2017, the near failure of Oroville Dam's spillway in California resulted in a precautionary evacuation of approximately 200,000 people and cost more than $1.1 billion in emergency response and repair. The 2019 failure of Spencer Dam in Nebraska resulted in the first dam-failure fatality in the nation since 2006. In response to these incidents, Congress may consider additional oversight and legislation that could improve dam safety. This In Focus summarizes the U.S. dam inventory, rehabilitation and repair estimates, federal dam safety activities, and related issues for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2019-12-09
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Army Corps of Engineers: Section 7001 Annual Report on Future Studies and Projects [Updated December 9, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), through its civil works mission, undertakes water resource development studies and projects and other assistance activities that are specifically authorized by Congress. In Section 7001 of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act (WRRDA) of 2014 (P.L. 113-121; 33 U.S.C. §2282d), Congress established an annual process for identifying proposals for site-specific studies and projects within USACE's water resource mission and authorities. The process includes a call for nonfederal proposals and concludes with a report by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works (ASACW) to USACE's congressional authorizing committees."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2019-12-09
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Army Corps of Engineers: FY2020 Appropriations [Updated December 23, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include planning and construction of water resource projects and operation and maintenance of navigation improvements and certain multipurpose and flood control works (e.g., dams). For USACE civil works in FY2020, President Trump requested $4.96 billion, inclusive of a May 13, 2019, amendment to the original request. [...] Congress typically funds USACE above the President's request. For FY2020, Congress provided $7.65 billion (54% above the FY2020 request and 9% above FY2019 enacted) in Division C, Title I of H.R. 1865, Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, as signed by the President on December 20, 2019."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Normand, Anna E.
2019-12-23
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Flood Resilience and Risk Reduction: Federal Assistance and Programs [Updated December 17, 2019]
From the Summary: "Recent flood disasters have raised congressional and public interest in reducing flood risks and improving 'flood resilience', which is the ability to adapt to, withstand, and rapidly recover from floods. Federal programs that assist communities in reducing their flood risk and improving their flood resilience include programs funding infrastructure projects (e.g., levees, shore protection) and other flood mitigation activities (e.g., nature-based flood risk reduction) and mitigation incentives for communities that participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Horn, Diane P.; Boyd, Eugene . . .
2019-12-17
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Army Corps of Engineers: Environmental Infrastructure Assistance [Updated February 27, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resources development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and the receipt of appropriations. Traditional USACE projects for navigation, flood control, and ecosystem restoration are authorized in omnibus authorization bills often titled Water Resource Development Acts (WRDAs). Since 1992, Congress also has authorized and provided for USACE assistance with planning, design, and construction of municipal drinking water and wastewater infrastructure projects in designated communities, counties, and states. This assistance supports publicly owned and operated facilities, such as distribution and collection works, stormwater collection and recycled water distribution, and surface water protection and development projects. This USACE assistance is broadly labeled 'environmental infrastructure' (EI)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2020-02-27
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Army Corps of Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations [March 16, 2020]
From the Document: "Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include the planning and construction of authorized water resource projects and the operation and maintenance of infrastructure and navigation improvements managed by USACE (e.g., navigation channels). For USACE civil works, President Trump requested $5.97 billion for FY2021. As shown in Figure 1, Congress typically funds USACE above the President's request."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Carter, Nicole T.
2020-03-16
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Army Corps of Engineers: Continuing Authorities Programs [Updated January 9, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resources development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and the receipt of appropriations. The standard process for a USACE project requires two separate congressional authorizations--one for studying feasibility and a subsequent one for construction--as well as appropriations for both (see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report R45185, 'Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes'). Additionally, Congress has granted USACE programmatic authorities to undertake cost-shared projects of limited scope and cost without requiring project-specific congressional authorization. These programmatic USACE authorities are referred to as Continuing Authorities Programs (CAPs). Congress has consistently funded USACE CAPs above the President's request since FY2013."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2020-01-09
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Landslide Hazards Legislation in the 116th Congress [Updated August 3, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimates that landslides kill an average of 25-50 people each year in the United States and account for $1 billion to $2 billion annually in damages. Two nearly identical bills, S. 529 and H.R. 1261, titled the National Landslide Preparedness Act, would authorize a national landslide hazards reduction program within the USGS. The USGS currently operates, under its Organic Act of 1879 and other authorities, such as the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288), a Landslide Hazards Program (funding level of $4.0 million in FY2020) within its Natural Hazards Program. Both bills would broaden the USGS's current activities and require coordination with other federal agencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2020-08-03
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Federally Supported Projects and Programs for Wastewater, Drinking Water, and Water Supply Infrastructure [July 30, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background and funding information on water infrastructure projects, including wastewater and drinking water, and water supply projects traditionally funded by the federal government. The report also discusses federal funding programs that provide assistance to communities to support these types of projects and related, eligible activities. For decades, Congress has authorized and modified federal programs to help communities address water supply and water infrastructure needs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ramseur, Jonathan L.; Cowan, Tadlock; Humphreys, Elena H. . . .
2020-07-30
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Water Resources Development Acts: Primer [Updated July 28, 2020]
From the Document: "Congress often titles omnibus legislation that authorizes U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civil works activities and directs the agency's practices as a Water Resources Development Act (WRDA). WRDAs are distinguished from each other by referencing the year of enactment (e.g.,WRDA 1986). WRDA provisions generally add to or amend the pool of existing USACE authorizations andrefine policy direction that Congress provides to the agency.Other provisions may deauthorize inactive unconstructed projects.Although the majority of USACE authorizations do not expire, some are time-limited. WRDA provisions also may extend time-limited USACE authorities. Most USACE water resource projects require two types of congressional authorization: one for studying feasibility and a subsequent one for construction. Drivers for enactment of a new WRDA typically include nonfederal and congressional interest in new studies and construction projects and support for adjustments to existing projects, programmatic authorities, and policies. Since WRDA 1986, Congress often has considered WRDA legislation on a biennial cycle; however, the timing of enactment of WRDAs has varied."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Normand, Anna E.
2020-07-28
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Army Corps of Engineers: Section 7001 Annual Report on Future Studies and Projects [Updated August 3, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), through its civil works mission, undertakes water resource development studies and projects and other assistance activities that are specifically authorized by Congress. In Section 7001 of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act (WRRDA) of 2014 (P.L. 113-121; 33 U.S.C. §2282d), Congress established an annual process for identifying proposals for sitespecific studies and projects within USACE's water resource mission and authorities. The process includes a call for nonfederal proposals and concludes with a report by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works (ASACW) to USACE's congressional authorizing committees."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2020-08-03
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Dam Failure: Overview of Federal Programs and Resources [May 26, 2020]
From the Document: "On May 19, 2020, following several days of heavy rain, the Edenville Dam on the Tittabawasee River in Gladwin County, Michigan, failed and sent a large volume of water downstream that overtopped the Sanford Dam in Midland County. A local utility company owns both dams. Michigan evacuated approximately 10,000 downstream residents. Concerns were raised about the potential spread of environmental contamination from a Dow Chemical Company facility in Midland and an associated federal Superfund site, which are downstream of the dams. On May 21, 2020, President Trump approved Michigan's emergency declaration and ordered Stafford Act federal assistance for responding to severe storms and flooding beginning on May 16."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Horn, Diane P.; Bracmort, Kelsi . . .
2020-05-26
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Army Corps of Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations [Updated May 28, 2020]
From the Document: "Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include the planning and construction of authorized water resource projects and the operation and maintenance of infrastructure and navigation improvements managed by USACE (e.g., navigation channels). For USACE civil works, President Trump requested $5.97 billion for FY2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Carter, Nicole T.
2020-05-28
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Landsat 9 and the Future of the Sustainable Land Imaging Program [October 5, 2020]
From the Summary: "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) anticipates launching Landsat 9, a remote sensing satellite NASA is developing in partnership with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in 2021. Landsat satellites have collected remotely sensed imagery of the Earth's surface at moderate spatial resolution since the launch of Landsat 1 on July 23, 1972. The two latest satellites in the series, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8, are still in orbit and supplying images and data. Stakeholders use Landsat data in a variety of applications, including land use planning, agriculture, forestry, natural resources management, public safety, homeland security, climate research, and natural disaster management. Landsat data support government, commercial, industrial, civilian, military, and educational users throughout the United States and worldwide. Landsat 7, however, is expected to consume its remaining fuel by summer 2021. To reduce the risk of a gap in Landsat data availability, Landsat 9 development was initiated in March 2015, with a design that is essentially a rebuild of Landsat 8. Once Landsat 9 is operational, it and Landsat 8 will acquire around 1,500 high-quality images of the Earth per day, with a repeat visit every eight days, on average."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2020-10-05
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Invasive Species Efforts [October 14, 2020]
From the Document: "An 'invasive species' is a nonnative species that does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Invasive species impact terrestrial and aquatic--including marine and freshwater--systems. As society has become more connected, opportunities for the spread of invasive species have increased (e.g., navigation activities can transport species and introduce them to multiple different watersheds and waterbodies). After introduction, invasive species may become established and spread; it can be costly and difficult (or impossible, in some cases) to control or eradicate them. Many federal and nonfederal agencies managing land and water undertake efforts to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species or, upon detection of an invasive species, devote resources to control and eradication efforts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Crafton, R. Eliot
2020-10-14
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Army Corps of Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations [Updated January 4, 2021]
From the Document: "Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include the planning and construction of authorized water resource projects and the operation and maintenance of infrastructure and navigation improvements managed by USACE. For USACE civil works, President Trump requested $5.97billion for FY2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Carter, Nicole T.
2021-01-04
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Army Corps of Engineers: Continuing Authorities Programs [Updated January 5, 2021]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resource development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and the receipt of appropriations. The standard process for a USACE project requires two separate congressional authorizations--one for studying feasibility and a subsequent one for construction--as well as appropriations for both. [...] Additionally, Congress has granted USACE programmatic authorities to undertake cost-shared projects of limited scope and cost without requiring project-specific congressional authorization. These programmatic USACE authorities are referred to as Continuing Authorities Programs (CAPs). Congress has consistently funded USACE CAPs above the President's request since FY2013."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2021-01-05
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Invasive Species Efforts [Updated January 4, 2021]
From the Document: "An 'invasive species' is a nonnative species that does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Invasive species impact terrestrial and aquatic--including marine and freshwater--systems. As society has become more connected, opportunities for the spread of invasive species have increased (e.g., navigation activities can transport species and introduce them to multiple different watersheds and waterbodies).After introduction, invasive species may become established and spread;it can be costly and difficult (or impossible, in some cases) to control or eradicate them. Many federal and nonfederal agencies managing land and water undertake efforts to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species or, upon detection of an invasive species, devote resources to control and eradication efforts. [...] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), part of the Department of Defense, develops and maintains civil works projects in the United States principally to improve navigable channels, reduce flood and storm damage, and restore aquatic ecosystems. USACE is the steward of approximately 12 million acres of public lands and waters at hundreds of water resources projects nationwide. Invasive species can impact USACE projects by outcompeting native species, clogging water pipes, and affecting water quality and recreation. [...] This In Focus presents information on USACE invasive species funding and selected authorities, programs, and projects, as well as related legislative action in the 116th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Crafton, R. Eliot
2021-01-04
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Army Corps of Engineers: Environmental Infrastructure Assistance [Updated January 26, 2021]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resources development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and the receipt of appropriations. Traditional USACE projects for navigation, flood control, and ecosystem restoration are authorized in omnibus authorization bills often titled Water Resource Development Acts (WRDAs). Since 1992, Congress also has authorized and provided for USACE assistance with planning, design, and construction of municipal drinking water and wastewater infrastructure projects in specified communities, counties, and states. This assistance supports publicly owned and operated facilities, such as distribution and collection works, stormwater collection and recycled water distribution, and surface water protection and development projects. This USACE assistance is broadly labeled 'environmental infrastructure' (EI). EI authorities generally are referred to as either in one of two categories: Section 219 projects or EI projects and programs (individually referenced by their authorizing section). Section 219 of WRDA 1992 (P.L. 102-580), as amended, includes various EI assistance authorizations for projects (e.g., municipal drinking water, stormwater control) at specific geographic locations (e.g., city, county, multiple counties). Other WRDAs and some Energy and Water Development Appropriations acts also have included EI authorities--many of these are for EI programs with broader purposes and geographic scope. No Administration has ever requested authorization or appropriations for USACE to perform EI assistance. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) reviewed enacted legislation likely to include EI assistance authorities and identified authorized EI assistance in at least 44 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2021-01-26
