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China Maritime Report No. 9: Organizing to Fight in the Far Seas, the Chinese Navy in an Era of Military Reform
From the Introduction: "In recent years, the Chinese military has undergone major organizational reform. While primarily intended to improve the ability of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to conduct joint operations within the first island chain, the reform also has implications for naval operations outside of East Asia. This report argues that in order to execute a 'near seas defense and far seas protection' strategy, the PLA has taken a two-pronged approach to reforming its forces. On the one hand, the PLA has dramatically strengthened control and employment of its forces in the near seas. On the other, the PLA has also made several changes that set the foundations for far seas operations. This tandem approach acts in some ways as a 'sword and shield,' wherein a consolidated defensive position in the near seas allows offensive forces to project out into the far seas. The report comprises four main parts. First, we discuss the challenges that PLA reform and PLA Navy (PLAN) strategy intend to resolve. Second, we highlight key organizational developments within the PLAN that preceded China's military reform. Third, we outline the primary focus of the reform--i.e., strengthening the PLA's ability to conduct joint operations in the near seas--and examine how this goal has impacted the organizational structure of the PLAN. Lastly, we discuss the known facts of command and control of PLAN forces operating in the far seas."
Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute
Lee, Roderick; Clemens, Morgan
2020-10
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China Maritime Report No. 7: Gwadar: China's Potential Strategic Strongpoint in Pakistan
From the Series Overview: "This China Maritime Report on Gwadar is the second in a series of case studies on China's Indian Ocean 'strategic strongpoints' (战略�"�点). People's Republic of China (PRC) officials, military officers, and civilian analysts use the strategic strongpoint concept to describe certain strategically valuable foreign ports with terminals and commercial zones owned and operated by Chinese firms. Each case study analyzes a different port on the Indian Ocean, selected to capture geographic, commercial, and strategic variation. Each employs the same analytic method, drawing on Chinese official sources, scholarship, and industry reporting to present a descriptive account of the port, its transport infrastructure, the markets and resources it accesses, and its naval and military utility."
Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute
Kardon, Isaac; Kennedy, Conor M.; Dutton, Peter
2020-08-01
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China Maritime Report No. 3: China's Distant-Ocean Survey Activities: Implications for U.S. National Security
From the Document: "Today, the People's Republic of China (PRC) is investing in marine scientific research on a massive scale. This investment supports an oceanographic research agenda that is increasingly global in scope. One key indicator of this trend is the expanding operations of China's oceanographic research fleet. On any given day, 5-10 Chinese 'scientific research vessels' (�'学考查船) may be found operating beyond Chinese jurisdictional waters, in strategically-important areas of the Indo-Pacific. Overshadowed by the dramatic growth in China's naval footprint, their presence largely goes unnoticed. Yet the activities of these ships and the scientists and engineers they embark have major implications for U.S. national security."
Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute
Martinson, Ryan; Dutton, Peter
2018-11
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China Maritime Report No. 2: The Arming of China's Maritime Frontier
From the Document: "China's expansion in maritime East Asia has relied heavily on non-naval elements of sea power, above all white-hulled constabulary forces. This reflects a strategic decision. Coast guard vessels operating on the basis of routine administration and backed up by a powerful military can achieve many of China's objectives without risking an armed clash, sullying China's reputation, or provoking military intervention from outside powers. Among China's many maritime agencies, two organizations particularly fit this bill: China Marine Surveillance (CMS) and China Fisheries Law Enforcement (FLE). With fleets comprising unarmed or lightly armed cutters crewed by civilian administrators, CMS and FLE could vigorously pursue China's maritime claims while largely avoiding the costs and dangers associated with classic 'gunboat diplomacy.' This same logic argued against employing the armed elements of its maritime law enforcement forces, the China Maritime Police (CMP). Though the CMP had the authority and ability to operate throughout the three million square kilometers of China's claimed jurisdictional space, Chinese leaders elected to keep this service away from disputed and sensitive areas. Its identity as a military organization contradicted key premises of China's maritime dispute strategy. Since 2013, these assumptions have changed.[...] While organizational change has been slow, one outcome is clear: the reform has empowered the armed elements of China's constabulary forces to play an increasingly important role along China's maritime frontier. This reflects a subtle but significant shift in Chinese policy, with possible implications both for future PRC behavior and the future of the China Coast Guard as an organization."
Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute
Martinson, Ryan
2017-06
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China's Near Seas Combat Capabilities
This study contains eight separate reports on China's near seas combat capabilities. Chapters included in this report are the following: "Chinese Houbei Fast Attack Craft: Beyond Sea Denial" by John Patch; "Underwater TELs [transporter-erector-launchers] and China's Antisubmarine Warfare: Evolving Strength and a Calculated Weakness" by William S. Murry; "China's Second Artillery Force: Capabilities and Missions for the Near Seas" by Ron Christman; "Aerospace Power and China's Counterstrike Doctrine in the Near Seas" by Daniel J. Kostecka; "Chinese Air Superiority in the Near Seas" by David Shlapak; "Land- and Sea-Based C4ISR [Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance] Infrastructure in China's Near Seas" by Eric D. Pedersen; "Chinese Air- and Space-Based ISR [Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance]: Integrating Aerospace Combat Capabilities over the Near Seas" by Andrew S. Erickson; and "China's Surface Fleet Trajectory: Implications for the U.S. Navy" by Timothy A. Walton and Bryan McGrath.
Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute
Martinson, Ryan; Erickson, Andrew S.; Dutton, Peter
2014-02
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China's Dreadnought? The PLA Navy's Type 055 Cruiser and Its Implications for the Future Maritime Security Environment
From the Summary: "China's naval modernization, a process that has been underway in earnest for three decades, is now hitting its stride. The advent of the Type 055 cruiser firmly places the PLAN [People's Liberation Army Navy] among the world's very top naval services. This study, which draws upon a unique set of Chinese-language writings, offers the first comprehensive look at this new, large surface combatant. It reveals a ship that has a stealthy design, along with a potent and seemingly well-integrated sensor suite. With 112 VLS [vertical launching systems] cells, moreover, China's new cruiser represents a large magazine capacity increase over legacy surface combatants. Its lethality might also be augmented as new, cutting edge weaponry could later be added to the accommodating design. This vessel, therefore, provides very substantial naval capability to escort Chinese carrier groups, protect Beijing's long sea lanes, and take Chinese naval diplomacy to an entirely new and daunting level. Even more significant perhaps, the Type 055 will markedly expand the range and firepower of the PLAN and this could substantially impact myriad potential conflict scenarios, from the Indian Ocean to the Korean Peninsula and many in between. This study of Type 055 development, moreover, does yield evidence that Chinese naval strategists are acutely aware of major dilemmas confronting the U.S. Navy surface fleet."
Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute
Caldwell, Daniel W.; Freda, Joseph T.; Goldstein, Lyle
2020-02
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U.S.-China Maritime Confidence Building: Paradigms, Precedents, and Prospects
"As two great powers that will influence much of the immediate future of our small and vulnerable planet, China and the United States are in a marriage of sorts - 'united for the purpose of living together,' in the words of the 'Oxford English Dictionary'. Like it or not, the two societies depend on each other. Environmental degradation, social unrest, economic problems, or pandemic outbreak in one must inevitably affect the other. Both must be active contributors to a peaceful, prosperous, sustainable, global community. Both governments emphasize their commitment to a positive and constructive mutual engagement. At sea, however, that engagement is not always trouble free. Confrontation happens - and when it does, events do not always unfold in the way that policy makers might have intended or preferred. Like a married couple, both sides prefer to downplay to the outside world the extent and nature of quarrels. But despite this public posture, those in command of naval and maritime air forces understand only too well the potential risks of damage, injury, and even death at the tactical level. More worrying is the inherent risk of unintended consequences and the potential for an uncontrolled strategic-political spiral of unwanted escalation. It is bad policy and in no one's interest to perpetuate a relationship in which an innocent mistake at sea can trigger an unwanted political crisis. At sea, however, that engagement is not always trouble free. Confrontation happens? and when it does, events do not always unfold in the way that policy makers might have intended or preferred. Like a married couple, both sides prefer to downplay to the outside world the extent and nature of quarrels. But despite this public posture, those in command of naval and maritime air forces understand only too well the potential risks of damage, injury, and even death at the tactical level."
Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute
Griffiths, David N.
2010-07
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Not Congruent but Quite Complementary: U.S. And Chinese Approaches to Nontraditional Security
"Against the backdrop of a weakened global economy and sharpened ideological tensions, there has been a disturbing new atmosphere of crisis in East Asia over the last two years, with incidents occurring in greater frequency and sowing serious doubts about the sustainability of the 'long peace' that this region has enjoyed for decades. [...] Taken together, these incidents starkly illustrate the fundamental fragility of international security arrangements in the Asia-Pacific region and the troubling failure of the United States and China to adequately manage vexing regional challenges. In the United States and elsewhere in the West, the pervasive view is that Beijing is 'feeling its oats'--eager to reap the strategic benefits of its dynamic economy even as Washington confronts major difficulties at home and abroad. Not surprisingly, Chinese observers are inclined to view these tensions differently. Difficulties with many neighboring states, such as Vietnam, are seen as encouraged and abetted by Washington, which is viewed as all too eager to exploit regional differences as a way to 'contain' China's rise. Without significant course corrections in both capitals, the United States and China seem destined to follow the path of intensified rivalry that may even lead to the possibility of large-scale armed conflict. As Henry Kissinger has recently written, this path is 'the road to disaster.'"
Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute
Gill, Bates; Scobell, Andrew; Wanli, Yu . . .
2012-07
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Beyond the Wall: Chinese Far Seas Operations
"This volume is the product of a groundbreaking dialogue on sea-lane security held between People's Liberation Army (PLA) Navy and U.S. Navy scholars at the Naval War College in August 2013, with additional material from a related conference, 'China's Far Seas Operations,' hosted by the China Maritime Studies Institute in May 2012. At that time the political climate in China was uncertain, in the shadow of the Bo Xilai crisis and of the impending transition of power between the Hu and Xi regimes; accordingly the PLA Navy, though invited to participate in the 'Far Seas' conference, ultimately declined to do so. This was not entirely surprising. Attempts by various agencies of the U.S. Navy up to that time to engage in discussions to advance maritime cooperation between China and the United States had been met with lukewarm responses at best. But at a maritime security dialogue in Dalian in September 2012 Senior Capt. Zhang Junshe of the PLA Navy Research Institute, a key contributor to this volume and to the success of the academic cooperation between our two institutes, approached Peter Dutton to tell him that everything had changed. China's new leadership wanted the PLA Navy to engage the U.S. Navy actively and to discuss openly all relevant issues, with the aim of advancing cooperation between the two navies. Since that time members of the China Maritime Studies Institute have engaged members of the PLA Navy Research Institute in discussions on a rich variety of maritime topics, leading to advances in understanding between our two institutes and our two navies."
Naval War College (U.S.); Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute
Rielage, Dale C., 1970-; Zhengyu, Wu; Qiyu, Xu . . .
2015-05
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